942.6101 ^*
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1267361,
GENEAl-OGY CO UUECTlOI^
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ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
833 01795 7892
HTSTOKY. "^
GAZETTEER AND DIRECTORY
AND THE
CITY AND COUNTY OF THE CITY OF NORWICH;
COMPKISING
9 (general ^urbep of tfte Countg of ^orfolfe,
AND THE DIOCESE OF NORWICH;
AND SEPABATE
HISTOEICAL, STATISTICAL, & TOPOGEAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS
OF ALL THE
HUNDEEDS, LIBEETIES, UNIONS, BOKOUGHS, TOWNS, POETS,
PAEISHES, VILLAGES, HAMLETS, AND MANOES;
SHEWING
Their Extent and Population ; Manufactures ; Fisheries ; ]\Iarkets and
Fairs ; Charities and Public Institutions ; Churches and Chapels ; the
Nature, Value, Patrons and Incumbents of the Benefices; the Lords of
THE IVIanors and Owners of the Soil and Tithes ; the Addresses of the
Inhabitants ; Public Conveyances ;
%r^% of ilolrilitg m^ #^ttttg ;
MAGISTRATES AND PUBLIC OP'FICERS :
AND A great variety OF
archaeological, architectural, agricultural, biographical, botanical,
conchological, geological, and ornithological information.
©tttiJ iBiJttfon.
BY WILLIAM WHITE.
(Member of the British Archmological Association ; and of the Archceological Institute
of Great Britain and Ireland.)
author of similar works for many other counties.
PRICE THIRTY SHILLINGS.
-^
SHEFFIELD :
WILLIAM WHITE, FULWOOD PARSONAGE.
LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL AND Co.
1864.
[Entered at Stationers' Hall.]
LEADER AND SONS, PBINTEES,
INDEPENDENT OFFICE, BANK STEEET,
SHEFFIELD.
PREFACE.
In issuing a new and enlarged edition of the '^History, Gazetteer, and Direc-
tory of Norfolk," the Author has for the third time to tender his grateful ac-
knowledgments to many of the literary and official Gentlemen of the county,
as well as to most of the resident Clergy, for their promptitude in replying to
his enquiries, and the uniform courtesy with which they have received and in-
structed his agents. Where the contributors of valuable information are so
numerous, it may seem invidious to particularize any ; but there are some whose
names cannot be passed over in silence. In a coimty so celebrated for its farming,
the Essays on '' Agriculture'' SLud '' Arterial Drainage," hj Clai'e Sewell Bead,
Esq., of Plumstead House, will be read with great interest; nor will the elabo-
rate ^^ List of Botanical Productions," so carefully compiled by the Eev. George
Munford, M.B.S.L., of East Winch, be less acceptable. The Sketch of the
" Geology of Norfolk," from the able pen of the Eev. John Gunn, M.A., F.G.S.,
of Irstead, and the valuable catalogue of " Shells of the Newer Pleiocene," drawn
up by S. P. Woodward, Esq., F.G.S., of the British Museum, will be hailed with
pleasure by scientific readers ; whilst the ^^ List of Birds," furnished by Henry
Stevenson, Esq., of Norwich, will doubtless be a useful acquisition to naturalists.
The three articles on the " Sanitary Condition," ^^ Elevations," and "Names of
Places," contributed by the Eev. Edward Gillett, of Eunham, also afford much
useful information. The Hst of subscribers contains not only the names of
His Eoyal Highness the Prince of Wales, the Hon. and Eight Eev. the Lord
Bishop of Norwich, and nearly all the Nobility, Gentrj^ and Clergy of the
county ; but also those of a large majority of the Professional Gentlemen, Mer-
chants, Tradesmen, and Farmers ; to all of whom thanks are due, as without
theu' support the work could not have been successfully carried out.
The first edition of the " History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Norfolk," was
published in 1836, and was so well received, that a second edition was printed
in 1845, and met with an equal share of patronage. The success which attended
this and similar pubHcations for other counties, excited the cupidity of certain
illiterate individuals, who in 1854, under the name of " Francis White and Co.,"
published a pirated and spurious edition of this work, in which most of the in-
formation was copied verbatim, whilst the form and general arrangement were
identical. A natural dislike to the entanglements of the law prevented any legal
proceedings being taken to punish the perpetrators of this literary imposture ;
and, encouraged by this mistaken leniency, other parties commenced the like
practices elsewhere, and ultimately compelled the Author, both for his own pro-
tection and that of the public, to apply to the Court of Chancery for redress.
An account of the proceedings in the action " White v. Drake," will be found
on the next page ; and the Author takes this opportunity of expressing his de-
termination to apply for an Injunction against anyone who infringes the copy-
right of this or any of his publications ; which, having been compiled with
great labour and at considerable expense, he will not quietly permit to be pur-
loined by unprincipled persons for their own emolument.
As the Author hopes at some future time to re-publish this work in a still
larger and more complete form, he will be happy to receive from time to time
any suggestions which may occm* to those who peruse it ; and as every possible
care has been taken to avoid errors, he trusts that the volume will be found as
free from inaccm-acies as is compatible with the vast body of information, and
the great variety of subjects compressed within its pages.
WILLIAJM WHITE.
Fulwood Parsonage,
Sheffield, 1st August, 1864.
ACTION FOR INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT.
From the " Sheffield and Rofherham Independent,'' Aug. 16, 1862.
WHITE V. DRAI^.
This ease came on for hearing at the Warwick Assizes, on Wednesday, the
13th inst., before Lord Chief Justice Erie; Mr. Macaulay, Q.C.,and Mr. Beasley
appearing for the plaintiff, and Mr. Field, Mr. Wills, and Mr. Stephens for the
defendant.
The plaintiff, Mr. William White, of Sheffield, is the well-known publisher of
county and other directories, rendered extremely popular by the superiority of
their topographical and historical contents ; and he has, during the last 45 years,
brought out Directories of Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland,
Westmoreland, Staffordshire, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Leicester-
shire, Rutlandshire, and many other counties. The defendant had been en-
gaged collecting information and obtaining orders for plaintiff for four years, but
had left Mr. White's employ in December, 1860. At that time, Mr. White was
preparing to publish a second edition of his Leicestershire Directory of 1846,
with certain emendations and alterations. Defendant was aware of the intended
publication, and in the meantime proceeded into Leicestershire, and issued a
prospectus of a similar directory, on which prospectus the words " Deake and
Co." were printed, in large tyise, "formerly with" in very small iy^Q, and
" William White" in letters of the same size as those in defendant's name.
Defendant published his directory in January, 1861, and in the same month
plaintiff appHed to the Com-t of Chancery for an injunction to restrain its pub-
lication. It was contended that defendant's directory was copied from the
plaintiff's, which had been duly registered under the Copyright Act. Many of
the paragraphs in the work were almost copied verbatim. Vice-Chancellor
Stuart, having considered the affidavits on both sides, ordered the cause to be
tried in a coui-t where witnesses could be examined. From the opening of
the pleadings, it appeared that John Kershaw, of Leeds, was a defendant in the
cause, as printer of defendant's directory. The first count of the declaration
stated that plaintiff was and is the proprietor of the "Historical Gazetteer of
Leicestershire and Eutland ;" and the breach was that defendant, without con-
sent in writing, printed divers copies of it ; the second count reciting that de-
fendant, without consent of plaintiff, disposed of the same. Mr. Macaulay gave
an outline of the case, and mentioned that the plan of the plaintiff's work was
to give compilations of the ecclesiastical history of the places in reference to
which directories were published, together -^dth topogi-aphical descriptions, lists
of names, streets, &c., and special particulars of the local charities ; and as an
instance of the way in which Mr. White's work had been copied by defendant,
he would mention that the whole of the matter as to the local charities pub-
lished in 1846, had been pirated by Drake, although the state of those charities
had become entirely changed. In this way, also, names of streets, which were
quite erroneous, had been imported into the piracy. (Mr. Macaulay compared
the two directories, and called attention to various instances in which either the
arrangement or the text of plaintiff's work had been copied) Mr. Field said
Mr. Macaulay was relying on the scheme and plan of his work being copied,
but he should show that the plan and scheme of a directory were no copyright,
for the whole plan and arrangement of a gazetteer was very old. The essence
of a directory, he submitted, was the names and addresses of persons in any
particular city, town, or village, and these parts of Drake's directory were sub-
stantially new .... His Lordship remarked that all errors copied in defendant's
work must be put down to the debit side of Drake's account .... Mr. Macaulay pro-
ceeded to point out numerous instances of undoubted pu-acy. He then called
Mr. William White, Jun., who explained the manner in which the information
for the directory was obtained. Information was collected from various stand-
ard authorities and parliamentary documents. This information was placed in
the hands of agents, who visited every part of the county to test its accm-acy
and obtain new information. The alphabetical arrangement of the hundreds
was peculiar to Wliite's directory. — At this stage of the case Mr. Field admitted
that the debit side of defendant's account, as the learned Judge called it, had
become too heavy for for him, and agreed, without going into further evidence,
to a Verdict for the Plaintiff ; and undertook to consent to an Injunction in the
Court of Chancery.
INDEX OF PLACES.
Aele, 443
Alburgh, 522
Alby, 662
Aldborough, 639
Aldeby, 446
Alderford, 690
Althorpe, 972
Alpington, 481
Alvington, 675
Amner, 774
Antingham, 639
Appleton, 774
Armingball, 496
Ashby, 481
Asbby-cmn-Oby, 420
AshiU, 898
Asbmanhaugh, 614
Asbvrelltborpe, 554
Ashwicken, 774
Aslacton, 555
Attleborough, 886
Attlebridge, 599
Austin Bridge, 624
Aylmerton, 640
Aylsbam, 662
Babingley, 775
Baeonstborpe, 667
Bacton, 614
Bagtborpe, 972
Bale, 1038
Banham, 876
Banningbam, 668
Barford, 571
Banner, 972
Barney, 1016
Barnliam Broom, 571
Barningbam (Little), 669
Bamingbam Nortbwood,
640
Barningbam Town, 640
Barret-Kingstead, 1002
Barrow, 947
Barsbam (East), 972
Barsbam (Nortb), 973
Barsbam (West), 973
Barton-Bendisb, 825
Barton-Turf, 615
Barwick-in-Brakes, 991
Bastwick, 425
Bawburgb, 572
Bawdeswell, 691
Bawsey, 775
Bayfield, 1038
Beaupre Hall, 839
Beck HaU, 692
Beck Hytb, 653 "
Beckbam (East), 641
Beckbam (West), 669
Bedingbam, 482
Beecbamwell, 826
Beeston St. Andi-ew, 599
Beeston St. Lawi-ence,616
Beeston - next - Mileham,
952
Beeston Eegis, 641
Beetley, 953
Beigbton, 444
Belaugb, 669
Bellemont House, 791
Bengate, 635
Bergh Apton, 469
Bemey, 1016
Berney-Arms, 448
Ben-y-HaU, 615
Bessingbam, 641
Bestborpe, 889
Bexwell, 827
Biekerston, 572
Billingford near Diss, 522
Billingford, 691
BiUockby, 421
Bilney (East), 953
Bilney (West), 775
Binbam, 1017
Bintree, 692
Bircbam (Great), 991
Bircbam Newton, 992
Bii-cbam Tofts, 992
Bittering Magna, 954
Bittering Parva, 954
Bixley, 497
Blackborougb End, 793
Blakeney, 1038
BlicMing, 670
Blofield, 454
Blofield Hundred, 453
Blo-Norton, 877
Blue Bell Common, 628
Bodbam, 1039
Bodney, 910
Booton, 672
Bougbton, 827
Bowtborpe, 573
Boyland HaU, 562
Bracon-Asb, 510
Bracondale, 243
Bradenbam (East), 910
Bradenliam (West), 911
Bradestone, 455
Bradfield, 617
Bramerton, 497
Brampton, 672
Braneaster, 992
Brandiston, 692
Brandon Creek, 837
Brandon Parva, 573
BrantbiU, 1024
Breckles, 899
Bressingbam, 536
Brettenham, 889
Bridge-gate, 635
Bridgbam, 889
Brimstone Hill, 847
Briningbam, 1040
Brinton, 1040
Brisley, 954
Briston, 1041
Brockdisb, 523
Brockley, 635
Brombolm Priory, 615
Brooke, 467
Broome, 483
Broombill, 864
Broomstborpe, 973
Brotbercross Hundred,
1008
Brumstead, 429
Brundall, 455
Buckenbam Ferry, 456
Buckenham (New), 890
Buckenbam (Old), 891
Buckenham-Tofts, 855
BunweU, 556
Burgb-Apton, 469
Burgb-next- Aylsbam, 672
Bui'gb St. Margaret and
St. Maiy, 421
Burgh Parva, 1041
Burgli St. Peter, 470
Buriingbam (Nortb), 456
Burlingbam (Soutb), 457
Bmnliam Deepdale, 1008
Bui-nham Market, 1012
Burnbam Norton, 1009
Bumbam Overy, 1009
Bumliam Tboi-pe, 1010
Burnbam Ulpb, 1011
Burnbam Sutton, 1011
Bumbam Westgate, 1012
Bm-ston, 536
Bustard's Green, 559
Buxton, 673
Bylaugb, 693
Caister-next-Norwicb,498
Caister - next - Yarmouth,
412
Caldecot, 912
Caltofts, 530
Calthorpe, 674
CalveUy HaU, 945
Cantley, 457
6
INDEX OP PLACES.
Carbrooke, 899
Carleton St. Peter, 483
Carleton-Forelioe, 574
Carleton-Eode, 557
Carlton (East), 510
Carrow, 243
Castle-Acre, 776
Castle-Eising, 779
Caston, 900
Catfield, 429
Catton, 599
Cavick House, 589
Cawston, 674
Cess, 423
Chedgrave, 483
Choseley, 994
Clackclose Hundred, 824
Clavering Hundred, 465
Claxton, 484
Clenchwarton, 806
Cley-next-the-Sea, 1042
Clippesby, 422
Clipstone House, 979
Cockley-Cley, 912
Cockthorpe, 1019
Colby, 676
Colne House, 643
Colkirk, 955
Colney, 511
Coltishall, 676
Colton, 574
Colveston, 855
Congliam, 783
Corpusty, 677
Costessey, 575
Coston, 577
Coxford Priory, 984
Crabgate, 708
Crabbouse Nunnery, 823
Crabbe's Castle, 1036
Cranwicb, 855
Cranwortli, 932
Creake (North, 1013
Creake (South), 1014
Cressingham (Great), 913
Cressingham (Little), 913
Crimplesham, 827
Cringleford, 511
Cromer, 642
Cross Keys' Wash, 803
Crostwick, 601
Crostwight, 617
Crownthorpe, 577
Croxton near Thetford,
856
Croxton, 978
Denton, 524
Denver, 828
Deopham, 578
Depwade Hundred, 553
Dereham (East), 933
Dereham (West), 829
Dersingham, 783
Dickleburgh, 537
Didlington, 914
Dighton, 599
Dilham, 618
Dillington, 934
Diss, 538 ; Hundred, 535
Ditchingham, 484
Docking, 994
Doughton, 974
Downham Hamlet, 589
Downham Market, 830
Downham Union, 825
Drabblegate, 663
Drayton, 601
Dudwick House, 673
Dumpling Green, 934
Dmiham (Great), 955
Dunham (Little), 956
Dunkirk, 663
Dunston, 512
Dunton and Doughton,
974
Eade's Mill, 707
Earlham, 216, 242, 328
Earsham, 525
Earsham Hundred, 521
Easthaugh, 699
Eastgate, 674
Eastmore, 825
Easton, 579
Eaton, 216, 242, 328
Eau-Brink-Cut, 803
Eccles-by-the-Sea, 430
Eccles near Harling, 892
Edgefield, 1043
Edingthorpe, 618
Egmere, 1019
EUingham near Bungay,
470
EUingham (Great), 893
EUingham (Little), 901
Elmham (North, 957
Elmundale, 681
Elsing, 693
Emneth, 806
Erpingham, 678
Erpingham (North) Hun-
dred, 637
Erpingham (South) Hun-
dred, 661
Etling Green, 934
Eynesford Hmidred, 690
Fair Green, 793
Faith's (Saint), 605
Fakenham, 974
Felbrigg, 646
Felmingham, 618
Felthorpe, 602
FeltweU, 856
Fen-end, 812, 814
Fersfield, 546
Field DaUiug, 1019
Filby, 414
Fincham, 835
Fishley, 445
Flegg (East and West),
411
Flitcham - cum-Appleton,
784
Flordon, 512
Fodderston, 842
Foldholme, 445
Fordham, 836
Forehoe Hundred, 570
Forncett St. Mary, 558
Forncett St. Peter, 558
Foulden, 914
Foulsham, 694
Foxley, 696
Framingham Earl, 500
Framingham Pigot, 500
Fransham (Great), 959
Fransham (Little), 959
Freebridge Lynn, 772
Freebridge Marshland,
802
Freethorpe, 458
Frenze, 547
Frettenham, 603
Fring, 996
Fritton, 559
Fulmodeston, 978
FundenhaU, 560
Gallow Hundred, 971
Garboldisham, 878
Garvestone, 941
Gasthorpe, 879
Gateley, 959
Gatesend, 989
Gayton, 785
Gayton Thorpe, 786
Gawdy HaU, 529
Gay^vood, 786
Geldeston, 471
Gillingham, 472
Gimingham, 647
Gissing, 548
Glandford, 1044
Godwick, 968
Gooderstone 915
Gorleston, 365
Gowthorpe, 520
Greenhoe (North), 1015
Greenhoe (South), 910
Gresham, 647
Gressenhall, 960
Grimshoe Hundi'ed, 854
Grimston, 787
Gristou, 902
Guestwick, 696
Guiltcross Hundi'ed, 875
Guist, 697
Gunshaw, 526
Gunthorpe, 1044
Gunton, 648
Guton, 692
INDEX OF PLACES.
Hackford near Hingliam,
579
Hackford inEeepham,701
Haddiscoe, 473
Haggard Street, 607
Hainford, 604
Hales, 474
Halvergate, 446
Hamond Lodge, 810
Hanwoi-th, 649
Happing Hundred, 428
Happisburgh, 431
Hapten, 560
Hardingham, 941
Hardley, 486
Hardwick, 561
Hargham, 893
Harleston, 529
Harling (East), 879
Harling (West), 880
Hai-pley, 789
Hassingham, 458
Hautboys (Great), 678
Hautboys (Little), 679
Haveringland, 697
Haynford, 604
Heacham, 996
Heckingbam, 475
Hedeniiam, 486
Heigham, 217, 242, 328
HeUesden, 217, 243, 328,
604
Hellington, 487
Helboughton, 979
Hemblington, 446
HempnaU, 561
Hempstead, 432, 1044
Hempton, 979
Hemsby, 422
Henstead Hundred, 495
Herringby, 419
Hetbel, 513
Hethersett, 513
Hevingham, 679
Heydon, 680
Heywood, 538
Hickling, 432
Higbgate, 786
Higb green, 537
Hilborougb, 916
Hilgay, 836
Hillington, 790
Hindolveston, 698
Hindringbam, 1020
Hingbam, 580
Hockeringbam, 942
Hockbam, 893
Hockwold, 858
Hoe or Hoo, 961
Holkbam, 1020
Holm St. Bennet's, 620
Holme-Hale, 916
nolme-next-Burictou, 8^8
Holme-next-Sea, 997
Holt, 1045
Holt Hundred, 1037
Holverstone, 501
Honing, 619
Honingbam, 583
Horning, 620
Homingtoft, 961
Horsey-next-Sea, 433
Horsford, 605
Horsbam St. Faith, 605
Horstead, 607
Houghton, (New), 980
Houghton-in-Dale, 1025
Houghton-on-Hill, 917
Holverstone, 501
Hoveton St. John, 621
Hoveton St. Peter, 621
Howe, 475
Humbleyard Hund. 509
Hunstanton, 998
Hun worth, 1049
Ickburgh, 859
Illington, 894
Ligham, 434
Ingoldisthorpe, 1001
Ingworth, 681
Litwood, 515
Lrmingland, 681
Irstead, 622
Islington, 807
Itteringham, 681
Kelling, 1049
Kempstone, 961
Kenninghall, 881
Kenningham, 518
Kerdiston, 700
Keswick, 515
Ketteringbam, 515
Kettlestone, 982
Kilverstone, 895
Kimberley, 584
Kirby Bedon, 501
Kirby Cane, 475
Kirstead, 488
Knapton, 649
Lakenham, 243
Lakesend, 847
Lammas, 682
Langford, 917
Langhale, 488
Langbam, 1049
Langley, 488
Langmere, 537
Larling, 895
Launditch Hundred, 961
Leicester Square, 1014
Lenwade and Bridge, 706
Lessingham, 435
Letheringsett, 1050
Letton, 942
Lexham (East), 961
Lexham (West), 962
Leziate, 791
Limpenhoe, 459
Lingwood, 459
Litcbam, 962
Loddon, 489
Loddon Hundred, 481
Loddon Union, 466
London (Little), 811
Longham, 963
Long Stratton, 564
Lopham (Noi-tb), 882
Lopbam (South), 883
Lovell's HaU, 810
Ludham, 436
Lynford, 859
Lyng, 699
Lyngate, 635
Lynn (King's), 709
Lynn (North), 808
Lynn (South), 711
Lynn (West), 808
Mannington, 682
Marham, 838
Market Dereham, 933
Marlingford, 585
Marsham, 682
Marshland, 802
Martham, 423
Massingham (Great), 791
Massingham (Little), 793
Matlask, 650
Mattishall, 943
Mattishall Burgh, 944
Mattishall Heath, 518
Mautby, 415
Meeting House HUl, 635
Melton Constable, 1050
Melton (Great), 517
Melton (Little), 517
Mendham, 526
Merkshall, 518
Merton, 902
Methwold, 860
Metton, 650
Middleton, 793
Milebam, 964
Mintlyn, 795
Mitford Hundred, 931
Morley St. Botolph, 585
Morley St. Peter, 585
Momingthorpe, 562
Morston, 1052
Morton-on-Hill, 699
Moulton-near-Acle, 447
Moulton-near-Diss, 563
Mount Ameha, 1001
Mount Ida, 972
Mousehold Heath, 462
Muckleton, 1011
Mulbai-ton, 518
Mundesley, 650
Mundford, 861
Mundham, 492
8
INDEX OF PLACES.
Narborough, 917
Narford, 918
Nayland, 521
Neatishead, 622
Necton, 919
Needham, 526
Newton-by-Castleacre 920
Newton St. Faith, 605
Newton Flotman, 519
Newton (West), 795
Northall Greeu, 934
North Delph, 848
Northrepps, 652
Northwold, 862
North Walsham, 627
Norton Subcourse, 476
Norwich, 139
Notley, 794
Oby and Ashby, 420
Orange Farm, 811
Ormesby (Great), 415
Ormesby (Little), 417
Osmondiston, 549
Oulton, 684
OutweU, 839
Overstrand, 653
Ovington, 903
Oxborough, 920
Oxnead, 684
Oxwick-cum-Pattesley,
965
Palgrave, 923
PalHng, 437
Panxworth, 447
Paston, 623
Pattesley, 965
Pedam, 447
Pensthorpe, 982
Pentney, 795
Peterstone, 1010
Pickenham (North), 922
Pickenham (South), 923
Pinkney Hall, 989
Pimhow, 485
Plumstead, 653
Plumstead (Great), 460
Plumstead (Little), 460
Pockthorpe, 243
Poringlaud (Great), 502
Poringland (Little), 503
Postwick, 461
Pott Row, 788
Potter Heigham, 438
Puddmg Norton, 982
Pulham Virgin, 527
Pulham Magdalen, 528
Pyrleston, 522
Quarks, 1025
Quebec House, 935
Quiddenham, 884
Bacldieath, 607
Rainham (East), 982
Rftiuham (South), 983
Rainham (West), 984
Rainthorpe Hall, 512
Ranworth, 447
Raveningham, 477
Raynham Hall, 983
Redenhall-with-Harles-
ton, 529
Reedham, 448
Reepham, 700
Reffly Spring, 787
Repps-Cuni-Bastwick,425
Repps (North), 652
Repps (South), 657
Reymer stone, 944
Riddlesworth, 884
Ridlington, 624
Ringland, 703
Ringstead (Great), 1002
Ringstead (Parva), 1002
Rippon Hall, 679
Rise Green, 566
Rockland All Saints and
St. Andi-ew, 895
Rockland St. Mary, 503
Rockland St. Peter, 903
Rokeles, 907
Rollesby, 425
Roudham, 896
Rougham, 965
Roughton, 654
Roxham, 841
Roydon near Diss, 548
Roydon near Lynn, 796
Rudham (East), 984
Rudliam (West), 985
Runcton (North), 796
Runcton (South), 841
Runhall, 586
Runham, 417
Ruuton, 654
RushaU, 534
Rushford, 885
Ruston (East), 438
Ruston (South), 624
Ryburgh Magna, 985
Ryburgh Parva, 986
Ryston, 841
Saddlebow, 822
Saham Toney, 904
St. Edmimd's Point, 999
St.raith's,605; Union,599
Salhouse, 608
Sail, 703
Salter's Lode, 828
Salthouse, 1052
Sandringham, 797
Santon, 863
Saxlingham, 1052
Saxlingham Nethergate,
503
Saxlingham Thorpe, 506
Saxthorpe, 685
Seaming, 968
Sco-Ruston, 624
Scole, 549
Scottow, 685
Scoulton, 905
Scratby, 415
Sculthorpe, 986
Sedgeford, 1002
Seeche, 711, 740
Seething, 492
Sennowe Lodge, 986
Setch or Setchey, 798
Setchy Pai-va, 711, 740
Shadwell Court, 885
Sharrington, 1053
Shelfanger, 550
Shelton, 564
Shereford, 987
Shernbourne, 1003
Sheringham, 655
Shimpling, 551
Shingham, 841
Shipden, 642
Shipdham, 945
Shottesham (High), 505
Shottesham (Low), 505
Shotford Bridge, 526
Shouldham, 841
Shouldham Thorpe, 842
Shropham, 896
Shropham Hundred, 885
Sidestrand, 656
Silfield, 589
Sisland, 493
Skeetholme, 445
Skeyton, 686
Sloley 624
Smallbm-gh, 625
Smeeth and Fen, 804
Smithdon Hmidred, 990
Snarehill, 885
Snetterton, 896
Snettisham, 1004
Snitterley, 1038
Snoring (Great), 1025
Snoring (Little), 987
Somerton (East), 426
Somerton (West), 426
Southacre, 923
Southburgh, 947
Southery, 843
Southgate - in - Cawston,
674
SouthgatB-in-Snettisham,
1004
South Green, 934
Southmere, 994
Southrepps, 657
Southtown, 366
Southwood, 461
Spa Common, 628
Spout Common, 1045
Sparham, 704
Spixworth, 609
INDEX OF PLACES.
Sporle-with-Palgrave, 923
Sprowston, 610
Stalham, 439
Stanfield, 967
Stanfield Hall, 589
Stanford, 864
Stanhoe, 1006
Stanninghall, 607
Starston, 534
Stibbard, 988
Stiffkey, 1026
Stockton, 478
Stody, 1053
Stoke Ferry, 844
Stoke Holy Cross, 506
Stokesby, 418
Stone Bridge, 897
Stow Bardolph, 845
Stow Bedon, 906
Stow Hill, 623
Stradsett, 846
Stratton St. Mary, 564
Stratton St. Michael, 566
Stratton Strawless, 686
Strumpshaw, 441
Sturston, 864
Suffield, 657
Siunmerfield, 994
Surlingham, 507
Sustead, 658
Suton, 589
Sutton, 441
Sutton Bridge, 803
Swaffbam, 924
Swafield, 626
Swainsthorpe, 520
Swannington, 704
Swantou Abbott, 687
S wanton Morley, 967
Swanton-N overs, 1053
Swardeston, 520
Swathing, 332
Syder stone, 988
Tacolnestone, 566
Tasburgh, 567
Tatterford, 989
Tattersett, 989
Taverbam, 611
TaYerham Hundred, 598
Ten mile bank, 837
Terrington St. Clement,
809
Terrington St. John, 812
Testerton, 989
Tharston, 567
Tbelveton, 551
Themelthorpe, 705
Thetford, 865
Thicktborn House, 514
Thompson 906
Thornage, 1054
Thornes Great & Little,
925
Thomham, 1006
Thorpe Abbotts, 534
Thorpe Hamlet, 243
Thorpe Market, 658
Thorpe-next-Haddiscoe,
478
Thorpe-next-Norwich,462
Thorpe Parva, 551
Thorpland, 849
Thorpland HaU, 977
Threxton, 907
Thrigby, 419
Thurgarton, 659
Thurlton, 479 .
Thiu-ne, 420
Thm-ning, 705
Thursford, 1027
Thui'ton, 493
Thuxton, 947
Thwaite-near-Loddon,
494
Thwaite-near-Aylsham,
688
Tibbenham, 568
Tilney AU Saints, 813
Tilney St. Lawrence, 814
Tilney-cum-Islington, 807
Titchwell, 1007
Tipsend, 847
Tittleshall-cum-Godwick,
968
Tivetshall St. Margaret,
551
TivetshaU St. Mary, 552
Toftrees, 990
Toft Monks, 480
Tofts (West), 864
Toftwood, 935
Topcroft, 494
Tottenhill, 846
Tottington, 907
Town Green, 589
Tower-end, 793
Trimingham, 659
Trowse Millgate, 243
Trowse Newton, 507
Trimch, 660
Tuddenham (East), 948
Tuddenham (North), 949
TunstaU, 449
Tunstead, 626
Tunstead Hundred, 613
Tuttington, 688
Twyford, 705
Upton, 450
UpweU, 847
Wacton, 569
Walcot, 441
Walcot Green, 539
WaUington, 849
Walpole St. Andrew, 814
Walpole St. Peter, 815
Walsham Hundred, 442
Walsham (North), 627
Walsham (South), 450
Walsingham (Great) 1027
Walsingham (Little) 1028
Walsingham Union, 1016
Walsoken, 817
Walton (East), 798
Walton (West), 819
Warborough Hill, 1026
Warham, 1031
Waterden, 1015
Watlington, 849
Wattlefield, 589
Watton, 907
Waxham, 442
Wayborne, 1054
Wayford Bridge, 625
Wayland Hundred, 897
Wayland Wood, 902
Weasenham (Lower), 969
Weasenham (Upper), 968
Weeting-with-Broomiiill,
864
Welborne, 586
WeUingham, 969
Wells, 1032
Welney, 850
Wendling, 969
Wereham, 851
Westacre, 799
Westbrook Green, 539
Westfield, 949
Weston, 706
Westwick, 633
Weybourn, 1054
Weybridge Priory, 443
Wheatacre All Saints, 480
Wheatacre-Burgh, 470
Whinburgh, 949
Whissonsett, 970
White HorseCommon,628
Whitlingham, 508
Whittington, 862
WhitweU, 701
Wickhampton, 452
Wicklewood, 587
Wickmere, 689
Wiggenhall St. German,
821
Y/iggenhall St. Mary the
Virgin, 822
Wiggenhall St. Mary Mag-
dalen, 823
Wiggenhall St. Peter, 824
Wighton, 1036
Wnby, 897
Wilton, 858
Wimbotsham, 852
Winch (East), 799
Winch (West), 800
Winfarthing, 552
Winston, 472
Winterton, 427
10
INDEX OF PLACES.
Winwall House, 851
Wisbech Union, 805
Witchingliam (Great), 706
Witchingham (Little), 707
Withergate, 635
Wilton-near-Norwich, 465
Wilton-near-Nortli Wal-
sham, 634
Wiveton, 1055
Wolferton, 801
Wolterton, 689
Wood Balling, 708
Wood Norton, 708
Wood Green, 564
Woodbastwick, 452
Woodrising, 950
Woodrow, 674
Woodton, 494
Wootton (North), 801
Wootton (South), 802
Wootton Gap, 787
Wormegay, 853
Worstead, 635
Worthing, 371
Wortwell, 533
Wramplingham, 587
Wreningham, 521
Wretham E. & W., 897
Wretton, 854
Wroxham, 612
Wymondham, 588
Wyndell, 472
Yarmouth, 329
Yarrow House, 692
Yaxham, 950
Yelverton, 508
GENEEAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Admiral (Vice), 37
Agriculture, 69
Albini Family, 35, 891
Alfred the Great, 146
Ancient Britons, 22
Ancient History, 22
Antiquities, 39
Arch8eologicalSociety,187
Archdeaconries, 44
Arterial drainage, 65
Area of the County, 17
Assizes, 22, 180
Astley Family, 1051
Bacon Family, 478
Baronets, 39
Bathing Places, 329, 642,
650, 998
Bedford Level, 824
Benefit of Clergy, 453
Beauchamp-Proctor Fa-
mily, 489
Bigod Hugh, 35
Bigod Eoger, 148
Birds of Norfolk, 131
Bishop Blaize, 162
Bishopric, 41
Bishops of Norwich, 42
Bishop's Palace, 198
Blomefield, Eev. F. 546
Boileau Family, 516
Boleyn Anne, 670
Bonner Bishop, 936
Botany, 67 to 101
Boulder Clay, 124
British Tools, 557
Bulwer Family, 680
Buxton Family, 652
Browne, Eev. Wm., 527
Browne, Sir Thomas, 161
Castles, 40, 177, 412, 648,
776, 780, 891
Cathedral, 191
Cattle, 62
Chad Family, 1027
Chalk, 111
Cholmondeley, Marquis,
980
Churches, 46
Civil Government, 36
Civil, Political, & Hono-
rial History, 36
Civil Wars, 36, 155, 342,
717
Clergy Charity, 232
Cliffs, 58, 416, 642, 651,
999
Climate, 57
Coast, 57
Colenso Bishop, 558
Cooper Sir Astley, 468
Coke Sir Edward, 964
Coke Family, 1023
Commerce, 162, 345, 726
Constabulary, 21
Coroners, 37, 1056
Corporations, 172, 351,
731, 868
County Courts, 21
County Debt, 20
Cowper Wm., Esq., 936
Cranworth, Lord, 932
Cretaceous Formation,
110
Cromwell Oliver, 342, 788
Cropping (Eotation of), 61
Dairy Farms, 62
Dalrymple Family, 186
Danes, 27, 147, 333
Dean and Chapter, 45
Deaneries, 44
Deans of Norwich, 46
Deans (Eural), 52
De Grey Family, 902
Devil's Ditch, 40
Dignitaries of Diocese, 51
Diocese, 44
Diocesan Society, 225
Dissenters, 49
Domesday Book, 31
Druids, 22
Dutch and Walloons, 218
East Anglia, 26 ■
Earls and Dukes, 37
Eau Brink Cut, 719
Ecclesiastical History, 40
Elevations of Places, 102
Eminent Men, 37, 185,
363, 743, &c.
Eugene Aram, 742
Fastolff, Sir John, 412
Fenn Lady, 936
Feudal System, 32
First fruits and tenths, 49
Fisheries, 345, 727
Flint implements, 127
Floods, 151,154, 157,344,
428, 717
Floating Lights, 428, 432,
727
Flowering Plants, 70
Flowerless Plants, 90
Forest Bed, 121
Freemasons, 188
Frere Family, 549
Game, 63
Gault (The), 111
Geology, 107
Giant Hales, 427
Giant Hickifric, 804
Glacial Series, 124
Godwin William, 697
Gresham Sir Thomas,941
Grimes Grave, 40
Harbord Family, 648
Hastings Lord, 1051
Headley Henry, 622
Herring Fishery, 346
Honors and Liberties, 37
Hospitals, 229, 361, 744
Howard Family, 38
Hundi-eds, 18, 20
Jerningham Family, 576
Keppel Family, 884
Rett's EebeUion, 36, 152
King's Books, 60
GENEEAIi INDEX OP SUBJECTS.
11
Laminated Beds, 123
Leicester Earl of, 1021
Lee Warner Henry
Le Strange Family, 998
Liberties, 37
Lighthouses, 428,431,642,
999
Life Boat Stations, 413,
416, 428, 438, 614, 644,
651
Litester's Rebellion, 36,
150
London Clay, 114
Lothian Marquis of, 670
Lunatic Asylums, 144,
231, 335, 463, 600
Mackerel Fishery, 345
Magistrates, 14
Manufactures, 162, 166
Martineau Family, 186
Members of Parlmt. 1055
Methodism, 343
Militia, 157, 1056
Monastic Institutions, 46,
47, 200, 352, 443, 489,
590, 606, 615, 620, 734,
970,980,994,997,1017,
1019, 1028, 1055
Museums, 186, 742
Names of Places, 101
Nelson,Lord, 174,343,363
Newspapers, 188,407, 743
Nonconformists, 48
Norfolk Duke of, 37
Norman Conquest, 30
Norwich Crag, 115
Oak of Eeformation, 152,
514
Oolitic Formation, 109
Orford Earl of, 682, 689
Ornithology, 131
Paine Thomas, 872
Parliamentary Divisions,
20
Paston Family, 365, 680
Pedder's Way, 40
Peers and Baronets, 39
Pilgrimage of Grace, 47
Police Divisions, 21
Polling Places, 20
Poor Law Unions, 18
Population, 17
Porson Professor, 439
Prisons (Borough),22,177,
351, 733
Prisons (County), 22, 179,
594, 927
Public Eoads, 59
PubHc Officers, 1056
Queen Anne's Bounty, 49
Ealph Guader, 35
Railways, 59, 169, 329,727
Reformation, 47
Riots, 149, 157, 159, 732
Rivers, 58, 167
Roman Roads, 40
Romans, 23
Rural Deans, 52
Rush Jas. Blomfield, 589
Sanitary Condition, 104
Saxons and Danes, 25
Sea, Incm-sions of,58, 130,
344, 637, 642, 651, 999
Sessions and Assizes, 180
Shells of Noi-wich Crag,
Shipwrecks, 340 [116
Shire HaU, 179
Shovel SirCloudesly,1019
StampOffices, 181,352,728
Stewart Rev. John, 688
Suffield Lord, 648
Tax Offices, 181
Taylor Family, 186
Tithes, 49
Townshend Family, 683
Turnpikes, 59
Turner Dawson, Esq. 365
Uniformity Act of, 48
Unions, 18
Volunteers, 1056
Walpole Family, 689
Walsingham Lord, 902
Whitaker Rev. Dr. 984
Windham Family, 646
Winter Rev. John, 936
Witchcraft, 716
Wodehouse Family, 584
Yarmouth Earl of, 365
Yonge, Chancellor, 924
INDEX TO THE HISTORY OF NORWICH.
Abinger, Lord, 161
Agricultural Association,
189
Almshouses, 235
Ancient History, 145
Anglers' Society, 189
Apprentice Fees, 235
Arch8eologicalSociety,187
Archdeaconries, 44
Arms of the City, 172
Asiatic Cholera, 150
Assessments, 143
Assizes and Sessions, 171,
180
Attorneys' Society, 233
Bacon Family, 186
Balderstone's School, 226
Ball and Concert Rooms,
190
Banks, 157, 158, 167
Barnham Broom Estate,
235
Bazaar (Royal) 190
Barracks, 181
Benevolent Association,
232
Bethel Hospital, 231
Bigod Roger, 148
Bishop Blaize, 158, 161,
162
Bishop Spencer, 150
Bishops, 42
Bishop's Palace & Chapel,
198
Black Friars, 201
Blind Hospital & School,
228
Board of Health, 181
Boom Towers, 181
Borough, 142
Boys' and Girls' Homes,
144
Boys' and Girls' Hospital,
226
Bridges, 168, 243
Bridewell (Old), 177
Browne Sir Thomas, 161
Castle, 177
Cathedral, 191, Precincts,
199
Cattle Market, 183
Cemeteries, 161, 222
Census, 141
Chamber of Commerce,
198
Chapels, 220
Charnel House, 198
Charities, 228, 240
Charitable Listitutions,
232
Charity Trustees, 229
Charity Schools, 225
Charters, 156, 170
Chartists, 161
Choral Society, 190
Cholera, 150
Churches, 202 to 219
City Gaol, 177
City Police, 175
Civil Wars, 155
Clergy Charity, 232
Cloisters,, 193
12
NORWICH INDEX OP SUBJECTS.
Close and Precincts, 199
Cooke's Hospital, 235
Commercial School, 225
Corn Exchange, 183
Corporation, 172 ; Income
171
County of City, 142
Comity Gaol, 179
Comity Court, 180
Cucking Stool, 154
Dalrymple Family, 186
Danes, 147
Dean and Chapter, 45
D. and C. Library, 187
Deanery, 198
Dental Infirmary, 230
Dignitaries of the Dio-
cese, 51
Diocese, 44
Diocesan School, 225
Directory, 246
Dispensary, 230
Dissenting Chapels, 220
District Schools, 225
Doughty's Hospital, 234
Duke's Palace, 184
Dungeon Tower, 181
Dutch Church, 218
Dutch and Flemish Arti-
zans, 149 [164
Dutch and Walloons, 154,
East Angles, 145
EcclesiasticalHistory,191
Earthquakes, 153
Eminent Men, 185
Erpingham Gate, 199
Excise Office, 181
Eye Infirmary, 230
Fairs, 183
Fastolff's Palace, 184
Female Home, 232
Fire and Life Offices, 190
Fish Market, 183
Floods, 151, 154, 157
Freemen, 172
Free Library, 182
Freemasons, 188
French Church, 218
Gas Works, 182
Gates, 166, 199
Governor's Tower, 181
Grammar School, 223
Guildhall, 174
Great Hospital, 233
Guardians' Office, 144
Hailstorm, 161
Hamlets, 141, 143 242,
Harford Bridges, 243
Harvey John, Esq., 160
Homceopathie Hospital,
230
Horticultural Society, 189
Hospitals, &c., 230
Improvements, 182
Infirmaries, 230
Inland EevenueOffice,181
Insurance Offices, 190
JennyLind Infirmary,230
Kett's KebeUion, 152
Insurance Offices, 190
Lancasterian School, 226
Lazar Houses, 201
Levellers, 150, 152
Libraries, 186, 187
Literary Institutions, 186
Litester's KebeUion, 150
Loan Charities, 236
Longevity, 139
Lunatic Asylums, 144,
231, 463
Lying-in-Charity, 232
Madi-igal Society, 190
Magdalen Institution,232
Magistrates, 173
Mancroft Gt. Ward, 143
Manufacturers, 162, 166
Market Place, 183
Markets and Fairs, 183
Martineau Family, 186
Martyrs, 151, 152
Medical Society, 186, 233
Microscopical Society, 189
Militia, &c., 157
Mint, 156
Monasteries, 200
Municipal Government,
169
Museum, 186
Musical Festival, 189
Musical Societies, 199
National Schools, 225
Navigation, 158, 167
Nelson, Lord, 158
Newspapers, 156, 188
Norfolk and Norwich
Hospital, 229
Norman's Charity School,
227
Norwich Gates, 166
Old Street Architecture,
184
Orphans' Home, 231
Parishes, 141
Parochial Charities, 240
Philharmonic Soc. 190
Plagues, 151
Police (City,) 175
Police (County,) 21
Population, 141
Post Office, 324
Preachers' Money, 202
Printing, 154
Presbyterian School, 226
Public Library, 186
Pye's Almshouses, 235
Kailways, 169
Eegalia, 175
Eegistration Districts, 144
Eeligious Soocieties, 222
Eiots, 149, 150, 152, 156,
157
Eivers, 158, 167
EomanGatholics,219, 226
Eosary Cemetery, 222
Eoyal Visits, 150, 151,
154, 156
Savings' Banks, 190, 324
School of Art, 187
Schools (Charity, &c.) 223
Silk MUls, 167
Soup Charity, 232
St. Andrew's HaU, 175
St. Ethelbert's Gate, 199
St. George's Co. 176
St. Giles' Hospital, 234
Shire Hall, 179
Stamp Office, 181
Stanley Home, 231
Stevenson family, 186
Storms, 158, 161, 192
Strangers' Hall, 185
Streets, (List of) 243
Surrey House, 184
Tax Office, 181
Taylor Family, 186
Temperance Society, 189
Theatre, 190
Tonnage Act, 161, 181
Town Close, 142
Town Council, 172
Trees Eemarkable, 140,
141
Trustees (Charity,) 229
Union, 143
Volunteers, 158, 159
VolunteerAssociation,189
Voters, 172
Walls and Gates, 180
Wards, 143
Water Works, 156, 182
Weavers' Hiall, 156
Wellington Statue, 161
White Friars, 201
Woolcombing, 162
Workhouse, 144
Worthies, 185
5foungMen'sSocieties,187
For Members of Parliament, see page 1055, and for Public Officers of the County
Militia and Volunteers, page 1056.
13
INDEX TO THE HISTORY OP YARMOUTH.
Admiralty Jurisdiction,
332
Aldermen, 351
Almshouses, 362
Ancient History, 332
Armomy (Koyal,) 335
Assembly Kooms, 360
Barracks, 335
Barrow Carts, 330
Baths, 360
Batteries, 335
Benevolent Society, 361
Benefactions, 361
Black Friary, 353
Bonding Warehouses, 345
Borough, 332
Borough Court, 348
Board of Health, 349
Bradshaw Judge, 342
Bridewell, 351
Bridge Accident, 331
Bridges, 330, 331
Castle, 335
Cemetery, 357
Chapels, 356
Charities, 357, 361
Charity School, 358
Charity Trustees, 352
Charters, 348
Children's Hospital, 357
Churches, 353 to 356
Civil Wars, 342
Coaches, 330
Coast Guard Station, 336
Commerce, 345
Corn Exchange, 330
Corporation, 351
County Com-t, 352
Courts, 348
Cromwell, Oliver, 342
Custom House, 345
Denes (The,) 331
Devil's Seat, 355
Dutch Chapel, 350
Dispensary, 361
Earls of Yarmouth, 365
ElocutionSociety,330, 359
Eminent Men, 364
Executions, 341, 348
Fisheries, 345
Fishermens' Hospital,361
Floating Lights, 341
Fishmarket, 331
Freemen, 349
Freemasons, 360
Gas Works, 350
Friaries, Black, Grey, and
White, 353
Gaol, 351
Gates and Walls, 335
Gorleston, 365
Grammar School,341, 358
Greek Fire, 340
Harbour Tax, 339
Haven, 337
Herring Fishery, 346
Hospitals, 357, '361
Inland KevenueOffice,352
Jetty, 329, 338
Leper Houses, 353
Life Boats, 341
Literary Institutions, 359
Longevity, 332
Mackerel Fishery, 345
Manby Captain, 341
Market Place, 330
Markets & Fairs, 330, 331
Marine Drive, 329
Methodism, 343
Militia Barracks, 335
Monasteries, 352 [348
Municipal Government,
Naval Asylum, 335
Naval Column, 343
Nelson Lord, 343, 363
Observatory Tower, 336
Petty Sessions, 349
Piers, 329, 338
Plague, 335
Police Force, 350
Population, 329
Post Office, 410
Protestant Kefugees, 342
PubHc Offices, 354
Public Libraiy, 359
Quays, 331
Eaces, 331
Eailway, 329
Eecord Eoom, 350
Eegalia, 343
Eomans, 333
Eows, 330
Eoyal Hospital, 361
Eoyal Life Fund, 362
Eoyal Visits, 344, 341, 345
Sailors' Home, 347
Savings' Banks, 348, 362
Schools, 357, 358, 359
School of Art, 359
School of Navigation, 359
Shipping, 345
Shipwrecks, 340
Shipwrecked MarinersSo-
ciety, 361
Snk Mills, 345
Southtown, 330, 366
Suspension Bridge, 331
Streets, 330 ; List of 367 ;
Tax Office, 352
Theatre, 360
Town Council, 351
Town Hall, 350
Trade and Commerce, 345
Turner Dawson, Esq., 365
Walls & Gates, 330, 335
Water FroUc, 332
Water Works, 350
White Friary, 353
Workhouse, 362
INDEX TO THE HISTOEY OF LYNN.
Acts for Paving, 710
Almshouses, 746
Ancient History, 713
Athenaeum, 742
Benefactions, 747
Bonding Warehouses, 728
Borough, 711 ; Gaol, 733
Bridges, 710
Cemetery, 741
Chapels, 740
Charities, 747
Charters, 714
Churches, 735
Civil Wars, 717
Commerce, 726
Corn Exchange, 729
Corporation, 731
County Court, 730
Custom House, 727
Earthquakes, 716
Eau Brink Cut, 719
Eminent Men, 743
Estuary of the Wash, 721
Executions 717
Excise Office, 728
Fairs and Markets, 728
Fleets, 709
Floods, 717, 720
Freemasons, 743
Gas Works, 730
Grammar School, 741
Guild Hall, 732
Harbour, 718
High Tides, 717
Horticultural Society, 743
Hospitals, 744
Improvements, 71
InlandEevenue Office,728
King John's Cup, 714
14
LYNN INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Lady Chapel, 709, 734
Legal Quays, 728
Literary Institutions, 742
Loan Funds, 747
Markets and Fairs, 728
Meters' Office, 728
Monastic Institutions,734
Museum, 742
New Bridge, 719
New Cut, 720
Newspapers, 743
Paving Act, 710
Philharmonic Society,743
Pilots, 727
Plague, 716
Police, 732
Population, 711
Port, 726
Post Office, 771
Eailways, 727, 771
Eed Mount, 709, 734
Eemarkable Events, 716
Eiot, 732
Eiver Ouse, 718
Eoyal Visists, 716
Savings' Bank, 744
Seven Sisters, 710
Schools, 742
Shipping, 726
Stamp Office, 728
Sticklebacks, 727
Streets, 748
Tax Office, 728
Theatre, 743
Town Council, 731
Turnpikes' 710
Union, 711
Volunteers, 743
Walls and Gates, 734
Walks, 710
Wash, 709
Wards, 733
Water Works, 729
Witchcraft, 716
Workhouse, 712
MAGISTKATES OF THE COUNTY OF NOEFOLK.
(Those marked * are also Deputy Lieutenants.)
Adair Sir Eobert, Flixton Hall, Suffolk
Adlington H. Smith, Esq., Holme Hale
*Albemarle Earl of, Quiddenham
*Amhui-st Wm. A. T., Esq., Didlington
*Angerstein Major-General, Weeting
Applewhaite E. A., Esq., Pickenham -
Ashburton Lord, Buckenham Tofts
*Astley F. L'Estrange, Esq., Herts
Astley Hon. and Eev. D. L., Barsham
Back Henry, Esq., Hethersett
*Bagge William, Esq., Stradsett
*Bagge Eichard, Esq., Gaywood, Lynn
Bagge Ed. Salisbury, Esq., Gaywood
Baring W. W., Esq., Cromer
Baring Hon. A. H., Buckenham Tofts
Barnwell Eev. C. B., Mileham
Barton T. E. W., Esq., Threxton
Bayly Eev. C. H., Long Stratton
Bayning Eev. Lord, Honingham
*Beauchamp Sir T., Bart., Langley
Bedingfeld J. L., Esq., Ditchingham
*Bedingfeld Sir H. P., Bart., Oxburgh
*Beevor Sir Thos. B.,Bart., Yarmouth
Beevor Thomas, Esq., Hingham
Bentinck G. W. P., Esq., M.P.
Berney T. Trench, Esq., Morton
*Berney Sir H. Bart., Leicestershire ,
*Berney G. D., Esq., Morton
BernersLord,Keythorpe,Leicestershire
Bidwell L. S., Esq., Thetford
*Bignold Sir Samuel, Knight, Norwich
Bignold Eev. S. F., Tivetshall
Birch Wyrley, Esq., Wretham
Birch Thomas Jacob, Esq, Wretham
Birkbeck H., Esq., Stoke Holy Cross
Blake Thomas Jex, Esq., London
Blake Thomas, Esq., LL.D., Horstead
Blake Wm. L. Esq., Swanton Abbott
*Blofeld Eev. T. J., Hoveton
*Blomefield G., Esq., Swaffham
Blyth H. E., Esq., Burnham Westgate
*Boileau Sir J. P., Bart., Ketteringham
*Boileau F. G. M., Esq., Tacolnestone
Bouverie Ven. Archdeacon, Denton
*Bradfield J. B. S., Esq., Stoke Ferry
Bradshaw Fras. Green, Esq., Drayton
Bramhall Eev. John, Terrington
Branford Wm. W., Esq., Caister
*Brightwen Thomas, Esq., Yarmouth
Brown Thomas, Esq., Thrigby
Browne J. B. G., Esq., Morley
Browne W. J. Utten, Esq., Norwich
Browne Eichard Charles, Esq., Elsing
Buckworth T. E., Esq., Cockley Cley
*Bulwer W. E. L., Esq., Heydon
Bulwer W. E. G. L., Esq., Dereham
Bury Viscount, Quiddenham
*Burroughes H. N., Esq., Burlingham
*Burroughes W., Esq., Coltishall
Burroughes Eev. J., Lingwood
Burroughes Eev. E., Long Stratton
Burroughes E.E. Esq., Stratton St. Mary
Buxton Charles, Esq., Northrepps
*Buxton Sir E. J., Bart., Shadwell
*Buxton Sir T. F., Bart., Cromer
Cabbell B. B., Esq., Cromer
Calthorpe Lord, Ampton, Suffolk
*Calthrop John, Esq., Stanhoe
Caldecott Barnes, Esq., Yarmouth
Caldwell H. B., Esq., Hilborough
Campbell W. H. C. J., Esq., Snettisham
*Cann W. E., Esq., WjTuondham
*Cator Albemarle, Esq., Woodbastwick
Cator A., jim., Esq., Colkirk
Chad Joseph S. Scott, Esq., Thui'sford
*Cliamberlin Eobert, Esq., Norwich
Chester Lieut. -Colonel, Castle Eising
Cholmondeley Marquis, Houghton
*Cholmondeley LordW. H., Houghton
* Chute W.L.W., Esq., The Vyne, Hants
Clarke Thomas T., Esq., Binham
Cleveland Duke of, Santon Downham
NORFOLK MAGISTRATES.
15
Cockell Arthm-, Esq., Attleborougli
*Coke Hon. Edward. Longford, Derby
*Coldliam H. W., Esq., Anmer
Coldham H., James, Esq., Anmer
Collyer John, Esq., Hackford
Collyer Kev. Canon, Warliam
Copeman G. E., Esq., Hemsby
Copeman, E., Esq., Hemsby
Cooper Eev. C. B., Morley, St. Botolph
*Cowper Hon. Chas. Spencer, London
Crabbe Eev. George, Merton
Cubitt Edward George, Esq., Honing
Cubitt Henry Archibald, Esq., Catfield
Cubitt Eev. F., Fritton, near Yarmouth
Currie Eev. Charles, Tilney All Saints
Curteis Wm. C, Esq., LL.D., Scole
*Custance H. F., Esq., "Weston
*Dalling Captain J. W., E.N.
Dahytnple D., M.D., Thorpe, Norwich
Davy John, Esq., Ingoldesthorpe
Davy John William, Esq., Kilverstone
*De Grey Hon. B. N. 0., Watton
De Grey Hon. George, Merton
*De Grey Hon. Thomas
* Dewing Eichard, Esq., Carbrooke
Dolphin Eev. John, Antingham
Dolphin Thomas, Esq., Swafield
*Donne W. B., Esq., London
*Dowson Benjamin, Esq., Yarmouth
Dugmore John, Esq., Swaffham
Eden Vice-Admiral, Gillingham
Edwards Eev. Bartholomew, Ashill
♦Edwards H.W. B.,Esq., Hardingham
*Elwes Eobert, Esq., Congham
Elwin Hastings, Esq., Horstead
Ensor Charles P., Esq., Eollesby
Ewen Thomas L'Estrange, Esq., Ded-
ham, Essex
*Fellowes Eobert, Esq., Shottesham
Fellowes Ebt., jun., Esq., Leicestershire
Fellowes Eev. Charles, Shottesham
♦Fellowes E., Esq., M.P., Haveringland
Fitz Eoy W. S. H., Esq.
*Fitz Eoy H., Esq., Stratton Strawless
♦Foster Sir William, Knight, Norwich
*Fountaine Andrew, Esq., Narford
France Eev. George, Brockdish
Freeman Eev. John, Ashwicken
Frere George E., Esq., Eoydon
Frere Eev. H. Temple, Burston
Fryer J. E., Esq., Crowe Hall
Fryer F. D., Esq., Elm, Cambridgeshire
*Gay James, Esq.. Thm-ning
*Gay John, Esq., Thurning
Gay James, Esq., Aldborough
Gilbert W. A., Esq., Cantley
Gilbert Eobert, Esq., Ashby
♦Girling Barry, Esq., East Dereham
Goodricke Sir Francis L. H., Bart.,
Studeley, Warwick
Gordon J., Esq., Saxlingham
Gosford Earl of, Worlingham
Grafton Duke of, Euston, Suffolk
♦Gunn Eev. John, L-stead Eectory
♦Gurdon Brampton, Esq., M.P., Letton
Gurdon Eev. Philip, Cranworth
♦Gurdon E. T., Esq., Letton
Gm-ney Hudson, Esq., Keswick
♦Gm-ney Daniel, Esq., North Euncton
♦Gumey Francis Hay, Esq., Thorpe
Gumey J. H., Esq., M.P., Catton
Gwyn William, Esq., Tasbm-gh
♦Haggard W. M. E., Esq., Bradenham
♦Hamond Anthony, Esq., Westacre
Hamond Anthony, jun., Esq., do.
Hardy W. H. C, Letheringsett
♦Hare Sir Thomas, Bart., Stow-hall
Hare J. H., Esq., Docking
♦Harvey E. K., Esq.
♦Harvey E. J. H., Esq., Brundall
♦Hastings Lord, Melton Constable
Heitland Arthur A., Esq., Colkirk
Hemsworth Eev. Addison, Bacton
Henniker Lord, M.P., Thornham, Sffk.
Hicks Eev. William H., Watton
Hill J. D. H., Esq., Gressenhall
♦Holmes Eev. John, Brooke Hall
Holmes Eev. E., St. Margaret's, Suffolk
Holmes Gervas, Esq., Brockdish
Holley J. H., Esq., Okehampton
♦HoUway James, Esq., Stanhoe
Hopper Eev. Augustus M., Starston
Hoste Sir Wm., Bart., Garboldisham
Howman Eev. Edward J., Bexwell
♦Howes E., Esq., M.P., Morningthorpe
Hume W. B., Esq., Somerton
♦Humfrey Eobert B., Esq., Wroxham
Hyde George, Esq., East Dereham
♦Ives Ferdinand, Esq., Norwich
♦L-by F. W., Esq., Boyland HaU
Jary Wm. Heath, Esq., Burlingham
Jodi-ell Eev. Sir E. E., Bart., SaU
♦Jones Sir Willoughby, Bart., Cranmer
♦Kemp Sir Wm. E., Bart., Gissing
Kemp E. P. Esq., ColtishaU
KepnelHon. andEev.E.S. Quiddenham
Keppel Eev. W. A. W., Hainford
Keppel Fred. C. Esq., Lexham
♦Kerslake Thomas, Esq., Barmer
Kerrison Sir E. C, Bart., M.P., Broome
♦Kerrison Eoger, Esq., Noi-wich
♦Kerrich John, Esq., Geldestone
♦Kett G. S. Esq., Brooke
Knight G. B. L. Esq., Framingham
♦Lacon Sir E. Bart., M.P., Ormesby
Lacon E. B. K., Esq., Ormesby
♦Lee Warner H. J. Esq., Walsingham
♦Le Strange H. S. Esq., Hunstanton
Leicester Earl of (LordLieut.)Holkham
Loftus Charles, Esq., Noi-wich
Lombe Eev. Henry, Bylaugh
Lome Eev. Henry, jun.
♦Longe John, Esq., Spixworth
Long E. K. Esq., Dunston
♦Lothian Marquis of, BlickHng
Lucas Eev. E. Gay, Mulbarton
16
NORFOLK MAGISTRATES.
Lucas Eev. Charles, Filby
Lyon E. H. Esq.
Manning Eev. Charles R., Diss
Marcon John, Esq., Wallington
Marryat F. S. Esq.
Marsham Eev. H. P., Hevingham
Marsham G. A., Esq., Haynford
Marsham Eev. T. J. G., Saxlingham
*Mason William, Esq., Necton
Methold Eev. J. W., Wighton
Micklethwait Eev. John N., Taverham
*Middleton George Esq., Norwich
*Milles Hon. George Watson
Morse Charles, Esq.
*Mott John Thos., Esq., Barningham
Moore Eev. William, D.D., Spalding
*Newcombe E. C. Esq., Feltwell
*Norris W., Esq., Wood Norton
♦North F., Esq., M.P., Eougham
North Charles, Esq., Eougham
Nugent Sir Geo. E., Bart., Harling
*Nugent Edmund Charles, Esq.
Onley Savill Onley, Esq., Stisted
*Orford Earl of, Mamiington
Ormerod Ven. Archd., Eedenhall
Owen Eev. Henry, Heveningham
*Palmer C. J. Esq., Yarmouth
Palmer G. D., Esq., Yarmouth
Park Eev. James A., Methwold
Parker Eev. W. H., SahamToney
Partridge Eev. W. J., Caston
♦Patteson H. S. Esq., Norwich
Pellew Hon. and Very Eev. Dean
Pemberton W. H., Esq., Holt
*Penrice J. Esq., Yarmouth
Peto Sir Samuel, M., Bart., M.P.
*Petre J. Burney, Esq., Westwick
Phayre Eev. Eichard, West Eainham
Porcher C, Esq.
Postle Eev. Edward, Yelverton
*Postle William, Esq., Smallburgh
Pratt Eev. Jermyn, Campsey Ash, Suff.
Press G. Latham, Esq., Eeymerstone
*Preston Sir J. H. Bart., Beeston
♦Preston Isaac, Esq., Yarmouth
Proctor Eev. T. B.
Eanelagh Viscount, London
Eising Eobert, Esq., Horsey
Eising WilHam, Esq., Martham House
*Eobinson Sir H. Knapton
Eolfe C. F. N., Esq., Heacham
♦Eosebery Earl of, London
*Eous Hon. W. Eufus, Worstead
♦Eowley Sir Charles, Bart.
Say Eichard Hall, Esq., Swaffham
* Scott Joseph Esq., Colney
* Scott Thomas E., Esq., Carbrooke
Seel Thomas Molyneux, Esq.
Seymour Eear Admiral, Barwick
Smith Hem-y, Esq., Ellingham
Smith Eev. J. J., Loddon
Smijth Sir Wm. B., Bart., Essex
♦Sondes Lord, Elmham
Sparke Eev. J. H., Gunthorpe
Sparke Edward B. Esq., Gunthorpe
Spurgeon A. Cooper, Esq., Gressenhall
♦Stafford Lord, Costessy
Steward Charles, Esq., Blundeston
♦ Stracey Sir H. J., Bart., Eackheath
Stracey Edward John, Esq., Sprowston
Stokes Eev. W. H., Denver
Stoughton Clarke, Esq., Bawdeswell
♦ Suffield Lord, Gunton
Sutton Eev. Augustus, West Tofts
♦Taylor John 0., Esq., Norwich
Taylor Thomas L., Esq., Starston
Thornhill T. Esq., Eiddlesworth
Thornhill T. jmi., Esq., Eiddlesworth
Tompson H. K. Esq., Brooke
Townshend Marquis, Eainham
Townley Charles Watson, Esq.
Trafford E. W. Esq., Wroxham
Trafford W. H., Esq., do.
♦Tuck J. J. Esq., London
Tyrwhitt Sir Henry, Bart., Shropshire
Tyssen Charles, Esq.
♦Villebois Henry, Esq., Marham
♦Unthank C. W., Esq., Intwood
♦Upcher H. E. Esq., Sherringham
Upwood Eev. T. T., Terrington
Walpole Hon. Frederick, Eainthorpe
♦Walsingham Lord, Merton
Wellington Duke of, Apsley House
♦Wej'land Eichd. Hy., Wood Eising
Whitbread Eev. E. S., Strumpshaw
Wilkins Eev. Edward, Hempstead
Wilson Major-General Sir Archdale,
Bart., Ashwellthorpe
Windham John H., Esq., Cromer
♦Wodehouse Lord, Kimberley
♦Wodeliouse Hon. Berkeley
♦WodehoxTse Hon. Edward, Witton
Wodehouse Hon. and Eev. W. London
♦Wodehonse P. E. Esq., Thorpe
♦Wodehouse Eev. C. N., Norwich
♦Worship Fras. Esq., Yarmouth
Wright John, Esq., Buxton
Yates Eev. E. Telfer, Burgh
Third Edition.
PREPARINa FOR PUBLICATION, UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME,
A NEW AND ENLARGED
HISTORY, GAZETTEER, AND DIRECTORY OF SUFFOLK,
BY
WILLIAM WHITE, FULWOOD PARSONAGE, SHEFFIELD.
GENERAL HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION
OF THE
COUNTY OE NOEFOLK.
NORFOLK, wliich is ecclesiastically situated in the Province of Can-
terbuiy, and in the Diocese of Norwich, is an extensive maritime county in
the most eastern division of England. Judicially it is in the Northern
Circuit, and its Assizes and Quarter Sessions are held at Norwich. It com-
prises about 435,000 inhabitants, and 1,800,000 acres of land, divided into
thirty-three Hundreds, and about 740 Parishes — including the City of
Norwich, which forms, with its precincts, a County of itself. Compared
with the other counties of England, Norfolk ranks the fourth in terri-
torial extent, and the fourteenth in population. It is celebrated for the
diversity and high cultivation of its soil ; for the abundance and excellence
of its agricultural productions ; for its extensive manufactures of silk and
worsted ; for its herring and mackerel fisheries ; and for its numerous an-
tiquities and historical associations. It lies between 52 deg. 17 min. and
62 deg. 56 min. North Latitude, and 1 min. and 1 deg. 45 min. East Longi-
tude from the meridian of Greenmch ; — being of an oval figure, extending
about 70 miles from east to west, and 42 miles in the broadest parts from
north to south. It is about 180 miles hi circumference, and the northern
half of it is bounded by the German Ocean and the Great Estuary, called
The Wash ; whilst its southern side is divided horn Suffolk by the Waveney
and Little Ouse rivers ; and from Cambridgeshire, chiefly by the Great
Ouse, Welney, and Nene — the latter of which, as well as the Great Ouse,
falls into i\\QMetaris jEstaarium, or The Wash, which divides Norfolk from
Lincolnsliire. Thus surrounded by marine and river boundaries, Nor-
folk may be considered almost an ' island. Though it is generally con-
sidered a champaign district, the surface in many places rises in bold
undulations, and sinks into picturesque vales, especially in the centre of
the county, and on the coast, which is nearly 90 miles in extent froni Yar-
mouth to Lynn, and has near Cromer and Hunstanton lofty perpendicular
cliff's. A large portion of the southern side of the county is in flat but well
cultivated marshes ; and in the western and some other parts are extensive
tracts of light sandy land, rising boldly fi-om the marshes and fens, which
are now well drained, and many of them highly productive. Though more
than 200,000 acres of commons and sandy heaths have been enclosed during
the last 90 years, there are still in diff'erent pai'ts of the county extensive
open sheep walks and rabbit warrens, in some places much improved by
1 thriving plantations.
The Population of Norfolk in 1801 amounted to 273,479 ; in 1811 to
1291,947; in 1821 to 344,368; in 1831 to 390,054; in 1841 to 412,664; in
1 1851 to 442,714 ; and in 1861 to 434,791, consisting of 209,005 males, and
\ 225,793 females. There was consequently a decrease of 7916 persons during
\ the ten years preceding 1861 ; and as during that period there were regis-
ttered in Norfolk 32,709 marriages, and 137,594 hirths, but only 91,632
[ deaths, it is apparent that more than 60,000 of the inhabitants must have
left the county to seek employment elsewhere. The decrease appears to
B
18
HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
be chiefly owing to the emigration of agricultural labourers to America and
the colonies, the migration of young persons to the manufacturing districts,
the depression of the shipping trade owing to the transit of coals and goods
])y railway, the gi\^ng up of hand-loom hemp-cloth weaving, the introduc-
tion of machinery for agi'icultural purposes, and the removal of a lai'ge
number of labourers who were employed on railway works at the time of
taking the census in 1851. Norwich and Yai-mouth are the only places in
which there has been any considerable increase, the former in consequence
of its manufactures, and the latter on account of its popularity as a watering
place and the extension of its fishing trade. The following enumeration of
the Hundreds and Boroughs in Norfolk shews the annual value of theii-
lands and buildings as assessed to the County Rates in 1843, and their
population in 1861. Those Hundreds, &c., mai-ked =:= are in the Eastern
Division of the County, and all the others are in the Western Division.
Hundreds
*Blofield. ..
Brothercross . , , ,
*Clavenng •• . . .
Clackclose
*Depwade
"^Diss
*Earsham
*£rpingham North...,
*Erpingham South....
*EynesforcI
*FlegREast
*FIegg West
*Forehoe
Freebridge-Lynn ,
Freehridge-Mai'shland .
Gnllow
Greenhoe North
Greenhoe South. .......
Giimshoe
Guiltcross
*Happing
Assessed
Rental
in 184;}.
£39,1-04
2.5,876
47,6.54
127,184
55 526
44.142
44,266
40,016
76,644
60,082
25,822
29,128
71,C6i
77,656
106,2.52
61,282
46,548
C,2fi0i
40,772
33,356
43,558
Population
in 1861,
6,280
4,614
6 674
21,420
y,617
9,851
8.484
11,101
14,322
10,748
4,060
4, .571
13,146
14.4.50
14,435
10,021
10,268
10,7.56
7,554
6.748
fi,987
Hundreds.
Assessed
Rental
in 1813.
*HeDstead.. . .
Holt
*Humbleyard
Launditch
Loddon
Mitford
Shvopham . . . ,
Smithdon . . . .
*Taverham . . .
*Tunstead
*Walsham.. . .
Wayland
36,484
50,920
37,388
79,660
46,340
62,241
49,2.56
48 028
41,084
62,870
44 156
43,406
Total I 1.778,422
♦Norwich? I 1 48,.560
Yarmouth-I- Part of. 60,000
Lvnnt I 28,000
Thetfordt Part of ! 7,000
Grand Total 12.021,982
Population
in 1R61,
5,720
9,942
5,620
13,177
7,509
11,4.52
8,906
0,680
8 343
10,425
.5,241
7,783
310,016
74,891
30,338
16,170
3,383
434,798
* In 1861 the Eastern Parliamentary Divisio?i contained 254,027, and the Western Division,
180,771 souls,
i The gioss rental of the city parishes .and hamlets of Norwich is according to the assessment
made to the Borough Hates in 1862.
+ The rental of Yarmouth is according to the assessment made to the District Rates in 1862.
The whole borough contains 34,810 souls.
t The rental of J.ynn an.i Tliotford is an approximate valuation. The Jt'/iO?e borough of Thetford
contains 4208 souls.
Poor-Law Unions, &c. — As Judge Blackstone says, the Poor-Laws are
founded on the very principles of civilised society, and when the lands
became propert}% they carried with them tlie charge of providing for the
destitute. Under the feudal system, the proprietors of land provided for
the poor ; and after Christianity was introduced the indigent were relieved
out of the tithes and estates of the churches and monastic institutions. Man)'-
of the latter were richly endowed for religious, superstitious, educational,
and benevolent purposes. When Henry VIII. suppressed the monasteries
and ronfiscated their property, the poor were deprived of their ancient
rights and left in a state of destitution, which compelled Queen Elizabeth
to impose poors' rates on all occupiers of land, houses, and otlier projierty.
Before the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act in 18.S4, tlie long con-
tinued mal-administration of the old poor-law liad become an evil of the
greatest magnitude, which was eating like a canker into the heart of the
nation — pauperising the labourers of whole counties — reducing them to
deep degradation — taking away tlie motive and the reward of industry, and
oppressing that capital which was to employ and remunerate labour. lu
POOR LAW UNIONS.
19
some counties the regular employment of labourers had nearly ceased, many
farmers paying their workmen only half wages, and sending them to the over-
seers for what more was necessary for the bare subsistence of their families.
This S3' stem cut the very sinews of industry, took away its reward, and
levelled all distinctions of skill and awkwardness, and virtue and vice. It
made the labourer a pauper, left liim witliout any encouragement for good
conduct, and gave him a positive interest in marrying early, however im-
prudently, as his allowance from the x^arish was so much per head, and it
was so calculated that he was more comfortable with a large than a small
family. In like manner, women having illegitimate children were actually
gainers by their shame, in consequence of the parish allowance. The
New Poor Lav: amended both the lav\- and the practice ; it benefited both
the employers and the employed, and raised the labourers of whole counties
from the condition of paupers to that of independent workmen, by diverting
immense sums of money fuom the degrading channel oi parish pay into the
honoiu'able channel of wages of labour.
The following enumeration of the Poor Law Unions and Incorporated
Hundreds into which Norfolk is divided, shows the number of parishes in
each, their territorial extent, their pojmlation, and number ofhouses in 1861;
ih.Q number of paupers their workhouses have room for, and the number of
inmates when the census was taken.
UNIONS, and Superinten-
dent Eegistrai's' Districts.
Aylsham
Blofield
Depwade
Docking
Downham
Erpingham
Faith's (Saint)
*Flegg East and West
*Forehoe
Ereebridge-Lyun
Guiltcross ....*...
Ilenstead
Hoxne (part o/)t
King's Lynn
Loddon and Clavering
Mitford and Launditch
Norwich
SwaflFham
Thetford {^part of)^
*Tiinstead and Happing . . . .
Walsingham
Wayland
Wisbech {part of)+
Yarmouth Great
Total %
! No. of
! Parishes
46
32
43
36
34
49
30
20
23
32
21
37
1
4
42
60
43
33
20
41
50
2-5
13
1
735
Population
in 1861.
Niunber of
Aci*es.
Houses in
1861.
Workhouses.
Boom Inmates
for, in 1861.
19,0.52
08,123
4511
500
133
11,521
44,178
2368
250
146
25,248
72,681
6548
400
244
17,-596
101,136
3843
500
127
20,264
83.687
4569
250
215
20,874
72,513
4981
300
164
11,749
48 304
2529
300
112
8631
29,087
1877
400
80
12,818
37,8.34
3011
400
141
13,486
78,775
2759
250
138
11,641
44,585
- S734
350
194
11,290
43,358
2441
250
91
221
1000
59
, . . .
■ * • •
16,701
• 5499
4231
300
249
14,242
59,401
3233
400
162
2S,020
105,233
6445
700
267
74,440
6630
15431
730
635
13,747
81,200
2946
400
85
11,181
84,100
24C0
300
133
14,516
62,607
3527
600
93
21,118
87,342
4835
300
130
11,562
51,063
2625
300
68
15,119
70,000
3200
400
473
30,338
1510
6435
500
332
434 798
1,300,311
100,120
8980
4412
t Wisbech Union includes seven pai'ishes in Cambridgeshire. Thetford Union has also 14
parishes in Suffolk. Hoxne Union is all in Suffolk, except the Norlblk part of Mendham parish.
t Of the 100,120 iffoj^ses, 4844 were uninhabited, and 355 were building, when the Census was
taken in 1861.
* East and West Flegg, Forehoe, and Tunstead and Happing ai-e Incorporations , under local
acts. _ St. Faith's, Loddon and Clavering, Nonvich, and Mitlbrd and Launditch were old Incor-
porations, but are now Unions, under the Poor Law Act. There were several other Incorporations
in the county, but they have been joined to Unions, and thdr Houses of Industry have been
adopted as the Union Workhouses, as at Gimingham, Sherringham, St. Faith's, Buxton, Oulton,
&c., but the parishes of Mellon-Constable and Brinton are still united under Gilbert's act, and are
not connected with any Union. In addition to the 10 or 12 old Houses of Industry, there were
buUt, in various parts of the county, in the years 1835 and '6, about fourteen large UxiON Work
HOUSES, each at a cost of fi-om £5000 to £9000; and at the same time, most of the old Houses
underwent considerable alteration, so as to adapt them to the new system of classification, inspec-
tion, and control. It has been seen in the foregoing table, that the Union and Incorporated Work
houses of Norfolk have room for about 9000 paupers; but they have seldom more ihan 6000, and in
summer only about 3500 inmates. The statistics and officers of each Union and Incorporation
will be given with the general descriptions of the Hundreds, at subsequent pages.
B 2
20 HISTORY OF NOEFOLK.
Parliamentary Divisions. — Before the passing of the Reform Bill, in
1832, Norfolk sent twelve representatives to parliament, viz. : — Two for the
county, and tv/o each for the City ofNomncli, and the Boroughs of Yarmouth,
Lynn, Thetford, and Castle-Rising; but by that great public act the latter
borough was disfrancliised, and the county was separated into two divisions,
each returning two knights of the shire to parliament. The Eastern
Division comprises the eighteen hundreds of Blofield, Clavering, Depwade,
Diss, Earsham, North Erpingham, South Erpingham, Eynesford, East
Flegg, West Flegg, Forehoo, Happing, Henstead, Humbleyard, Loddon,
Taverham, Tunstead, and Walsham; and its Polling Places are Norwich,
Yarmouth, Reepham, North Walsham, Long Stratton, and Loddon. Nor-
wich is the principal place of election. The Western Division comprises
the fifteen Hundreds of Brothercross, Clackclose, Freebridge Lynn, Free-
bridge Marshland, Gallow, North Greenhoe, South Greenhoe, Grimshoe,
Guiltcross, Holt, Launditch, Mitford, Shropham, Smithdon, and Wayland ;
and its Polling Places are Lynn, East Dereham, Do-wnham, Thetford, and
Swaffham, the latter of which is the principal place of election. The
number of County voters registered for the Eastern Division, in 1863, was
8089; and for the Western Division, 6636, making a total of 14,725.
Hundreds, Liberties, &c. — Alfred the Great is said to have divided Eng-
land into Counties, Hundreds, and Tithing s, to prevent the rapine and disorder
which then prevailed in the realm, by making the inhabitants of each district
responsible for the damage committed by lawless mobs. This law still exists,
so that when damage is done to property by riotous assemblies, the injured
party or parties claim and receive compensation by rate, levied with the
county rate, on the inhabitants of the Hundred in which the damaged pro-
perty is situated. Tithings w^ere so called because ten freeholders, with
their famihes, originally composed one. A number, perhaps 100, of these
Tithings, Towns, or Fills, originally composed a superior division, cajled a
Hundred or Wapentake, in each of which a court was annually held for the
trial of causes. An indefinite number of these Hundreds, which now vary
both in size and poj)ulation, form a county or shu'e. Soon after the intro-
duction of Christianity the Kingdom was divided into Parishes, and after-
wards into Bishoprics. Formerly each Wapentake had a Governor, Avho
determined all matters that could not be decided in the wapentake, or
hundred courts. Hoveden says, "When a person received the government
of a wapentake; at the appointed time or usual place, the Ealdor sort met
liim ; and when he had got off his horse, rode up to him ; then he held up his
spear, and took security of all present, according to custom ; whoever came,
touched his spear wiUi theirs, and by this touch were confirmed in one
common interest; and thus hovci Papnu (weapons) and Tac (a touch) or
Taecape (to confirm) they were called wapentakes."
The Assessed Yearly Rental of the County to the Police and County
Rates in 1862 was ^£1, 773,440, which yields to a rate of one penny in tlie
pound, ^'7389. 6s. 8d. For the year ending at Christmas, 1862, the amount
levied for County Rates was ^18,011. 10s., and for the Constabulary force,
^14,136. 16s. 8d. Besides these sums, more than ^£13,500 \vere received
from govermnent and other sources, for the expenses of prosecutions, the
maintenance and conveyance of prisoners, the services of constables, earn-
ings of prisoners, &c. The principal ^;ay?/j^«fs during the year, were
^1826, for criminal prosecutions; ^'3375, for Norwich Castle; <£3139, for
Swaft'ham Prison; iJ638, for Wymondham Bridewell; .i'538, for bridges
and roads; i£903, for MiUtia and Militia Artillery; iJ819, for coroners;
£'3200 for Lunatic Asylum; £-1258, to the Clerk of tlie Peace; .£6125, to-
wards liquidation of debt, and about £16,000 for the constabulary force.
The County Debt amounted, at Christmas, 1862, to £34,368, borrowed by
the county magistrates, chiefly from the Economic Life Assurance Office ,
of vvhicb £23,833 were owing on account of the new buildings at the County
HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
21
Lunatic Asylum ; ^7175 on account of the Militia Store Houses, at Yar-
mouth and Norwich; and <£3360 on account of Police Station Houses.
Norfolk County Courts form Circuit No. 32, of which Thomas J.
Birch, Esq., ofWrethamHall, Thetford, is Judge. Jonathan Townley, Esq.,
of Lakenhara, Norwich, is Treasurer for all the Courts, except Downham
Market, Kings' Lynn, and Swaffham, of which G. E. Foster, Esq., of
Cambridge, is Treasurer. The following is a list of the places at which
Courts are held, with their respective Registrars and High Baihffs : —
Places.
Registrars.
High Bailiffs.
Aylsham
W. H. Scott, Esq.
Thos. L. Reed, Esq.
Geo. H. Cooper, Esq.
Geo. Wilkinson, Esq.
Philip Wilson, Esq.
Geo. Watson, Esq.
Geo. Wilkinson, Esq.
Thos. H. Palmer, Esq.
Thomas Palmer, Esq.
James Feltham, Esq.
Edmund R. Palmer, Esq.
Thos. Kerslake
Downham Market ...
East Dereham
Benj. Parrott
Thos. Kerslake
Holt
Thos. Kerslake
King's Lynn
J. H. S. Durbin
Little Walsingham ...
North Walshnm
Norwich
Thos. Kerslake
Thos. Kerslake
WiUiam Wilde, Jun.
Swaffham
J. H. S. Durbin
Wymondham.....
Thos. Kerslake
Yarmouth
John Cox
Courts are held monthly at each of the above places, except Downham,
Holt, Swaffham, and WjTuondham, where they are only held every two
months. Norfolk is in the London Banhruptcy District, except for cases un-
der .£300, which come mthin tlie jurisdiction of tlie County Courts, under
the provisions of the Bankruptcy Act of 1861.
The County Constabulary Force now consists of a Chief Constable, a
Secretary and Deputy Chief Constable, 13 Superintendents, 8 Inspectors,
9 Sergeants, and 190 Constables. The Chief Constable has a yearly salary
of i'400, with an allowance of £,llo for horses, &c. The Deputy Chief
Constable has ^£170 a-year, and his expenses for office books, stationery,
&c., amount to nearly ^6120 per annum. Five Superintendents have £100,
four have £115, and four have £120 each per annum, and the cost of their
horses, &c., is about £820 a-year. The Inspectors have 27s. 6d., and the
Sergeants 23s. 6d. per week. Seventy-eight Constables have 21s. 6d.,
seventy-six have 19s. 6d., and thirty-six have 17s. 6d. each per week. The
Superannuation Fund consists of nearly £10,000, invested in the three per
cent, consols, and annuities to the amount of about ^600 a-year are paid to
retired officers. The Head Quarters of the force are at Castle Meadow,
Norwich. Lieut. -Colonel George Black, is the Chief Constable; Mr.
Henry Atthill is Secretary and Deputy Chief Constable ; and Mr. Francis
Palmer is Chief Clerk. The Superintendents and their Divisions are
James Winfield, Acle; Jonathan Chambers, Aylsham; John] Amis,
Dereham; WiUiam B.ose, Docking ; William Watson, Downham ; Ildward
Jones, Harling; John Mobbs (Inspector), Holt; John Ward, Loddon;
Joseph Scott, North Walsham; Henry Atthill (Dept. Chief Const.), Nor-
wich; John Wiiheford, Pulham; George Lambley. Swaffham; Charles Sea-
man (of Tilney AU Saint's), Terrington ; WiUiam Blomfield, Walsingham;
and Samuel Barrett, Wymondham. The City and County of Norwich
has 95 PoHcemen, and Mr. Robert Hitchman is the Chief Constable. The
Borough of Yarmouth has 32 poUcemen, and Mr. George Tewsley is
the Head Constable. The Borough of King's Lynn has 19 PoUcemen, and
Mr. C. Reeves is the Head Constable. The Borough of Thetford has no
separate poUce force, but pays £138 a-year for the county poUce stationed
there.
22 HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
Courts, Prisons, &c. — Assizes for the County of Norfolk, and for the
City and County of the City of NoiT\dch, are held twice and sometimes
thrice a-year, at Norwich ; the former at the Shirehall, at the Castle, and
the latter at the Guildhall. General Quarter Sessions are held four times
a-year, at Norwich for the eastern, and at Swaff ham for the western divi-
sion of the county. The County Qaol and House of Correction is at the
Castle, at Norwich; but there are also County Bridewells at Swaff ham and
Wymondham, and Lock-uj) Houses for the temporary confinement of
prisoners, at Acle, Aylsham, Dereham, Docking, Downham, Fakenham,
Grimstone, Harling, Holt, Loddon, North Walsham, Norwich, Pulham,
Reepham, Stalham, Swaffham, Terrington, Thetford, Walsingham, Watton,
and Wymondham. The City and County of Norwich, and the Borough of
Yaimouth have their own gaols and separate coiu'ts of Quarter Sessions.
The Boroughs of Thetford and Lynn have also separate Sessions, but iheir
prisoners are kept at the County Gaol, at Norwich, by arrangement with
the magistrates. Petty Sessions are held at each of the police stations, and
there is a Reformatory, at Buxton, near Aylsham.
Ancient History. — For nearly four thousand years of the world's ex-
istence, the history of Britain is almost a blank, except so far as it may be
read in its geological phenomena. Prior to the invasion of Julius CjBsar,
55 years before the birth of Christ, very little is known of its inhabitants,
though some zealous antiquarians, deceived by fabulous legends, have
assigned dates much earlier than that period to some of its oldest cities.
In the romantic lore of ancient time, Norwich (Nortli-wic) is said to have
been founded by Gurguntus, the son of Belinus, the twenty-fourth Idng of
Britain from Brutus. Historians generally agree that the Aborigines of
Britain were a tribe of Gallic Celts, who emigrated from the Continent
about a thousand years before the birth of Christ. Before the Boman Con-
quest, the ancient Britons in the southern parts of the island had made
some progress towards civilisation, but the northern tribes were as wild as
then* native hills, and subsisted chiefly by hunting and the spontaneous
fruits of the earth ; wearing for their clothing, when the inclemency of the
weather compelled them to such incumbrances, the skins of annuals, and
dwelling in habitations formed by the " pillars of the forest rooted m the
earth, and enclosed by interwoven branches." The most powerful natious
among the Ancient Britons were the Brigantines, who occupied Yorkshire,
and all the northern counties ; and the Iceni, who occuxned Lincolnshire,
and all the IVIidland and Eastern Counties ; but these nations were sub-
divided into various tribes, bearing difierent names. Of the Iceni tribes
the Cenimanni or Cenomes occupied the counties of Cambridge, Norfolk,
Suffolk, and Huntingdon, and parts of Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire.
Their name appears to have been derived from the British words Cyni-manui,
signifying the " headmost or foremost men;" and Caistor, near Norwich, is
supposed to have been their Venta, or first city. Tlieh religion, which
formed part of their free monarchical government, Avas Druidical, but its
origin is not certainly Imowii, though some affirm that the Druids accom-
panied the Celts in early ages from the cast ; and others say that Druidism
was introduced l)y the Plucnicians of Cadiz, who were the first merchants
that discovered and traded to this island, and for a considerable time
monopoUsed its commerce, by carefully concealing their traffic from other
nations ; but their lucrative trade in tin and other metals with which Corn-
wall, Devon, and other parts of Britain abound, was ultimately traced to
its source, and brought the Ptomans and other merchants to our shores.
The civil jurisdiction and rehgion of the Druids prevailed in all parts of
Britain. They dispensed j^^sficY', not under any written code of laws, but
on what they professed to be equitable principles ; all their verdicts being
determined by such sense as the assembled delegates entertained of im-
partial justice ; aud on discordance of opinion in the congress, appeal was
HISTORY OP NORFOLK. 23
made to the Arch-Druid, whose sentence was decisive. Their religious
ceremonies were few, and nearly in unison with those of the ancient
Hebrews. They worshipped on high places, and in deep groves, and were
not addicted to idolatry, as some authors assert, but adored the God of
Nature, and rendered him praise on the yearly succession of the seasons,
which they kept as solemn festivals. Though they dealt largely in allegory
and symboHcal representations, they practised but little priestcraft, and
held not the ignorance of their votaries in the bonds of superstition ; for
they clearly explained the mysteries and symbols used in their ceremonies
to the initiated, but to none else. To remove from the people all possibility
of sophistry and innovation, their maxims of justice were taught orally ;
the sons of cliief personages were disciples in their ethic schools, where the
rules of moral life were inculcated as the foundation of human wisdom.
They studied medicine and the virtues of plants, of which the mistletoe was
their chief specific ; and they held nothing so sacred as the mistletoe of the
oak, wliich being very scarce, they gathered with great pomp and ceremony
on a certain day appointed for then- gTeatest festival. In their civil govern-
ment capital offenders were sentenced to death, and publicly sacrificed on
the altars of theii' temples, in the most a^^^l and solemn manner, wliilst
those convicted of minor crimes were excluded from public worship, and
excommunicated from all civil and religious benefits, till they had washed
away, with the tears of repentance, the stains with which then* guilt had
branded tliem. Juhus Csesar, in his " Commentarii de Bello Gallico" says
the Druids (as the Gauls call thek magicians and wisemen) inculcated the
immortahty and transmigration of the soul, and discoursed " with youth
much about the heavenly bodies and their motion, the size of the heaven
and the earth, the nature of things, and the influence and power of the
immortal gods." The British Druids exercised their utmost authority in
bpposing tiie usui'pation of the Roman invaders, who, fired with equal re-
sentment, determined to secure themselves by exterminating the Druidic
Order; consequently its priests were saciificed to this inhuman x)olicy; those
who fled to the Isle of Anglesea perished in the flames, by tiie orders of
Suetonius Paulinus; and subsequently, great numbers of them were
massacred in the unsuccessful revolt of the Britons under Queen Boa-
dicea. From this period the power and splendour of the Druids rapidly
disappeared.
Romans. — Julius Casar, having overrun Gaul, invaded Britain, near
Deal, in Kent, 55 years before the birth of Christ, and after a sanguinary
struggle, renewed in the following year, succeeded in establishing a Roman
government in the southern parts of the island, unsettled in its nature, and
transient in its duration ; for, being distracted by domestic war, the con-
querors were obliged to return home, in order to preserve the seat of
empire ; consequentiy the Britons remained unmolested till A.D. 48, when
the Emperor Claudius sent over an army under the command of Plautius,
who was succeeded by Ostorius Scapula, who established a chain of posts
or forti'esses from the Severn to the Nen, for the purpose of keeping in
check the yet imsubdued tribes to the northward. The Iceni who appear
to have early formed an alliance witii tiie Romans, which had hitherto
continued uninterrupted, regarding this operation as a foimidable demon-
stration against then' territory, and resenting the attempts of Ostorius to
deprive them of their weapons, took the field in great force, assisted by
some of the neighbouring states, who were equally incensed at the conduct
of the Romans. Their undisciplined bravery however j)roved of littie avail
agaiust Roman weapons and Roman discipline ; and after a sanguinary
confhct, they were obUged to submit to the harsh terms of their conquerors.
This peace was of short duration, for exasperated by new oppressions, com-
bined with atrocities still more galling, the Iceni again had recourse to
arms. The death of Prasutagus, their king, and the impolitic arrange-
24 HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
meuls of his will, furiiishetl the Eomans with a pretext for coercive mea-
sures, and with the most insulting rapacity the realm was plundered by the
greedy centurions, the native chiefs were deprived of their estates, the royal
family were treated as slaves, and for daring to remonstrate, Boadicea or
Bunduica, the widow of the deceased king, was ignominiously scourged, and
the chastity of her daughters was violated by the Roman officers. Fired
by these atrocities, the Iceni flew to arms, and under the conduct of the
injured but intrepid Queen, commenced an exterminating war. The Roman
cities of Camulodunum (Colchester) -and Verulam (St. Alban's) were re-
duced to ashes, the infantry of the ninth legion were cut to pieces, and the
inhabitants of London were massacred with unsparing fury because they
remained faithful to the Romans. Suetonius Paulinus, the Roman general,
who had succeeded Ostorius, and was in Anglesea, destroying the temples
and groves of Druidism, at the commencement of the insurrection, marched
hastily to meet the exulting foe, whose numbers had increased to nearly
250,000 men, whilst Suetonius had scarcely 10,000. Having chosen a spot
encircled with woods, narrow at the entrance, and sheltered in the rear by
a thick forest, the Roman general and his undaunted band, awaited the
attack of the Britons, who being led on and animated by the heroic
Boadicea rushed forward to the combat, but flushed by their former suc-
cesses and confident of victory, they fought in such tumultuous disorder
that their vast superiority of numbers, tended only to their own destruction,
and the dire conflict ended in the total defeat of the Britons. A dreadful
slaughter followed, neither sex nor age being spared, and it is said that
about 80,000 of the Britons were destroyed on this fatal day, whilst the
loss of the Romans was scarcely 400. Boadicea either died of grief or
ended her days by poison, and though the British chiefs endeavoured to
collect their scattered forces, and for some time kept the field, they durst
not again contend with the Roman power. From this period history is
silent as to the annals of the Iceni as a separate nation. Although Nor-
folk formed part of the territory of the Iceni, and its aboriginal inhabitants
must have shared in the disasters which befel that brave people, in their
various, but unsuccessful struggles for liberty, there is no evidence in
history that this portion of their country was ever the scene of the sanguin-
ary conflicts between them and the Romans. The district of the Trino-
bantes appears to have been the chief theatre on which British valour was
displayed, with so much zeal, as to excite even the admiration of the victors.
After the death of Boadicea and the disjpersion of the allied armies, Oereahs
was sent into this island, and after him Julius Frotiuus, both which generals
were successful against the vanquished Britons, but Julius Agricola dis-
tinguished himself the most, and completed the conquest of Britain, even
penetrating into the almost inaccessible forests and mountains of Caledonia.
In the time of Suetonius, the Romans divided England into two Presidial
Provinces, by a line drawn from Clausentum to Oabroseiitinu, that is from
Southampton to Gateshead, near Newcastle. All the country on the east
side of this imaginary line thej called Britannia Prima; and all on the west
side Britannia Secunda; so that Norfolk was comprised within the former.
But after they had gained a firmer footing in the north, they subdivided tho
country north of Wiltshire, Berkshire, and Middlesex into three other pro-
vinces, called Maxima Ccesariensis, Flavia Ccesariensis, and Valentia. Of
these the first and third were Consular Provinces ; and the other Presidial,
like Britannia Prima and Secunda, and included Norfolk and the whole
territory of the Iceni. To keep the conquered Britons in subjection, as well
as to guard the coast against the frequent attempts of the northern hordes,
the Roman generals judiciously appointed a number of military posts in tliis
part of their newly- acquired territory. Five principal stations were esta-
blished in this county. These were Branodumim, (Brancaster ;) Oarianonum,
(Caistor, nearYarmouth;) V€nta-Icenoru7n,{C&is,toY,nesiv'^oxwich;)Sitotnagus,
HISTORY OF NORFOLK. 25
(Thetford:) and Ad-Tuam, (Tasbm-gh ;) besides wliich, several subordinate
Castra-^stiva and Stativa-hyherna were also formed. Of the latter kind
were, according to some writers, 5wx^o«,5«<r^/i, near Aylsham, BucJfenham,
Castle- Acre, and Elmham. At these places have been discovered, coins,
urns, and other Roman remains.
Before the reign of the Emperor Constantino, the Roman government in
Britain was vested in a Prattor, who possessed the whole administrative,
judicial, and mihtary power; a Qucsstor, or Procurator, arranged the affairs
of tlie revenue ; and a numerous army of legionaries and auxiliaries secured
the obedience of the people, and protected the country from invasion. The
superintendence of the army was committed to tlu'ee Dukes; the first com-
manded from the northern frontier to the Humber; the second, with tlie
title of Comes tractus Maritimi, or Comes litoris Saxonici, i.e.. Count of the
Saxon Shore, had the command of the troops on the coast from the Hum-
ber to Land's End; and the third commanded the garrisons in the interior.
The garrisons on the east side of the island are stated to have consisted of
2200 infantiy, and 200 cavahy. These numbers are set down in the
Notitia, written in the reign of the younger Theodosius, about the year 410.
But as this allowance of troops was inadequate for the defence of each
station, much more to subdue insurrection, it is probable that to the
Romans were joined British conscript troops, not included in this enumera-
tion ; for we find that about twenty years after, the imperial armies in this
country were comprised chiefly of British auxiliaries, which, together with
the few remaining troops, were recalled, to defend the Roman capital, in
A.D. 446. The greatest and most protracted struggles of the Romans were
with the Caledonians, or Plots and Scots, who, proudly refusing to crouch
to the imperial eagle, frequently descended in rage from their native moun-
tains, and penetrated into tlie Roman territories, even after the great-icall
had been extended across the island by the Emperor Severus, from Solway
Frith to the mouth of the Tyne, in A.D. 208. In consequence of these
irruptions of the Caledonians, the northern parts of England became the
chief seats of the power of the Romans; and Yorh, where Constantine the
Great was bom in 272, obtained the name of Altera Roma. In 287,
Carausius, who had been sent from Rome, with a fleet to guard the Bel^dc
coast, passed over into Britain, and usurped the imperial purple at York.
On the death of Constantius, in 307, his son, Constantine the Great, as-
sumed the imperial purple at York ; but a few years afterwards he removed
the seat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, which was subsequently called
from him Constantinople. For the better government of his vast dominions,
he now divided them into four prcBfecture.s, viz., Italy, Gaul, the East, and
Illyria. Britain was included in the praefecture of Gaul. After taking
with him to his wars in Gaul the flower of the British youth, this country
was again left open to the devastating incursions of the Picts and Scots.
Constantine embraced Christianity in 312, and made a solemn declaration
of his sentiments in the celebrated edict of jMilan, which restored peace to
the Cathohc Church, and promulgated the principles of religious hbert3^
Constantine died in 337, and though the Romans continued to hold their
sway in Britain for more than a century after this event, their writings
afford but scanty materials for illustrating the liistory of this island. In
364, the Picts and Scots renewed their incursions, and the southern parts
of the country were at the same time harassed by the Saxons, whose pre-
datory descents on the coast indicated their intention to seize, as a prej',
a dominion which imperial Rome now held "uith a feeble hand. Dissen-
sions within, and assaults from without, were now fast hastening on the
overthrow of the mighty empire of Rome ; and in 448, the Romans finally
relinquished all possession, power, and authority in Britain, after an occu-
pation of nearly four centuries.
Saxons. — After the Romans had abandoned Britain, the country sank
26 HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
into a state of anarchy. Under the Romans, England and Wales contained
thirty civitates, governed by their own magistrates, and it is supposed that
the Britons, when left to themselves, established the same number of re-
pubhcs. Civil discord terminated in the establishment of military tyran-
nies, and to aggravate these maladies, the Picts and Scots again renewed
their marauding irruptions into England. To crush these savage foes, the
British chiefs united their forces under the command of Vortigern, King of
the Belg£e. By his advice, the Saxons, under the command of Hengist and
Uorsa, were at length introduced as auxiliaries against the Picts and Scots,
whom they had no sooner overthrown, than, in their greedy concupiscence
to possess the fertile country for which they had been fighting, they turned
their swords upon the Britons, who made an obstinate resistance, in which
they fought many great battles under Vortigern and the renowned King
Artliur, who in 520 expelled the Saxons from York, and almost fi'om the
Idngdom ; but after the death of that monarch, they again prevailed, and
by slow progression of conquest, at length obtained possession of the whole
of that part of the island, which from them obtained the name of England.
They were confederated tribes consisting of the Angles, (hence the term
Anglo-Saxons,) the Jutes, and the genuine Saxons, who had long been
settled on the shores of the German Ocean, and extended from the Eyder
to the Rhine. The Britons yielded to them no part of the country until it
had been dearly purchased Avith blood, and 111 years elapsed from the
invasion of the Saxons before they established the northern part of the
Heptarchy, or seven kingdoms of Kent, East- Augha, Essex, Sussex, Wessex,
Mercia, and Northumbria, into which England was divided. Hengist
estabhshed himself as King of Kent about a.d. 457, and ^llas as King of
Sussex in 491. Cerdic, another of the Saxon chiefs, became the first King
of Wessex about 495 ; Uffa became IGng of East-Anglia in 575 ; Erhewin,
King of Essex *in 585; Ethel/rid, King of Northumbria, in 547 ; and
Crida, King of Mercia, about 58G.
The Saxon leader, Utf'a, established himself in this part of the island in
A.D. 575, and assumed dominion over that portion of the country which at
present comprises Norfolk, Suff-olk, and Cambridgeshire, giving it the
appellation of East-Angi,ia : and the inhabitants were denominated Ujfa-
gines. About this period, it is highly probable, the city of Norwich
arose out of the Venta-Icenorum of the Britons and Romans, and from its
relative bearing to the old city, was called by the Saxons — North-wic.
Some authors say that Orecca, the father of UfFa, was the first sovereign of
East-Anglia. Uffa, who died a.d. 578, was succeeded by his son Titul, on
whose demise, in 599, his son Redwald assumed the reins of government, and
embraced Christianity, but by the inlluence of his wife renounced it again.
He was succeeded, a.d. 624, by his son Erpemvald, who was assassinated by
a relation named Riohbert,A.T>. 033. His half-brother Sigebert, or Sig-
bercht, who succeeded to the crown, established the bishopric of Dunwich,
in Suffolk, and formed the first seminary for religious instruction, which
led to the establishment of an university in Cambridge. Fatigued with the
burden of government, he resigned both his crown and its cares, a.d. 644,
to his kinsman Egric, and retired into the monastery of St. Edmund, which
he had founded at Bury. The Saxon kings were now at variance amongst
themselves. Penda, King of Mercia, commenced hostilities against Egric,
who called Sigebert from his monastic retirement to head his army; they
were defeated and both slain in battle ; and Anna, nephew of Redwald,
ascended the throne, restored Cenwalch to liis Idngdom of Wessex, and
became the most celebrated of the East- Anglian princes. But Penda bring-
ing against him the powerful resources of Mercia, he fell in battle, a.d. 054.
From this period, the Mercian princes seem to have dictated in the choice
of monarchs for the East- Angles ; and in the year 792, Qffa, King of
Mercia, united the kingdom of East-Anglia with his own.
SAXONS AND DANES. 27
Tlie several kingdoms of the Heptarchy, or Octarchy, were reduced by
intestine broils and the incursions of the Danes and Caledonians, to a state
of confusion, approximating to anarchy, when Egbert ascended the throne
of Wessex. He had been brought up in the court of Charlemagne ; and
from that wise and powerful monarch he had learned to aspire at imiversal
dominion. On his return to this country, a.d. 800, having taken the reins
of government, he first directed his attention to the refractory Britons in
Wales and Cornvrall, whom he so far subdued, as to render them tributary
to his crown. He then x^roceeded to chastise the iusolence and usurpa-
tions of the contiguous kingdoms, and to execute his plan of a general in-
corporation of them into one government. Some of the states, too vreak
for resistance, had previously met the wishes of Egbert, and he soon re-
duced to compliance the remaining states of Mercia, East Saxony, and
Kent. In this manner, the separate kingdoms of tlie Heptarchy were united
into one great nation, about 380 years after the first landing of the Saxons
on the shores of Britain, and Egbert was crowned King oi all England at
Winchester, in a.d. 827. He was succeeded in 838 by his son EthelwoJf,
who died in 857, and was succeeded first by Ethelbald, who had rebelled
agamst him in his lifetime ; and then by Ethelbert, his second son, during
whose short reign the country Vv-as again invaded by the Danes. Ethelbert
died in 866, and was succeeded by his third brother Etheldred. In 867,
the Danes came over in much larger numbers than before, under the com-
mand of Hinguar and Hubba, sons of a Danish chieftain named Lothbroch,
or Lodbrog, who ha-\dng been ship^\^;ecked near Yarmouth, was hospitably
received by Edmund, King of East Angha, at his court at Reedliam, but
was dastardly murdered by the King's huntsman. (See Reedham). The
two leaders landed tlieu* troops near Yarmouth, and having passed through
Norfolk with fire and sword, they burnt the monasteries of Crowland,
Thorne}', Peterborough, Ramsey, Soham, and Ely, destroying most of the
rehgious occupants. Ubba or Hubba, being left in Cambridgeshu-e, to
protect the collected spoUs, Hinguar or Ingwar proceeded with his army to
besiege Thetford, then a royal residence of the East-Anglian princes.
Having forced an entiy, he gave his soldiers free booty ; who put most of
the inhabitants to the sword, and reduced the city to ashes. Edmund,
who was then at Eglesden, a village now called Hoxne, in Suffolk, received
an insulting offer fi'om the Danish leader, pui'porting that if the king would
renounce Christianit}-, and consent to worship Scandinavian idols, Ingwar
would agi'ee that Edmund and himself should share the spoils of the king-
dom. This roused the timid monarch to march against the enemy. The
armies met at Snarehill, near Tlietford, and after great slaughter on both
sides, a drawn battle ensued. The spmt of Edmund was subdued, and he
made the fatal resolution never to encounter the Pagans again ; who, taking
advantage of his pusillanimity, seized on his person, bound him in close
fetters, and after scourging him, cut off his head Nov. 20, 170. They
now overran the whole of East Anglia, but were repeatedly checked in
theu' further encroachments by Etheldred, assisted by his younger brother
Alfred, afterwards surnamed the Great. Etheldred was mortally wounded
at the battle of Merton in 871, when Alfred succeeded to the kingdom, then
reduced to the brink of ruin.
King Alfred fought several great battles with the Danes, but being at
length overpowed by numbers and deserted by many of his subjects, he v/as
compelled to leave the Danes in possession of his country for some time,
during which he remained in humble disguise at the cottage of a swine-
herd in the isle of Athelney, amidst the fens of Somersetshire. The Saxons
again uniting their forces against the tyranny and savage cruelt}^ of the
Danes, Alfred resumed his dominion, and defeated the pagan marauders at
Haddington, in Wiltsliii'e. This renowned monarch soon obtained the
popular title of Alfred the Great. He divided the country into shii-es,
28 HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
hundreds, parishes, and tithings, established trial hy jury, and composed a
famous body of laws, which may be considered as tlie foundation on which
the glorious superstructure of Enghsh liberty was finally erected. Alfred
was not less generous than brave, and strove to convert the Danes from
mortal enemies into faithful subjects, by settling them in East AngHa and
Northumbria, on condition of their accepting Christianity. Guthrum, their
leader, was to hold East Anglia in capite, or fealty of the crown, as a feu-
datory prince. Here for a while these marauders betook themselves to the
cultivation of domestic duties, and received a code of laws. The great
Alfred died in 901, after reigning 28 years. He was succeeded by his son
Edward the Elder, whose cousin Ethelwold attempted to wrest the sceptre
from his hand, with the assistance of the Danes. Ethelwold being slain in
battle, peace was again restored between the Saxons and the Danes, but
the restless spirit of the latter could not long brook restraint ; and encou-
raged by fresh arrivals of their countrymen, they again broke out into open
hostilities, but were subdued in 910 by Edward the Elder, who died in 925.
He was succeeded by Athelstan, who carried his arms to the borders of
Scotland, and obtained a complete victory over an almost innumerable host
of enemies, who sought to seize his empire. Edmund, who succeeded him in
941, was assassinated in 946. He was succeeded by Edred, who died
in 955, when Edwy, a youth of fourteen, became Mng, but died in 959. His
brother Edgar succeeded, and was acknowledged sole sovereign of England.
He preserved peace by being always prepared for war. His fleet consisted
of about 600 vessels, which constantly scoured the seas on all sides of the
island. He kept the Scottish, Welsh, and other inferior princes in subjec-
tion. He required of LedwuU, a refractory Welsh prince, to bring the
heads of 300 wolves yearly to Winchester, and deposit them at the Bishop's
palace, and this was continued tiU the entke race of these ferocious animals
was destroyed in this country. Edgar travelled throughout his dominions
to see that the laws were properly executed, and to redress abuses. He
died in 975, and was succeeded by Edward the Martyr, who was assassin-
ated four years afterwards. Ethelred then ascended the throne, and ob-
tained the surname of the Unready, from his incapacity in governing the
kingdom, or providing for its safety. In 981, the Danes again landed and
pillaged the country, and during the succeeding twenty years they became
very numerous in England, and lived indiscriminately among the Saxons.
King Ethelred being unable to master them in the field or by law, resorted
to treachery, and attempted to destroy their power by secretly ordering them
to be massacred on the IWi of Novemher, 1002. Great was the slaughter
committed on that fatal day, m the Southern parts of England ; but in the
north the Danes were too numerously intermingled with the Saxons to be
sentenced to assassination, and the detestable act so inflamed tliem vritli
indignation, that in a little time the Saxons became the sport of an in-
furiated enemy. In the same year the tax called Danegeld or Dane Money
was imposed upon the people by Ethelred, and paid by that feeble sovereign
to the Danes in order to render them peaceable.
Sweyne, King of Denmark, to revenge the cruel massacre of his country-
men, undertook the conquest of England. Landing with a powerful army
in 1010, he fixed his camp on the banks of the Ouse, near York, where
Ethelred marched with all his forces to give him battle. The engagement
was bloody and well contested, but victory at length declared for the Danes ;
and Ethelred, with a few of his followers, seizing a boat fled into Nor-
mandy, leaving hie crown and liis kingdom to the conqueror. Sweyne died
in 1014 at Gainsboro', where his son Canute was proclaimed king, but being
obliged to return to Denmark, the English in his absence, recalled the
banished King Ethelred, who after a feeble struggle to regain his crown,
gave place in less than a year to his son Edmund Ironside, who fought
three bloody battles with Canute. Their success was various, and at length
SAXONS AND DANES. 29
tlie Danish and Saxon nobility, equally harassed by these convulsions,
obliged the kings to come to a compromise, and to divide the kingdom
between them. Canute reserved for himseK the northern parts of the king-
dom ; and the southern parts were left to Edmund Ironside ; but the latter
being murdered about a month after this treaty, Canute was left in peace-
able possession of the whole kingdom. In 1016, he summoned a general
meeting of his nobles at Winchester, and again in 1020. At these parha-
ments many wise and equitable laws were passed for promoting the peace,
prosperity, and morality of his subjects. In 1016, Canute gi'anted his
Charta da Foresta, the first law relating to forests. His piety and power
were so much praised by his courtiers that some of them afiected to insinuate
that all things would be obedient to his command. Canute, sensible of
their adulation, reproved them in the following manner : — Being at South-
ampton, he ordered his chair to be brought to the sea shore while the tide
was coming in, and commanded the sea to retire. " Thou art under my
dominion," cried he, " the land upon which I sit is mine ; I charge thee,
therefore, to approach no farther, nor dare to wet the feet of thy sovereign."
He feigned to sit some time in expectation of submission, till the waves
began to surround him ; then turning to his sycophants, he observed that
" the title of Lord and Master belonged only to Him whom both earth and
sea were made to obey." His royal crown, which he never wore after giving
tliis reproof, was presented to the priory of Winchester Cathedral, and sus-
pended over the crucifix of the high altar, as a token of liis humility. He
died at Shaftesbury in 1036, and was succeeded by his second son Harold,
who died in 1039, when his brother Hardicanute ascended the throne.
The violent and unjust government of the latter was of short duration, for
he died in 1041, in consequence of excesses at the marriage feast of a Danish
lord. Harold and Hardicanute leaving no issue, Edivard the Confessor,
son of Ethelred, the Saxon, ascended the throne, and in him the dominion
of the Danes in Britain was for ever extinguished. The Anglo-Saxons,
who had long groaned under the Danish yoke, set no bounds to their joy,
on finding the line of their ancient kings restored. Though Edward the
Confessor had been bred in the Norman Court, and showed a predilection for
the laws and customs of that country, he established here such wise and
equitable laws as were cherished in his own and subsequent reigns. He
married Editha, daughter of Earl Godwin, but from mistaken piety or fixed
aversion, he abstained from her bed. Thus having no legitimate issue,
when he died in 1066, in the 56th year of his age, and the 25th of his reign,
tlie throne was left in dispute.
The Beligion of the Saxons, wliich prevailed till the close of the 6th
centiuy, was founded in traditional tales received from their fathers, not
reduced to any system. Wooden, whom they deemed the ancestor of their
princes, was regarded as the god of war, and was the chief object of their
religious worship. They believed that if they obtained the favour of this
divinity by their valour, (for they made little account of other virtues,)
they should be admitted after death into his hall; and reposing on couches,
should satiate themselves with strong drink from the skulls of their
enemies whom they had killed in battle Little more is known of their
theological tenets. We only learn that they were Polytheists ; that they
worshipped the Sun and Moon ; that they adored the God of Thunder,
under the name of Thor ; that they had images in their temples ; prac-
tised sacrifices; and behoved firmly in spells and incantations. Their
mythology is interwoven with our language. From the objects of their
worship the names of our days have been derived. The first and second
days in the week they dedicated to the Sun and Moon, hence Sunday and
Monday; the third and fourth were dedicated to Tuisco and Woden, hence
Tuesday and Wednesday ; the fiftli, sixth, and seventh, in like manner, to
Thor, Frea, and Seator, hence Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.
30 HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
Bede says, the intention of converting the Anglo-Saxons to the Christian
rehgion originated with Pope Gregory the First, surnamed the Great. It
happened that this prelate, when in a private station, before he was elevated
to the Pontifical chau% had observed in the Market place of Rome some
British youths exposed for sale, whom their mercenary parents had sold to
Roman merchants. Struck with their fair complexions and blooming
countenances, Gregory asked to what country they belonged? and being
told that they were Angles, he rophed that they ought more properly to be
denominated Angels. Inquiring furtlier concerning the name of the pro-
vince, he was informed that it was Deira, a district of Northumbria. Deira,
replied he, that is good ! They are called to the mercy of God from his
anger, De-ira. But what is the name of the Icing of that province ? Ella
or Alia, was the reply. Alleluia, cried he, ive must endeavour that the praise
of God he sung in their country. On his elevation to the Popedom, in 590,
Gregory despatched Augustine, a Roman monk, with forty associates, to
preach the Gospel in Britain. The marriage of Ethelbert, Ihc King of
Kent, with Bertha, a Christian Princess of France, secured the missionaries
a favourable reception. This auxiliary founder of the Christian rehgion in
Britain, as she may properly be called, had been very assiduous in her
devotional exercises, and had supported the credit of her faith by an irre-
proachable life. Her popularity in the court, and her influence over the
king, had so well paved the v^'ay for the Christian doctrine, that Ethelbert
himself became a convert; Augustine was created Archbishop of Canter-
bury, and Christianity obtained a footing which it has never since lost in
tliis island. Liicius, King of the BeJgat, is said to have been converted to
Christianity in A.D. 177, and to have built a Cathedral at ¥/inchester, but
it was destroyed by the Romans during the Dioclesian prosecution, about
tlie year 297; after which pagan darkness again reigned in Britain till the
seventh century. The Normans, tliough their conquest of England was
marked with great cruelty and injustice, were then among the most pohshed
and learned people in Europe, and being zealous professors of Christianity,
after they had firmly seated themselves in possession of the country, they
began to build churches, as well as castles and mansions, in a more noble
style of arcliitecture than had previously been seen in England.
NoKMAN Conquest. — Harold II., son of Earl Godwin, ascended tlie
tlirone on the death of Edward the Confessor, in 1066, but was opposed by
his hvothev Tostig, the exiled Earl of Northumberland, who at length in-
(kiced Harfager, King of Norway, to assist and accompany him in his
invasion of England. They entered the Humber with a numerous arm3^
and having sailed up the Ouse, to within ten miles of York, they moored
their vessels, and a desperate conflict ensued, in which Tostig and the Nor-
wegian King were both slain, and Harold was victorious. But Harold's
triumph was of short duration, for a messenger having arrived from the
south on the following day, announced to him, as he sat in state at a magni-
ficent entertainment in York, that Dulce William of Normandy, (whom
Edward with his dying breath is said to have nominated as his successor
to the croA^m,) had landed at Pevensey, in Sussex, on the 29th of September,
1066. On receiving this unexpected intelligence, Harold marched at the
Jiead of his army, through London to Sussex, in order to expel the invaders.
The two armies met at Hastings, where, on the I4th of October, a sangum-
ary battle was fought, in which Harold lost both his life and his kingdom,
together with 60,000 men. Thus ended the Saxon monarchy in England,
which had continued for more than 600 j^ears.
William the Conqueror was nephew to Edward the Confessor, and had
no sooner estabhshcd himself on the throne of England, than he set up
various claims to his new possession. He dispossessed the English of
their estates and offices of trust and confidence, and gave them to the
numerous train of military adventurers who had come over with him from
NORMAN CONQUEST. 31
Normandy under the promise of reward. The roll of Battle Abbey, as
given by Holinshed, contains the names of 629 Normans, who all became
claimants upon the fair territory of Britain. After so mighty an agita-
tion as that produced by the conquest, some years necessarily elapsed
before the coimtry could be restored to a state of harmony ; and the inha-
bitants of the ancient kingdom of Northumbria, still cherishing tlieir wonted
spirit of liberty and independence, were among the last to bow their necks
to the Norman yoke. A violent struggle took place in the north of Eng-
land in an attempt to expel the Conqueror, and York was constituted the
ralljdng point of the patriot army ; but he gained unmolested possession of
all the soutliem counties immediately after the Battle of Hastings. In
the south-western part of Hampshire, between Southampton Water and
the river Avon, he laid waste 36 parishes to form the New Forest. For
the purpose of gratifying his love for the chase he destroyed 36 churches,
and a great number of villages, hamlets, and scattered dwellings, and laid
waste upwards of 60,000 acres of land; driving out the inhabitants, and
stocking it with deer, boars, and other beasts of chase. The Conqueror's
son and successor William Bufiis, was accidentally Idlled in this extensive
forest in 1100. Richard, another of his sons, was gored to death there by
a deer; and Henry, his grandson, (son of Kobert Curtois,) while eagerly
following the chase, "was stricken by a bough into the jaws, and so en-
tangled in it, tliat he, like Absalom, was hanged there till he died." Tims
divine vengeance is said to have been taken in the Conqueror's family, for
his cruelty to the inhabitants of that part of England. Though the ruthless
Norman Conqueror found but little opposition in the south, a period of
three years elapsed before he could subdue his rebellious subjects in the
North of England, where the Northumbrians, aided by the Scots and
Danes, fought many battles with the Normans, routed them on several
occasions, and put thousands of them to the sword. At length the Con-
queror hastened to the north, at the head of a powerful army, swearing
'"by the splendour of God" (his usual oath.) that he would not leave a soul
of his enemies ahve. After re-taking York he laid the whole country waste
from the Humber to the Tyne, and destroyed more than 100,000 of the
inhabitants by sword and famine.
Domesday Book. — After the Norman Invasion, Norfolk experienced a
complete revolution in its civil and manorial privileges, as the Conqueror
divided it, like the rest of the kingdom amongst his relations and followers.
No sooner was "William seated on the throne of England than he showed
that his policy was to root out the ancient nobihty, and to degrade the
native inhabitants of the humbler classes to the rank of miserable slaves,
and being conscious of the detestation in which he was held, he built
and garrisoned strong castles to overawe the insulted and oppressed inha-
bitants; and, as he entertained a perpetual jealousy of the English, he
obliged them, in the wantonness of his power, and the restless apprehen-
sions of his wicked mind, to extinguish their fires and candles every night
at the hour of eight o'clock, on the toll of a bell, which obtained the name
of the " Curfew." Having by these sanguinary atrocities, silenced tlie dis-
affected, and constrained the country to a state of sullen repose, he caused
a survey to be taken of all the lands in the kingdom, on the model of the
Booh of Winchester, compiled by order of Alfred the Great. Tliis survey
was finished in 1086, after a labour of six years, and was registered in a
national record, called Domesday Book, in which the extent of each dis-
trict, the state it was in, whether meadow, pasture, wood, or arable; the
name of the proprietor, the tenure by which it was held, and the value at
which it was estimated, were all duly entered. Tiiis "^ooA* of Judicial
Verdict," written in Boman, with a mixture of Saxon, is still preserved
amongst the national archives ; and in the 40th year of the reign of George
HI., (1800,) a large number of copies of it were printed for the use of par-
liament and the public libraries of the kingdom. Portions of it have also
32 HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
been recently reproduced in facsimile by the aid of pliotography. Tlirough
all time it will be held in estimation, not merely for its antiquity, but for
its intrinsic value. It afforded the Conqueror an exact knowledge of his
own land and revenue, while the rights of his subjects, in disputed cases
were settled by it ; and to this day it serves to show what manor is, and
what is not ancient demesne. That nothing might be wanting to render it
complete, and its authority perpetual, commissioners were sent into every
county to superintend the survey, and their returns were made under the
sanction of juries of all orders of freemen in each district, empanelled for
the purpose. The inquisitions taken in each county were sent to Winches-
ter, where the substance of them was formed into the register now called
Domesday Booh, from the Saxon Dom BoJr, signifying the book of laws,
though some have supposed it was so called by the dispossessed Saxons,
who were doomed by it to serfdom, or slavish dependency. When lirst
written it was called Liher de Wintonia, tha,t is Book or Roll of Winchester ,
which was also the title of the register of a similar survey, said to have
been made by order of Alfred the Great, about A.D. 900, when he di\dded
the kingdom into counties, hundreds, and tithings. Alfred's Register is
said to have been extant at the Norman Conquest, but being of little use
after the Norman Survey, it was neglected and lost; which has caused some
antiquaries to doubt even its existence. As we occasionally give in the
parish histories in this volume a translated copy from Domesday Book, of
all that is important relative to the manors and estates of Norfolk, it is
necessary to explain the land measures, and obsolete feudal terms, used at
the time to which it refers.
Measurement, &c., in Domesday Book. — A PercJi, 20 feet. An Acre,
40 perches in length, and four in breath. An Oxgang or Bovate, as much
as a pair of oxen can keep in husbandry, usually 15 acres. A Virgate, or
Yard Land, about 40 acres. A Garucate, Carve, or Plough Land, generally
100 acres, or eight oxgangs. A Hide, an uncertain quantity, generally
about 120 acres. A Knight's Fee, five hides. BerewicJcs, are manors
within manors. Merchet, or Maiden's Bent, was a payment to the lord
of the manor, in commutation of his right witli the virgin bride on the
marriage of a vassal's daughter. Heriot, a tribute to the lord for his better
maintenance in war. Theam, was a manorial jurisdiction; and Tnfangtheof,
the power of passing judgment on any theft. Socmen, were inferior land-
owners, who held lands in the Soc, Soke, or Liberty of a great baron, by
copyhold or socage tenure. Bordars, were small occupiers, living in a bord
or cottage ; and supplying eggs, &c., for their lord's board or table. Villeins
or Villains, were husbandmen, servants, &c., little better than the Saxon
serfs ; — attached to the soil, though on taking the oath of fealty they had
the right of protection from cruelty, but were not allowed to acquire i^ro-
perty of any sort.
Feudal System. — In carrying out the machinery of the feudal system,
all lands in England were described as being held of the King ; and all
gi'eat vassals of the Crown, whether lay or clerical, were compelled to have
a certain quota of knights, or horsemen, completely armed, and to maintain
them in the field during the space of forty days. By this regulation the
King, at any time, could raise an army of 60,000 horsemen. The chief
tenants, or lords, generally divided their estates into two portions, one of
which {viz. the demesne) they let or cultivated themselves, and the other was
bestowed on military tenants, with the obligation of serving on horseback.
Fealty and homage were required from all the free tenants. The military
tenants of the crown were obliged to attend the court at the three great
festivals, and hence were called the kings harons, and their lands baronies.
By degrees two classes arose, viz. the lesser and the greater barons, and as
the latter only attended the king, they alone retained the title of barons. The
king's great barons, who held a large extent of territory of the crown,
FEUDAL SYSTEM. ^3
granted out smaller manors to inferior persons, to be held under tliem ; and
this seigniory was termed an honour. The barons were bound to keep
their honour courts " every year at least, or oftener if need be ; at which
court all the freeholders of the manors that stood united to the honours
were requu'ed to make their appearance as suitors, and not to sit, but to
stand bare-headed." All the fees granted by the Conqueror were in per-
petuity to the feoffees and their legitimate descendants. But in case of tlie
failure of heirs, of felony, or treason, the fee was escheated, or forfeited to
the crown. Fees of inheritance were always enjoyed by the nearest heir ;
but what the tenant acquired by purchase, or from favour, was at his own
disposal. When the heir of a fee was a minor, he became the ward of the
lord : when the fee descended to a daughter, the lord claimed the right to
dispose of her in marriage, also the homage and sei-vice of her husband.
These grievances continued until the I2th of Charles II., when " all tenures
of honour, manors, lands, &c., were turned miofree and common socage."
The Normans preserved most of the Anglo-Saxon laws and customs; but
despising the fiery ordeals of the English, they preferred their own trial by
battle, as more worthy of freemen and warriors. They separated the
spiritual from the secular courts, which produced much rivalry between the
two jurisdictions. The old distinction of classes, viz. Earldormen, Thanes,
Cearls, and Theowas, were preserved under the names of Count, or Earl,
Baron, Knight, Esquire, Free-Tenant, Villein, or Villain, and Neif.
Under the government of this military aristocracy, the miseries inflicted
upon the natives were severely oppressive, and the autliority of the monarch
was insufficient to repress the irregularities of his haughty and warHke
barons. The lord who had strength sufficient to wrest land from another,
was suffered to retain his acquisition till superior violence forced it from
him. Young knights and esquu'es exercised themselves in rapine and
robbery ; even the bishops, during the reign of King Stephen, joined in the
general practice of depreciation ; and in King John's reign, the castles of
the barons are said to have been little better than the caves of robbers and
the dens of thieves. While society was in this state of military chaos,
hnight-errantry arose in England, and became a popular and lucrative pro-
fession. These Imights travelled about the country for the purpose of re-
dressing such wrongs as the laws were too feeble to remedy, but their prin-
cipal objects were the acquisition of honour and wealth. As the manners
of the people became more refined and domesticated, the utility of chivalry
diminished, and after the reign of Edward III., it disappeared with the
evils which it had contributed to remove. The Norman Lords or Barons,
who enjoyed the landed property of England, after the Conquest, held their
possessions as they had obtained them, by the sword ; but some of them
were subsequently dispossessed on account of disaffection, and their estates
were conferred by William and his successors on subjects more devoted to
the interests of the crown.
The order generally observed in writing Domesday Book was to set
down at the head of every County the King's name, and then a list of the
Bishops, Religious Houses, Churches, and great men, according to their
rank, that held of the King in capite, or serjeantry, in that county. After
this list of tenants, the manors and i)OSsessions which belonged to the King
and to each owner throughout the whole county, whether they lie in the same
or different Hundreds, are collected together, and minutely noted, with
then- under-tenants. The follo"«dng is a list of the chief tenants enumerated
in Domesday Booh, as holding the manors in " Nordfolc," at the time of the
Norman Survey ; with some additional notes and explanations : —
Res Willelmus (William I.) Yarmouth.
Norwich Burgenses.
BuRGENSEs in H. de H.
Franci de NoRwic in Novo Burgo.
Thetford.
Terre Regis quas Godric servat.
Terre Stigand, Epi, quas custodi
c
34
HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
W. De Noiees in manu regis.
Odo, Bishop of Baieux. He was brother
to the king by the mother's side, re-
ceived 22 manors in this county, and
was created Earl of Kent.
Earl De Mauritanio, Earl of Mortain
in Normandy, and of Cornwall, in
England. He was half brother to the
Conquerer.
Alan Kufus. Received Sl^manors, and
was created Earl of Richmond, in
Yorkshire.
Eakl Ecstace, of Bouillon, in Picardy.
He married Goda,'sister by the father's
side to Edward the Confessor, and
was father of the famous Godfrey de
Bouillon, who won Jerusalem from the
Saracens.
Hugh De Abrancis, He was nephew
to the Conqueror,' and was surnamed
Lupu?. He was a person of great
note amongst the Norman nobiiitv,
and a very expert "soldier. Hia earl-
dom of Chester was given him to hold
as free by the sword as the king held
England by the crown, and he received
12 manors in Norfolk.
Robert Malet. He held the office of
Grand Chamberlain of England un-
der Henry I., but was disinherited
and banished for taking part with
Robert Curtbose.
William de Warren. Earl of Warren,
in Normandy, and nearly allied to the
Conqueror. He received as a " meed
of valour," 139 lordships in this
county, and was constituted one of the
chief justiciaries of the kingdom.
William Rufus conferred upon him the
Earldom of Surrey.
Roger Bigot.
Bishop of Theteord, ad ejnscopatum
pertlnens. (William Galsagus, or
Beaufoe).
Feudum Ejttsdem.
St. Michael, Norwich.
OsBERN Bishop of Exeter. He was
kinsman to Edward the Confessor, and
allied to the Conqueror. His brother,
Wm. Fitz Osbern, Earl of Hereford,
v;as the chief and earnest adviser of
the Conqueror enterprising the crown
of England, and had the principal
command at the Battle of Hastings.
GoDRic Dapifer.
Hermerus. He was a powerful Norman
baron, and takes place in the Survey
before the Abbots. His possessions
came afterwards to the Lords Bardolf.
Abbey of St. Edmund.
Abbey of Ely.
Abbey of Ramsey.
Abbey of Hulme.
St. Stephen of Caen. This Church
was founded by the Conqueror in 1064,
and he was buried there in 1093.
William De Scohies. Had large pos-
sessions in Norfolk, most of which he
sold in the reign of Henry I. to Walter
Giffard, Earl of Buckingham.
Ralph de Bellofago. He was a near
relation, if not the son of William de
Beaufoe, bishop of Thetford. His
only daughter and heiress married
Hubert de Rie, second son of Hubert
de Rie, a trusty servant of the Con-
queror.
Rainaldus Jilius Ivonis. He bad many
lordships granted to him, all which
came into the family of the Earls of
Clare.
Ralph de Todeni. He was descended
from Roger de Todeni, or Toenio,
standard bearer to the Conqueror,
and received 19 lordships in this
county. His son Ralph married Judith,
daughter of the great Earl Waltheof.
Hugh de Montfort. He was one of
the commissioners appointed by Wm.
I. for the restitution and reseizing of
whatsoever had been unjustly taken
from the bishoprics and abbeys all over
the kingdom, and lost his life in a
combat with Walchsline de Ferrers.
EuDo Dapifer. Fourth son of Hubert
de Rie, and steward of the household
to William I., received 9 manors in
this county.
Walter Giffard. Was son of Osborne
de Bolebec and Aveline his wife, sister
to Gunnora, Duchess of Normandy,
and great grandmother to the Con-
queror. He was created Earl of Buck-
ingham, received 28 manors in Norfolk,
and was one of the principal persons
who compiled the Survey.
RoGERii PicTAviENsis. Qu(S fucrent.
Ivo Tailbois. Was brother to Fulk Earl
of Anjou and Lord of Holland, and
married Lucia, sister of the Earls Ed-
win and Morcar.
Ralph de Limesi. Was nephew to the
Conqueror, and had only one lordship
in this county,
'EiVDo jilius SPiREuuic. The founder of
the Tattershall family in Lincolnshire.
Drogo de Beurere. Was a noble
Fleming, who attended the Conqueror
on the invasion, and was rewarded with
large estates in several counties. He
was probably ancestor of Wm. Briwere,
who stood in great favour with Henry
11. , Richard L, John, and Henry III.
Ralph Bainard. The head of whose
barony was Baynard's Castle, in the
city of London.
DOMESDAY BOOK.
sa
Ranulph PiPERELii. The reputed pro-
genitor of the families of Piperell and
Peverell.
Egbert Geenon. Was descended from
the house of Boulogne, and from him
the noble family of Cavendish is line-
ally descended. William, his second
son, assumed the name of Montfichet.
Peter Valoniensis. Was a great baron,
and married Albreda, sister to Eudo
Dapifer. He had 20 lordships in this
county, and his descendants made the
castle of Oxford the principal seat of
their barony.
Rob-eut JiUus Corbutionis.
Ralph frater Ilgeri.
Tehel Brito. He was sumamed Brito,
being undoubtedly one of the Britons
or Armoricans,who served under Alan,
Earl of Brittany.
Robert de Verli.
Humphrey j^?z«s Alberici.
Humphrey de Bohun, From him de-
scended Humphrey de Bohun, who
marrying Margery, the eldest of the
sisters of Mahell, Earl of Hereford,
and Constable of England, possessed
those honours in her right.
Ralph de Felgeres.
Gilbert jilius Richeri.
Roger de Ramis. He was created
Baron of Raines.
Ivikellis the Priest.
COLEBERNUS THE PrIEST.
Edmund filius Pagani.
Isaac.
Tovus. One of the Conqueror's attend-
ants. He had several manors in
Norfolk.
John Nepos Walerani.
Roger ^Zms Renardi.
Bernerus Arbalistarius.
Gilbert Arbalistarius.
Ralph Arbalistarius.
Rabellus Aetifex. He had the com-
mand, as an engineer,, of all the en-
gines, or brakes, and the direction of
them at the battering of forts, &c.
Hago "^til Hugo.
Ralph jilius Hagonis.
Ulchetellus.
Alfred. .4 4—:. r^ H*-» f^ C* ^
Aldit. U.r>.,Up i OcO_l_
GoDwiNUS Ealdenus. He seems to
have been an old English Saxon or
Dane, and was apparently the only
person in Norfolk, who was allowed to
keep the lands he held at the Con-
quest.
Stracolfus. a Dane who for his ser-
vices to the Conqueror against King
Harold, had lands granted to him in
this county.
Edric Accipitarius.
LiBERi Homines ad nullam firmam per-
tinentes T. E. R. These were free-
men who held their lands independent
of any lord, as in the time^of King
Edward.
LiBERi Homines Regis. These] were
Thanes, or servants of the king.
Invasiones in Nordfolc. Under this
title were entered such people as
retained their lands or had possessed
themselves without a title from the
Conqueror. There were many of these
Invaders or Intruders, but more in
Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex than in
any other countieSc
The Conqueror created Ralph Waher or O^iader, Earl of Norfolk and
Suffolk, and bestowed upon him nine manors in this county. To WiUicmi
de Albini Pincerna, his bursar, he gave the possessions of a Thane, named
Ed-^dn, comprising the four manors of Snettisham, Sharnbom, Stanhoe,
and Buckenham, the latter to be held by the service of bursar, or butler
to the king; whence De Albini took the additional name of Pincerna.
During the reign of the Conqueror, Ralph de Waher having forfeited
his honours and estates, by taldng uj) arms against his sovereign, both
were conferred on Hugh Bigod, who had distinguished himself in the
battle of Hastings. The property continued in this family till the time
of Edward the Second; for, in 1312, Thomas de Brotherton had a char-
ter in-tail general of the honours and estates of Boger Bigod, Marshal
of England, and Earl of Norfolk. These were confiiTaed to him in the
reign of King Edward III., in whose time, the manors in the hundred of
Brothercross, which, till that period, had belonged to the Earls of Warren
and Surrey, were given to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. The great
estates in the Hundred of South Erpingham, descended from the Barons
de Rye, to the Marshals, Earls of Pembroke, and from them to the Morley
family. The possessions of the Albini family, afterwards Earls of Arundel,
passed with their heiress to the Montalts, in the reign of Henry HI. The
estates of Ralph de Toni, went by marriage, in the time of Edward II., into
c3
36 HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
the family of Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. Of the great proprietary
usurpers established here by the Conqueror, but few of their descendants
held their estates for any great length of time. The property has frequently
changed owners. In the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII., amongst the
great land owners here, were the families of Townshend, Yelverton,
Hobart, Level, Southwell, Gawdy, Spelman, Howard, Fitzalan, Willoughby
de Eresby, Denny, Darce, Shelton, Kerdiston, Coke, Paston, Goring, Ber-
ney, &c. By the abolition of feudal customs, the admission of all classes
of society to participate in the distribution of legal privileges, and the
general diffusion of a spirit of trade and commerce, property has been
greatly divided ; and though in some cases, large tracts of land have been
accumulated into great estates, yet, in numerous instances, both the tenures
and the owners have been changed.
The Historical Events which have happened in Norfolk, since the Nor-
man Conquest, are detailed in the Histories of Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn,
Thetford, &c., at subsequent pages; therefore, a brief summary of their lead-
ing features will here suffice. In the time of William Rufus, Norfolk was
a scene of confusion, by Roger Bigod having sided with Rohert Curthose
against the king; in which contest the county suffered very considerable
devastation. During the commotions excited in the kingdom b}^ the unna-
tural attempt of Prince Hemy, to wrest the crown fi'om the head of his
father. King Henry, this county participated largely in the disasters which
arise from civil discord. Earl Bigod espoused the prince's cause, but the
King's troops being victorious, the Flemings, in the pay of the prince, were
permitted to return to their own country, and Bigod purchased his peace at
the expense of 1000 marks. In the turbulent reign of King John, Roger
Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, took part with the refractory Barons. And while
they were taking cities and towns in one part of the kingdom, John Avas
laying waste, with fire and sword, the baronial j^ossessions in another. In
his career he came to Lynn, where, being well received, he crossed the
Washes with the loss of his baggage, to the Abbey of Swineshead, in his
way to Newark Castle, where he died. After this, the county was overrun
by Prince Leivis, who exacted heavy contributions. In Richard the Second 's
time, a powerful insurrection broke out in Essex, under Wat Tyler and two
other daring leaders, and tlie disaffection soon spread into Norfolk, where
the rebels were headed by Litester, the Norwich dyer ; but these " Norfolk
Levellers' were ultimately overthrown by the Bishop of Norwich. Two
other rebellions broke out in the reign of Edward VI., owing to a system of
enclosing, adopted by the nobility and gentry, who had been put in pos-
session of the abbey lands. Though they happened in different parts of the
kingdom, (Norfolk and Devon,) they were evidently the consequence of
previous communication, and a preconcerted plan. The Norfolk insurgents
were headed by the two Ketts, of Wymondham, and under their exactions
and outrages, tlie county suffered severely for several months, but they were
finally subdued by the army under the Earl of Warwick, in a dreadful bat-
tle fought near Normch, on August 27th, 1549. At the commencement of
the Civil Wars, in the reign of Charles I., Norfolk took a decisive part.
When the parHament had voted the necessity of taking up arms against the
King and his party, on July I2th, 1642, the inhabitants of this county
generally approved of that determination, and Norwich, Yarmouth, and
other places were speedily garrisoned by the jDarliamentarian troops. — At
no period during this long unnatural struggle, did the King's forces make
much impression in Norfolk, though Lynn was occupied by them ^till
September, 1043.
Civil, Political, and Honorial History. — In the early reigns of the
Saxon princes, the civil and military authorities were blended together in
the same persons, who, from their rank, were styled yJ^thelings, and from
theii* office, JEaUkrmen, or Earls. — These were tiic vicegerents of royalty,
CIVIL AND MILITAEY GOVERNMENT. 3T
— being empowered to raise troops and contributions ; to repel invasion,
quell insurrections, and preserve the King's peace, — until Alfred the Great
separated the civil and niihtary functions, and founded the basis of the pre-
sent enviable constitution of England. Before this period, one mote or
court served for the decision of civil, ecclesiastical, and military causes ; for
hearing which, the earl and the bishop conjointly x)resided, but a severation
was now made between temporal and spiritual concerns. The bishoi? was
allowed to hold a privileged court for his diocese ; and the Sheriff had the
power granted him of holding courts for determining such civil causes as
were previously tried by the Earl, Until 1576, one sheriff served for the
two counties of Norfolk and Suffolk,— both being in the bishopric of Nor-
wich. The Sheriff is elected yearly; attends the judges at the assizes;
assists in the execution of justice ; has virtually the custody of all the
county prisoners; and holds a court called the Sheriff's Torn, for enquu-ing
into all offences committed against the common or statutable law of the
realm. The Military and Maritime government of Norfolk is usually
vested in the same person. The Earl of Leicester is the present Lord-
Lieutenant, Gustos Rotulorum, and Vice-Admiral. In the two first capa-
cities, he is appointed by the Crown, and as deputy viceroy, presides
over the affairs of tlie county, has the control of the militia and volun-
teers, and the appointment of deputy-lieutenants and magistrates. As
Vice-Admiral of Norfolk, he is appointed by, and executes liis authority,
under the Lord High Admiral of England. He has power to hold a
Court of Admiralty for the county, with judges, marshals, and other pro-
per officers, subordinate to him, for the purpose of exercising jurisdiction
in all maritime affairs within his peculiar Hmits ; but the mayors of Yar-
mouth and Lynn have admiralty jurisdictions on the rivers of their
respective boroughs and ports. Froin the decision of these local courts, an
apxDeal lies to the High Court of Admiralty. Exclusive of the borough and
general jurisdiction of the county, and the Queen's courts, there are in
Norfolk several Honorial Jurisdictions, with courts, peculiarly privileged
by exemptions and powers, vested in the lords paramount of the Honors
OR Liberties. The Court for the Liberty of the Duchy of Lancaster is
kept at Aylsham; for the Honor of Rhye, at Hingham; for the Fee of Rich-
mond, at Swaffham; and for the Liberty of theDuhe ofNorfollc, atLopham,
or elsewhere, within the liberty, at the discretion of his Grace. The latter
liberty is very extensive, comprising the four Hundreds of Earsham, Guilt-
cross, Launditch, and South Greenhoe,and the following scattered parishes,
viz. : — Yelverton-with-iUpington, Aldeby, Bixley, Bayfield, Boughton,
Bramerton, Caistor-next-Norwich, Cantley, Dichingham, Dickleburgh,
Forncett St. Mary and St. Peter, Framingham-Earl-and-Pigot, Hedenham,
Halvergate, Holverstone, Loddon, Limpenhoe, Poringiand, (Great and Lit-
tle), Reedham, Sisland, Strumpshaw, Seetliing, Tunstall, Thwaite, Toft-
Monks, South Walsham, Wickhampton, Winterton, and Wheatacre-Burgh.
Two Coroners are appointed to this extensive Honorial Liberty of His Grace
of Norfolk; one for the Liberty of Sir Thomas Hare; one for the Hundred
of Clackclose; and one for the Liberty of the Duchy of Lancaster, which
comprises the Hundi-eds of Brothercross, Gallow, North and South Erping-
ham. North Greenhoe, and Smithdon.
Earls and Dukes of Norfolk. — Before the Conquest, there were seven
successive LJarls of Fast Anglia, viz.: — iEthelstan, Ethelwold, Alwin,
Ulfkettlc, Turketel or Turkil, Harold, and Leofric. Eali^h de Waher, or
Guader, was created Earl of Norfolk and Suffolk, by the Norman Con-
queror. Having rebelled against liis benefactor, in 1057, he was obhged to
fly to Denmark, and part of his confiscated estates, together witli the title
of Earl of Norfolk, were conferred on Roger Bigod, who had previously
obtained several great lordships in this county, as a reward for his eminent
services in the battle of Hastings. High Bigod, the third Earl, died
88 HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
attainted, in 1177; after wldcli, his heiv— Roger Bigocl, was obliged to pur-
chase the title and estates, by paying a fine of 1000 marks. In the reign
of King John, he joined the reh-actory barons, and was one of the most
active amongst them in procui'ing for the people that great palladium of
Enghsh liberty — Magna Ghana. Roger Bigod, the sixth Earl, was 3Iar-
8lial of England in right of his mother Maud, the sister and co-heu'ess of
Anselm, Earl of Pembroke, and Earl Marshal. He died in 1270, and was
succeeded by his nephew Roger, who, having no issue, surrended his Earl-
dom and Marshal's rod to king Edward I., who conferred them both on his
fifth son, Thomas Plantagenet de Brotherton, who died without male issue,
in 1338 ; after which, his eldest daughter, Margaret, was created Duchess of
Norfolk for life, and married Lord Segrave. Their daughter, Elizabeth,
was married to Thomas Lord Moubray, who, in right of liis wife, succeeded
to the Honor of Norfolk, and was created Duke of NorfoU; in 1397; but he
was banished the following year, and died at Venice in 1400. His second
son, John de Mowbray, having fought vahantly, dui'ing the wars in France,
was, by an unanimous vote of parliament, restored to the title of Duke
of Norfolk, in 1424. John de Mowbray, the foiu'th Duke, died in 1475,
without male issue. His infant daughter was betrothed to Richard Plan-
tagenet, Duke of York, second son of Edward IV., who was created Duke of
Norfolk, in 1477, but being murdered in the tower, with his brother
Edward, by order of his ambitious uncle, Richard III., all his honors be-
came extinct. Sir John Hoivard, Kt., who was descended fi'om a daughter
of Thomas de Mowbray, the first Duke, was created Duke of Norfolk and
Earl Marshal, in 1483, but was slain at Bosworth-Field, in 1485, while
fighting for the ruthless Richard III.
Howard Fa:niily. — The titles of Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, &c., still
remain with the illustrious family of Howard, wliich ranks in the British
Peerage next the Blood Royal ; but it has had its share of state sufierings ;
the block has been several times stained with its blood, and its dignities
and possessions have been often forfeited to the Crown, but as often restored.
The Howards are descended from the Earl of Passy, in Normandy. William
Howard, a learned judge in the reigns of Edward I. and II., was one of
their ancestors. His son, John Howard, was sheriff of Norfolk and Suff^olk,
and served in the wars against the French and Scots, in the latter reign.
Sir John Howard, the son of the latter, was a renowned admiral in the reign
of Edward III. His grandson, Robert, married Margaret, daughter and co-
heu'ess of Thomas de Mowbray, the first Duke of Norfolk. He had issue
by that lady, Johyi Hoivard, who was commonly called ''Jockey of Norfolk,"
and distinguished himself in the wars with France, in the reigns of Henry
VI. and Edward IV., in the latter of which he was " Captain- General of
the king's forces at sea," Deputy-Governor of Calais, summoned to Parhament
among the barons, and Constable of the Tower of London; and obtained a
grant in special tail of divers lands and manors. He (Jockey of Norfolk)
had a pension fi'om France, and in addition to it, he received from
Louis XI., in less than two years, in money and plate, " 24,000
crowns, by way of dhect bribe." He got all the honom's of Earl-Marshal,
&c., in return for his favouring the usui-pation of that blood-stained
monarch, Richard III., with whom he w^as lolled at the battle of Bosworth-
Field, in 1485, and being attainted, all liis honours were forfeited. But
hia son Thomas subsequently obtained the favour of Henry VII., and was
restored to the title of Earl of Surrey. He afterwards routed the Scots at
Flodden Field, and rendered such essential service to Hemy VIII., that
in 1514, he was created Duke of Norfolk. William, his second son, was
cieated Baron Howard of Effingham) and Thomas, his eldest son, suc-
ceeded hmi as Duke of Norfolk; but after rendering great services to
Hemy VIII. both as a soldier and a plenipotentiary, he was seized and
attainted with liis son Henry, who lost his head on Tower Hill, in 1547.
HOWAED FAMILY. 39
He liiinself, however, lived till the catholic Mary ascended the throne, and
restored him to all his honours and estates, in 1553 ; but he died in the
following year, when he was succeeded by his grandson, Thomas, who, in
the protestant reign of Ehzabeth, was attainted and beheaded in 1572, '' for
taking paii; with Mary Queen of Scots." His son, Philip, Earl of Arundel,
(by Margaret, sole heiress of Heniy Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel,) was found
guilty of high treason in the 23rd of Elizabeth, and died in the Tower six
years afterwards. Thomas, Earl of Arundel, son of the latter, introduced
the " Arundel Marbles' into this kingdom, and obtained possession of
Sheffield, &c., by marrying Lady Alethea Talbot. Henry, the Duke of
Norfolk of the time of James II., was a stanch protestant. One day,
says Burnet, " the King gave the Duke of Norfolk the sword of state to
carry before him to the popish chapel, and he stood at the door : Upon
which the King said unto him ' My Lord, your father would have gone
further ;' to which the Duke answered, ' Your Majesty's father was the
better man, and he would not have gone so far.' " It was owing to his nephew
succeeding him that the title came again into the Roman Cathohc Hne.
The titles of the present Most Noble Henry Fitz-Alan Howard, are
Duke of Norfolk, £^a?'Z of Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk, Baron Fitz-Alan,
Clnn, Oswaldestre, and Maltravers, Hereditary Earl Marshal, and Premier
Duke and Earl of England. He is the 15th Duke of Norfolk, and was
bom in 1847, so that he is nov/ only 17 j^ears of age. His father, the late
Duke, succeeded to the titles and estates in 1856, and died in 1860 ; and
his mother the present Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, was the youngest
daughter of the late distinguished Admiral Lord Lyons. His principal seat
is Arundel Castle, Sussex, and his town residence in St. James's square.
His brother, Lord Edmund Bernard Fitzalan Howard, is the heir presump-
tive. The family formerly had seats at Norwich, Kenninghall, and other
places in Norfolk.
The Peers who have derived titles from -places in Norfolk, are noticed
in the parish histories at subsequent pages. Baronets, who were first
created by James I., in 1611, seem to answer to the feudal barons of ancient
times, when the distinction existed of barons of parliament and barons by
patent. Of the number which have been created in Norfolk, the titles of
34 are extinct, but more than 20 still remain.
Antiquities. — Norfolk being situated on the eastern coast of the kingdom,
where so many important events and changes took place, does not possess
any of those important Celtic remains, such as cromlechs, circles of stones,
&c., which are so remarkable on the western shores ; but innumerable bar-
rows, containing Celts, spear heads, beads, and other vestiges of early times
are scattered all over the county. Of the Roman period, there dXQ still con-
siderable remains at the five Stations mentioned at page 24, and coins,
urns, glass, and pottery have been found in many other places. Some
writers consider Ickborough to have been a Roman Station, and have iden-
tified it as the Iceani of the Itinerary. Of the Saxons and Danes there are
comparatively few vestiges, but the skill and piety of our Norman forefathers
are exhibited in many of the ecclesiastical or monastic edifices of the
county, particularly in Norwich Cathedral, and at Castie Rising, Castie
Acre, Lopham, Great Gillingham, Windham, Bromhohn, Binham, Great
Dunham, Hales, and Walsoken. In several parts of the county are clusters
of singular excavations which have long puzzled the antiquaries, but have
been usually considered to be the sites of the dwellings of the primeval in-
habitants of Britain. These pits vary from eight to twenty feet in diameter,
and from two to six feet in depth, and appear to have been originally lined
with stones. In some instances two of them are joined together by a
narrow trench, also carefully lined with stones ; and occasionally the floors .
bear traces of fire. The heaths of Weyboume, Aylmerton, Beeston, Mar-
sham, and Weeting, have thousands of them ; and they are to be found in
40 HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
smaller quantities at Eclgefieltl, Mousehold, and Eaton heaths, and else-
where. They are known by the peasantry under diflferent names as
" Grimes Graves," " Shrieldng Pits," *' Hills and Holes," &c., and there
are many traditions about them, all of which appear to be without founda-
tion, though affording strong evidence of their great antiquity. Of the vice
militares, or great Roman Roads, made for the convenience of carriages,
and for facilitating the marching of armies, few perfect vestiges remain in
Norfolk. But as several important stations were formed within the county,
no doubt can be entertained that such roads once existed, though the traces
of most of them are now obliterated. It was the custom of the Romans to
open this kind of communication between all their stations, and many
appearances of roads are still to be seen in those parts of the adjoining
county of Cambridge which abut upon this, and in a direction as though
they had come from the eastern part. A great Roman road connected the
south eastern and north western parts of the kingdom ; and another formed
a similar communication between the north-eastern and south-western
extremities. — This, commencing on the coast of Norfolk, probably at Burgh,
near Yarmouth, passed by Caistor, near Norwich, and is now conspicuous
near Downham ; crossing the river Ouse, it passes through the fens into
Cambridgeshire, and proceeding through the central counties, joins the Julia
strata, and terminates at St. David's head. Sir WiUiam Dugdale says it
was discovered in the fens sixty feet wide and three feet deep, and formed
of compact gravel. Extending southward to this road, from Narborough to
the vicinity of Stoke Ferry, along the boundary of Clackclose Hundred,
was an embanked road and foss, still extant in many places, and called the
Devil's Ditch. Of the cJdnmii minores, or Vicinal Roads, some traces are
still visible. What is called Peddefs, or Pedlefs way, passing from Thet-
ford by Ickborough, Swaffham, Castle Acre, Fring, and Ringstead, to the
sea, near Brancaster, appears one of this sort. The road leading by Long
Stratton to Tasburgh, was probably another, whilst a thu'd branched off
from this to the north-west, going through Marshland, Upwell, and Elm, to
Wisbech. What is called the Milky-ivay has been considered Roman ; but
is more likely of later date, and was probably made for the convenience of
the devotees, who went on pilgrimage to the chapel of our Lady of Wal-
singham. It is traceable in several places, and is pretty perfect in the
vicinity of Weeting.
Castles, &c.-^Besides the Roman stations and the Saxon and Danish
encampments already noticed, Norfolk contains the remains of several
castles and castellated halls, the chief of which were built or materially
altered by the Norman barons. The most formidable were at Norwich,
Castle Acre, Castle Rising, and Buchenham. At Middleton, near Lynn, is
a fine gate-house, or tower, which formed the entrance to a castellated struc-
ture, and has been admirably restored by its present owner. Caistor Hall,
near Yarmouth; Oxhurgh Hall, Winwall House, nediVy^eYeh^cm; Hunstan-
ton Hall, Scales Hall, Fincham Hall, Stiff key Hall, and Baconthorpe Hall,
are ancient mansions, all of which exhibit some features of a castellated
character, though they do not appear to have been regularly or completely
fortified. The walls of these buildings, as well as most of the numerous
churches, monastic ruins, and other ancient edifices in Norfolk, are com-
posed chiefly of Jlint, embedded in strong mortar ; — the county producing
scarcely any stone, except an iron-coloured carr-stone, which is got in
j)ieces not much larger than the flints, which latter are found in great
abundance, nearly in every part of the county. Both the flint and the carr-
stone are much used in modern erections, but the quoins, and the windows
and door cases, &c., are generally constructed of brick or free-stone, forming
a sort of frame to the other hregularly shaped material^, and giving to the
whole a very picturesque effect.
EccLESTASTTCAL Htstory. — After the death of King Arthur, in 518, the
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 41
religion of the ancient Britons gave i^lace to the more barbarous superstitions
of the Saxons, who worshipped the sun and the moon, adored the God of
thunder, had images in their temples, practised sacrifices, and believed
firmly in spells and incantations. Happily, this idolatry did not long exist
in Britain. The Saxons, who had settled in East Anglia, were amongst
the first to embrace the Christian religion, which had gained a small footing
in their kingdom in the reigns of Redwald and Erpenwald, but was not
firmly estabhshed until Sigebekt was invested -with the government.
Redwald, while viceroy of Kent under King Ethelbert, was converted to
Christianity, and baptised, but succeeding his father Titul in the kingdom
of the East Angles, he was persuaded by his wife to return to his former
idolatry; yet, that he might not seem wholly to renounce Christianity, he
erected in the same temple an altar for the ser\dce of Christ, and another
for sacrifice to idols, which, as Bede informs us, were standing in his time.
Thus Christianity was banished from his kingdom during his reign. The
Queen, however, who had thus excluded the true religion, was the means
of its establishment in the sequel. Being the widow of a nobleman, by
whom she had a son named Sigebert, she introduced him at the court of
Redwald. By Redwald she had two sons, Reynhere and Erpenwald, who,
being brought up with Sigebert, were so far surpassed by him both in per-
son and behaviour, that Redwald took umbrage at the youth, and banished
him to France, where he continued during the remainder of Redwald's
reign, and that of Erpenwald, who succeeded his father, because Reynhere
had been killed in battle with Ethelfrid, King of Nortliumbria, in Netting
hamshire. Erpenwald having been convinced of the truth of Christianity
by Edwin, King of Northumbria, while residing as an exile at liis father's
Court, had embraced that religion ; and on his accession to the throne, he
openly professed it, hoping that his subjects would follow liis example ; but
contrary to his expectations, they were so dissatisfied that a conspiracy was
formed against his life, and he fell by the hand of an assassin, leaving no
issue. The East Angles being now destitute of an heir to the throne, and
consideiing none so well qualified to fill • it as Sigebert, made him an offer
of the crown. Having accepted it, he returned to liis native countiy, and
brought with him Felix, a religious Burgundian ecclesiastic, by whom he
had himseK been converted, to undertake tlie conversion of his subjects.
Felix cheerfully entered upon the arduous task, so that, charmed by the
impressive eloquence of the evangehst, and incited by the royal example,
numerous converts were soon made, schools were instituted, and churches
erected for pubhc worship. Over these, Fehx was appointed to preside,
under the title of Bisliop ; and, after having been consecrated by Honorius
the second archbishop of Canterbuiy, in 630, he fixed his seat or sec at
SiltJiestoiv, afterwards called Dunwich, in Suff'olk. Such was his piety and
zeal, and so extensive was the fame he acquired by his eminent services
in the church, that after his death, in 047, he was canonized as a saint
and his festival appointed to be held yearly on March 8th. The second
Bishoi) of East Angha was Thomas, who had been deacon to FeUx, and
died in 653. He was succeeded by JBonifaee or Breyilsus, en whose death,
in 669, Bisus, or Bossa, became the third bishop of East Anglia, but in liis
declining years, finding his diocese much too large for his enfeebled exer-
tions, he obtained permission to divide it into two sees, fixing one at Dun-
wich, in Suffolk, and the other at North Elmhani, in Norfork. He died in
673, and was succeeded in the see of Dunwich by the following eleven
Bishops, viz., JScca, Easculplius, Eadrhl, Guthwin, Albrith, Eglaf, Heard-
red, Alsinus, Titefertus, Weremundus, and Ethilwald. During this partition
of tlie East Anglian diocese, there were also 11 Bishops of North Eljiham
— \iz., Bedwinus, consecYSited in. GIS; Nortlibertus, Hedulacus, Edilfridus,
Lanfertlms, Athelwalfus, Unfertus, Sibba,Alherdus, Humbert, and Wybred.
The latter was appointed bishop of both the sees, which having been again
united, he fi:§:ed the Episcopal seat at North Elml;am, about the year 870.
42
HISTORY OP NOEFOLE.
At this period, tliis part of England was repeatedly invaded by the Danes,
and the see was vacant more than half a century. The ecclesiastical
government was at length restored by Tlieudred tJie First, or Teodred. He
was succeeded by Theodred the Second, surnamed the Good, who was also
Bishop of London, and held both the sees till his death, about the year 962.
After these, there were eleven other Bishops of North Elmham — viz.,
Athulf, Alfric, Atlielstane, St. Algare, Alfidn, AJfric the Second, Alfrio tlie
Third, Stigand, Grimhetel, Egehnar, and Herfast. The latter, in compliance
with an order that all episcopal sees should be removed from villages to the
most eminent cities or towns in the respective dioceses, translated the see
of North Elmham to Thetford, in 1070. He was by birth a Norman, a
great favourite of the Conqueror's, and Chancellor of England. He died
in 1084. Wm. Oalsagus, or Beaufo, succeeded, and was afterwards made
Chancellor. He died in 1091, and by his will, divided his immense wealth
between his family and see. His successor, Herbert de Lozinga, or
Losigna, purchased the bishopric of Wm. Rufus, at a cost of ^61900 ; he
also bought for his father the abbacy of Winchester for .^1000 ; for which,
and other simoniacal practices, he was cited to appear before the Pope, and
besides the forfeiture of his polluted staff and ring, was commanded, by
way of penance, to build certain churches and monasteries. In obedience
to tliis injunction, he laid tlie foundation of Norwich Cathedral and its
Priory, in 1096, after solemnly translating the see to that city, and being
there consecrated by Thomas Archbishop of York on the 9th of April, 1094.
For the site of his cathedi-al and priory, he purchased of the King and
citizens, the meadow land called Cow-holm, now forming the Cathedral
Close and Precincts. Since the removal of the see to Norwich, 68 prelates
have successively presided over it, as will be seen m the following Ust, with
the years in which they were respectively inducted.
Herbert de Losinga A.D. 1094.
Founded the Cathedral and built the
Palace and Monastery.
Vacant three years.
Eborard or EvERARD A.D. 1121
Divided the Archdeaconry of Suffolk
into two, and founded the hospital and
church of St. Paul, in Norwich.
Either resigned or was deposed.
WM.TuRBus,orDe TurbaVillaA.D. 1146
A friend and advocate of Thomas-a-
Becket, who induced him to excom-
municate the Earl of Norfolk and
gome other nobles, for which he was
forced to take sanctuary till he had
appeased the king's wrath.
John of Oxford A.D. 1175
Took part with Henry II, against
Becket, and built the church of the
Holy Trinity at Ipswich.
John de Grey A.D. 1200
Built a palace at Gay wood, near Lynn,
made that town a free borough, and
lent large sums to King John, for
which he received in pledge the royal
regalia.
Vacant seven years.
Pandulphus A.D. 1222
Obtained a grant of the whole Jirst
fruits of the clergy in his diocese, for
himself and successors ; which was
not revoked till the time of Hen. VIII.
Thomas db Blandsvill.. ..A.D, 1226
,A.D. 1236
.A.D. 1230
Ralfo (died soon after) . .
Vacant three years,
William de Raleigh ....
Translated to Winchester.
Walter de Suthfield A.D. 1244
Obtained for the bishopric a charter
of free warren to himself and success-
ors ; erected and endowed the hospital
of St. Giles ; and made a valuation of
all the ecclesiastical revenues in the
kingdom for Pope Innocent.
Simon de Waltone ........ A.D.
Roger de Skerewing A.D.
William de Middleton. . ..A.D.
Ralph de Walpole A.D.
Translated to Ely.
John Salomon A.D.
Enlarged the palace, and founded the
Charnel House School.
Robert de Baldok A.D. 1325
Resigned the same year.
William de Ayrminne A.D. 1325
Enclosed and fortified the cathedral
and palace with embattled stone walls,
Thomas Hemanale A.D. 1337
Translated to Worcester same year.
Anthony de Beck A.D. 1337
Being of an imperious and quarrelsome
temper, was poisoned either by the
monks or his own servants.
William Bateman A.D. 1348
Was a native of Norwich, and founded
Trinity Hall, Cambridge,
1258
1265
1278
1288
1299
BISHOPS OP NORWICH.
43
Thomas Percy A.D. 1355
Youngest brother of the Earl of North-
umberland, was only 22 years of age
when he obtained the prelacy.
Heney le Spencer A.D. 1370
Was consecrated by the Pope in per-
son ; took an active part in the war-
fare between the Urbanists and Clem-
entines ; was an enthusiastic zealot,
and a rigorous persecutor of the Lol-
lards.
AliEXANDER DE ToTINGTON . . A.D. 1406
Richard de Courteney, ll.d. A.D. 1413
John Wakeryng A.D. 1416
William Alnwick, ll.d A.D. 1426
Translated to Lincoln.
Thomas Browne, ll.d A.D. 1436
Translated from Rochester, left money
to pay the city tax ; and founded ex-
hibitions at the universities for poor
scholars in his diocese.
John Stanbery, d.d A.D. 1445
Chosen but never consecrated.
Walter Ly ha rt A.D. 1446
James Goldwell A.D. 1472
Granted 12 years and 40 days pardon
to all who assisted him in beautifying
the cathedral.
Thomas Jane A.D. 1499
Richard Nykke, or Nix A.D. 1500
Alienated the revenues of his diocese
for the Abbacy of Holme, by agree-
ment with Henry VIII. ; and was a
cruel persecutor of the church re-
formers.
Wm. Rugg, d.d A.D. 1535
Resigned the see for an annuity of
£200 per annum.
Thomas Thirlby A.D. 1550 j
Translated from Westminster, of which I
he was first and last bishop ; and j
afterwards removed to Ely.
John Hopton, d.d A.D. 1554
A sanguinary persecutor of the re-
formers, and is supposed to have died
through fear of retaliating vengeance
on the accession of Elizabeth.
Richard Cox, d.d ,.,A.D. 1558
Translated to Ely.
John Parkhtjrst, d.d A.D. 1560
Edmund Freke, d.d A.D. 1575
Translated from Rochester, and after-
wards removed to Worcester
Edmund Scambler, d.d.... A.D. 1584
Translated from Peterborough.
William Redman, d.d A.D. 1594
John Jeggon, d.d A.D. 1602
In his time a fire broke out in the
palace at LudJiam, and consumed the
whole of the library and many valu-
able documents respecting the diocese.
John Overall, d.d A.D. 1618
Translated from Lichfield & Coventry.
Samuel Harsnett, d.d .... A.D. 1619
Translated from Chichester, and after-
wards became Archbishop of York.
Francis White, d.d A.D. 1628
Translated from Carlisle, and after-
wards removed to Ely.
Richard Corbet, d.d.. .. ...A.D. 1631
Translated from Norwich.
Matthew Wren, d.d A.D. 1635
Translated from Hereford, and after-
wards removed to Ely. He was father
of the celebrated architect Sir Chris-
topher Wren.
Richard Montague, d.d A.D. 1638
Translated from Chichester. A dis-
tinguished scholar.
Joseph Hall, d.d. A.D. 1641
Translated from Exeter. During the
civil wars he was sent to the Tower for
asserting his right to vote in the
House of Peers, and Parliament de-
prived him of his temporsdities, and
prohibited him from exercising any
spiritual j urisdiction .
Vacant four years.
Edward Reynolds, d.d A.D. 1660
Was a liberal benefactor to the City of
Norwich, and paid much attention to
the comforts of the parochial clergy.
Anthony Sparrow, d.d A.D. 1676
Translated from Exeter.
William Lloyd, d.d A.D. 1686
Translated from Peterborough. On
the accession of William III., refusing
to take the oath of abjuration against
James II. he was deprived of his
bishopric.
John Moore, d.d A.D. 1691
Translated to Ely, He collected an
immense library of rare and valuable
books, which at his death was pur-
chased by George L, and presented to
the University of Cambridge.
Charles Trimnell, d.d. . . , A.D. 1707
Translated to Winchester. He was a
native of Norwich, and greatly as-
sisted the Protestant emigrants, who
fled to his diocese from the Palatinate,
on the Rhine, through the irruptions
and exactions of the French. Many
of these emigrants were artizans, and
greatly increased the general welfare
of the county.
Thomas Green, d.d A.D. 1721
Translated to Ely.
John Long, d.d A.D. 1723
William Baker, d.d A.D. 1727
Translated from Bangor.
Robert Butts, d.d A.D. 1732
Translated to Ely.
Sir Thos.Gooch, Bart, d.d. .A.D. 1738
Translated from Bristol, and after-
wards removed to Ely.
44
HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
1748
Samuel Lisle, d.d A.D,
Translated from St. Asaph.
Thomas Hayter, d.d A.D. 1749
Translated to London.
Philip Yonge, d.d A.D. 1761
Lewis Bagot, ll.d A.D. 1783
Translated from Bristol, and after-
wards removed to St. Asaph.
George Horne, d.d A.D. 1790
Author of a " Commentary on the
Psalms,''^ and other works of consider-
able merit.
Rt. Hon. CM. Sutton, d.d.. .A.D. 1792
Prelate of the Order of the Garter.
Translated to the Archbishopric of
Canterbury.
Henry Bathurst, ll.d A.D. 1805
Died in the 94th year of his age, and
was much esteemed for his Christian
charity, liberality of sentiment, and
meekness of deportment. A beautiful
statue to his memory, by Sir F. Chan-
trey, has been placed in the Cathedral.
Edward Stanley, d.d A.D. 1837
President of the Linnsean Society, an
active philanthropist, and a distin-
guished advocate of civil and religious
liberty. Brother to the first Lord
Stanley of Alderley.
Samuel Hinds, d.d A.D. 1850
Author of " The Rise and Progress
of Christianity,''^ and other valuable
works ; as well as many beautiful
poems and hymns. Resigned the
bishopric in 1857, and lives in re-
tirement.
Hon.John Thos. Pelham, d.d. A.D. 1857
The present highly esteemed prelate,
who is brother to the Earl of Chi-
chester.
The Diocese of Norwich, until 1837, comprised 10 parishes in Cam-
bridgeshire and the whole of Norfolk and SuffoUi, except a few pecuhars.
Its number of parishes was anciently 1350, but they were reduced, after the
Reformation, by various consolidations to 1279, divided into 47 deaneries,
apportioned among the arcMeaconries as follows — viz., 13 to Norwich, 12
to Norfolk, 14 to Suffollc, and 8 to Sudbury. By an order in Council,
dated April 19, 1837, the Archdeaconry of Siidbunj was added to the Dio-
cese of Ely, except the Deaneries of Stow and Hartismere, which have been
annexed to the Archdeaconry of Suffolk, which comprises also all the
Eastern Divisions of that county, and is still in the Diocese of Norwich.
The loss of the Sudbuiy Archdeaconry took from this diocese nearly all the
Western Division of Suffolk, and also the 10 parishes in Cambridgeshire
which belonged to it. At present, the Diocese of Norwich comprises the
whole of Norfolk and more than half of Suffolk, and comprehends altoge-
ther about 1100 parishes, of which about 750 are in Norfolk and 350 in
Suffolk. It is now divided into the three Archdeaconries of Norwich, Nor-
folk, and Suffolk. The first is subdivided into 13, the second into 12, and the
third into 10 Rural Deaneries, maldng in all 41, of which an enumeration,
with the names of the Rural Deans, &c., is given at a subsequent page.
The revenues of the bishopric were anciently very valuable, but were much
decreased by Henry VIII., who stripped it of all its manors, and gave in
exchange only those belongmg to the abbey of St. Bennet-at-the-Holme,
and the priory at HickHng, It stands charged in the Liber Regis, or King's
Books, at the annual value of ^834. lis. 7d. It pays first fruits, but^ no
tenths, those having been discharged by a commutation with Queen Eliza-
beth, for the manors of Sudborn and Swanton. The Bishop has the patron-
age of 87, and the Dean and Chapter are patrons of 42 benefices. Tlie
latter being the successors of the wealthy prior aiid monks of Norwich,
possess a large revenue fi-om the Bishop. The diocese is mthe province of
Canterbury, and its bishop is a suffragan to the archbishop of that metro-
politan see. At an early period, the see enjoyed extensive privileges, as well
as great revenues. The bishop possessed all the usual powers granted to
lay baronies, the liberty of coinage, exemption from all taxes, tallage, and
customs, except those of the city of London; JM?"rt regalia within his manors,
a coroner and prison for his liberty, and all mulcts and amerciaments from
his tenants ; the right of choosing a justice for the precinct of his palace,
and of acting himself as one of the Idng's justices of the peace for the city,
county, and liberty. All these were confirmed by a charter of inspexi-
mus, granted by King Henry VIII., 29th of March, A.D. 1512. But,
DIOCESE OF NORWICH. 45
through many ancient statutes becoming obsolete, the abolition of feudal
customs, and various subsequent i^arliamentary regulations, manj'- of these
privileges ai'e abridged, if not annulled. There is, however, one which the
bishox^s of Norwich have had from time immemorial, and as it is peculiar to
this diocese, ought not to be unnoticed. It is the power of uniting any two
cures within the diocese, at the time of institution, mthout regard to their
value; and that, either hj personal ov perpetual union. The personal union
lasts only during the life of the incmnbent, and answers to an arcluepisco-
pal dispensation, requiring in this diocese only the bishop's consent. The
perpetual union is made with the joint consent of pati'on, incumbent, and
bishop, and is equal to a consoHdation, The BisJwp is a Peer of the Realm,
and sits in the upper house, not only in the right of liis barony, but as titu-
lar Abbot of St. Bonnet's at Holme; and is the only Abbot at present in
England. He nominates the three archdeacons, the chancellor, registrars,
steward of the courts, auditor, apparitor, &c. The arms of the see are Az.,
three mitres labelled. Or., two and one.
The Dean and Chapter were instituted out of the prior and convent of
Norwich, by Henry VIII., andrefounded by charter in the reign of James I.
The Ecclesiastical Commissioners, in then- report, published in 1835, say,
"The corporation coiisistsof a clean and six prebendaries. The corpse money,
&c., of the dean is ^'102. 6s., and of each prebendary only ^£20. There ai-e
six minor canons, three of whom have =£20 per annum ; one of them, the
precentor, £4S) ; another of them, the sacrist, <£29 ; and another, the libra-
rian, £,2>1. There are also a gospeller and an epistoller: to the gospeller is
paid c£'19 per annum, and to the epistoller, ^'26. lOs., all of which payments
are made out of the funds of the dean and chapter. Three of the minor
canons have houses assigned to them. Three of the other minor canons
have small sums per annum, in heu of houses, viz., one ^£25, and tlie other
two =£10 each. For the ej)istoller, a new house has been built ; and the
gospeller has ^£15 a-year in lieu of one. The dean and prebendaries divide
the surplus net revenue, (about -£5000,) after payment of all stipends and
allowances, in the following proportions : — The clean has two eighths, and
the prebendaries one-eighth each. The average annual sum thus divided
among the dean and jprebendaries from 1828 to 1831, was ^£4992, and tlieir
gross yearly income was £'7811. Houses are assigned to each of them for
their residence, and they are bound to keep them in repair ; but there is a
j^early allowance out of the general funds of the corporation, of ^£20 to the
dean, and ^£10 to each of the prebendaries for materials and repairs." By
an Act passed in 1840, pursuant to the recommendation of the Ecclesiastical
Commissioners, the number of prebendaries has been reduced to four, who
are styled Canons, and are appointed, like the dean, by the Crown, for
which the Lord Chancellor presents. By the same act, the Minor Canons
are appointed by the Chapter, and are not to exceed seven, nor to be less
than two ; and no minor canon's income, as minor canon, is to exceed <£150
per annum. The possessions of the Dean and Chapter are nearly the same
as those formerly enjoyed by the Priory. They had the civil as well as the
ecclesiastical government of the Cathedral Close and Precincts, until this
peculiar jurisdiction was added to the parUamentary and municipal borough
of Norwich, as part of the First Ward, by tlie reform Acts of 1832 and 1835.
They had formerly a gaol, and power to hold sessions of the peace, but the
exercise of this power ceased many years ago, and since then all persons
committing offences in the precincts of the cathedral have been tried in
the City Courts. The care of the Cathedral is vested with the Dean
and Chapter, who still appoint two coroners for the pecuUar jurisdic-
tion. A vice-dean, receiver, and treasurer are annually appointed from the
canons ; and the other officers are, eight lay clerics, an organist, ten choris-
ters, two vergers, tivo sub-sacrists, six poor almsmen, to assist in cleaning
the cathedral; a high steward, a commissary, chapter- clerk, auditor, porter,
46 HISTOEY OF NORFOLK.
ferryman, beadle, &c. The Dean and Chapter have a valuable library of
more than 6200 volumes, many of which were given by the late Dr. Sayer,
in 1817. The arms of the Deanery are the same as those formerly used by
the Prior, viz., ar. a cross sable. Since the foundation of the Deanery to
the present time twenty-five Deans have presided over it, of which the
following is an enumeration, with the dates when each was inducted: — Wm.
Castleton, 1538; John Sahsbury, 1539; John Christopher, 1554; John
Boxhall, 1557; John Harpsfield, 1558; John SaHsbury, 1569; George Gar-
diner, 1573; Thomas Dove, 1589; John Jeggon, 1601; Geo. Montgomery,
1603; Edward Suckling, 1614; John Hassal, 1628; John Crofts, 1660;
Herbert Astley, 1670 ; John Sharp, 1681 ; Henry Fairfax, 1689 ; Humphrey
Prideaux, 1702; Thos. Cole, 1724; Robt. Butts, 1731; John Baron, 1733;
Thomas Bulloch, 1739; Edward Townsend, 1761; Philip Lloyd, 1765;
Joseph Turner, 1790 ; and lastly, the Hon. and Very Rev. Oeo. Pellew, D.D.,
the present dean, iuducted in 1828. Several of the deans have been
elevated to the episcopal bench, and one, John Sharp, became Archbishop
of York.
Monastic Institutions. — In the dark ages of cathoHcism and supersti-
tion, monasteries absorbed a great portion of the wealth and population of
every part of the kingdom, and nowhere were they more numerous than in
Norfolk, which contained no less than 122, including the various distinctions
of abbeys, prioiies, nunneries, colleges, preceptories, commanderies, hospit-
als for lepers, &c., besides a much larger mmiber of chantries, guilds, and
free-chapels. The monks, by amassing riches, usurping power, tramphng on
the laws, and defeating the ends of justice, and by their arrogance, insolence,
and luxury, at length brought about then- decline, and facilitated their faU.
Some of the monasteries were possessedof exclusive jurisdiction, and pecuhar
exemptions and privileges ; others were dependent ; and some were still more
subordinate. The preceptories and commanderies of Knights Hospitaller
and Knights Templar of St. John of Jerusalem were peculiars, governed
by distinct laws, and privileged by mihtary service. The cells were houses
belonging to large monasteries, where the monks sent their junior brethren,
when too much crowded at home ; or refractory monies to do penance for
non-compliance with monastic rules. The nature of the other institutions
may be ascertained from the particular descrij^tions given of them in the
course of this work. In the number of these reHgious foundations, England
appears to have been inferior to no country ; nor less profuse in granting
means for their support. Many in this kingdom were richty endowed, and
from their own history, it appears that luxury kept pace with increasing
wealth. Their accumulation of property proceeded in an extensive ratio, and
prior to the suppression in the time of Henry VIII., they appear to have
been possessed of a third part of all the lands in England. When pride,
luxury, and licentiousness had, with their train of dependent vices, become
inmates of these sacred walls, they, by disgusting the moral feehngs of
society, induced the good sense of the nation to enquu'e into these scandal-
ous abuses, and to question the utility of such institutions to real rehgion,
and hastened their dissolution and the abolition of the system on which they
were founded. Of the numerous monastic buildings which formerly ex-
isted in Norfolk, there are still remaining several highly interesting ruins
at Norwich, Lynn, Thetford, Walsingham, Castleacre, Westacre, &c.
Churches. — In its ecclesiastical architecture, Norfolk presents excellent
examples of every variety of style, from the rude Saxon to the latest per-
pendicular. The towers of Dunham-Magna and Newton-by-Castleacre,
and portions of many other churches, are attributed to the Saxons; and the
round towers of which so many remain in Norfolk, although so uncommon
elsewhere, have by many been thought to be Saxon or Danish ; but they are
more probably of Norman origin, and many of them are surmouiited by
octagonal turrets of undoubted Norman work. The Cathedral of Norwich,
ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE. 47
and many churches in the county, retain much of their original cumbrous
and massive Norman architecture, but liave all been more or less spoiled by
subsequent alterations, cai-iied out in totally dissimilar styles ; though per-
haps in some few instances an improvement may have been affected, as in
the erection of tlie clerestory, over tlie choir of the cathedral. The early
EngHsh period is exemplified at Binham, Walsingham, Yarmouth, Walso-
ken, and West Walton ; but the larger proportion of the Norfolk churches
ai'e in the decorated and perpendicular styles, usually intermixed and
seldom completely distinct. Noble specimens of these styles in conjunction
are to be foimd along the whole coast line, and still finer ones exist in the
fen country between Lynn and Wisbech. Many of these churches dis-
play beautiful specimens of flint and stone panelling, in which the flints
are so regularly squared, and so evenly faced as to be almost said to repre-
sent a sheet of glass. Not the least interesting features of the ecclesiastical
edifices of the county are the numerous fine rood-loft screens, the lower
panels of most of which are enriched with beautiful paintings of apostles
and saints. Sepulchral brasses are also very numerous, and some of them
are executed in the highest style of ai*t. Those in St. Margaret's church,
Lynn, are particularly fine. The roofs of Wjonondham, and some other
churches, are magnificent specunens of carved woodwork. Many of the
churches have undergone judicious repaks during the last 30 years, and
some of them have been enthely refitted with open seats, and restored to
theu' pristine state, though in many instances the restorations have been
carried out with very questionable taste.
Reformation, Monasteeies, &c. — Hemy YVLl. succeeded to the throne
in 1509, when only 16 years of age, nearly 40 years after the art of printing
had been introduced. In the early part of his reign, he wrote a book in
defence of the seven sacraments, and the Pope was so ravished with its
eloquence, that he conferred on him the title oi Defender of the Faith, Httle
imagining that Henry would so soon become the greatest enemy the Romish
church had to contend with. In 1517, Martin Luther began in Germany that
Reformation of the Church which WicMiffe had laboured so assiduously
to effect in England, nearly a century and a haK before, but which was not
estabhshed till March 30tli, 1531:, when Henry VIII. sanctioned the Pro-
testants; a name which originated with the Diet of Sphes, in 1529, when
the haughty Cardinal Wolsey, Ai-clibishox^ of York, Chancellor of England,
Pope's Legate, &c., fell from the lofty summit of his ambition. The Bihle
and Prayer Booh were now translated into English, and ordered to be read
in that tongue in all churches, &c. The Reformation of the Church,
and the Suppression of the Monasteries, were effected by this lascivious
monarch, more perhaps for the gratification of his own lustful avarice, than
for the benefit of his subjects, to whom the change proved so gi'eat a
worldly as well as a sphitual blessing. In a few years, the King suppressed
about 700 abbeys, priories, and nunneries; 90 colleges; 2400 chantries; free
chapels, &c. ; and more than 110 hospitals. The total yearly revenues of
these institutions amounted at their dissolution to no less than about one-
twentieth part of the whole rental of the nation, so that, if the monastic
system had gone on to the present time, it might have swallowed up mora
than half the landed estates in the kingdom. The monks, nuns, &c.,
were tm'ued out of their monasteries ; and then- estates and possessions
were seized by the King, who, after retaining sufficient to satiate his own
greedy concupiscence, divided the rest among those favourite courtiers who
assisted to gratifs^ his wicked propensities. As the poor for some years suf-
fered much from the dissolution of the monastic institutions, and as many of
them and the gentry were still adherents to the Romish Church, there was
much popular discontent, and a rebellion broke out in the north of Eng-
land, called The Pilgrimage of Grace, but it was put down in 1537, when
many of the ringleaiders, (including seyeral abbots,) were executed at
48
HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
Tyburn. From 1553 to 1558, when the cruel and bigoted Queen Mary sat
upon the throne, the Roman Catholic religion and papal supremacy again
prevailed, and the protestants were persecuted with fire and sword. In
November, 1558, when Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne, the Protestant
religion was permently re-established, and the Roman Catholics became
the objects of j)ersecution, and made several fruitless attempts to restore
Popery,
After the restoration of Charles IT., an Act of Uniformity was passed in
August, 1662, requiring of all clergymen episcopal ordination, canonical
obedience, and a general assent to everything in the Book of Common
Prayer. For not conforming to this act, more than 2000 clergymen were
deprived of their benefices; and thus originated non-conformity, oyVyo-
testant dissent; for prior to this time, the Puritans had remained members
of the establishment, though labouring to promote a further reformation.
The ejected ministers and the Catholic priests suffered much under the
operation of several other laws, amongst which were the Conventicle, the
Oxford, the Coriioration, and the Tests Acts, all of which are now abolished,
the two last about 40 years ago, when the Catholic Emancipation Act was
passed; and the two former in 1689, when the Toleration Act was passed.
In the county of Norfolk about 70 ministers, of whom the following is a
list, were either ejected or silenced : —
Aldeby. — John Banister.
Aylmerton. — John Smith.
Barford. — Robert Part.
Barton Hulm. — Charles
Sumpter.
Baconthorpe. — J.Lougher
Barningham. — Ts. Worts.
Blickling. Burrough.
Blofield.— Saml. Maltby.
Bodham. — Robert Watson
Backenham,New. — Chris.
Amyrant & Nicolas Pitt
Buuwell. Pittedate.
Cailton. — James Gedney.
Denton. — Thos. Lawson,
M.A,, [of Katherine
Hall, Cambridge).
Dickleburgh.--E. Crabtree
Diss.— Richd. More, M.A.
Drayton. — Richard Vin.
Earshiim. — Thos. Bayes.
FeltweU. — John Butler.
Forncett. — Wm. Hinton.
Foalsham. — Rd. Worts.
Fandeuhall. Shepherd
God wick. — John Hooker.
Gorleston. — Robert Part
and — Pew.
Hardingham. — Nathaniel
Jocelyn.
Heydon. — Thos. Newman
Intwood'. ShefBeld.
Lopham. — Thomas Ellis.
Lynn. — John Hone, {of
Trin. Coll. Cambridge),
— Fenwick, and John
Dominick.
Mundesley. — Paul Amy-
rant & Robert Bidbank.
Neatishead.-Jno. Leving-
ton and Miles Barkitt,
M.A., {of Edmund Hall,
Oxford) .
Necton, — Israel Shipdam.
Norwich. — Jno. CoUinges,
D.D., {ofEman. Coll.,
Camb.), St. Stephen's ;
Thos. Allen, M.A., {of
Caivs Coll. Camb ), St.
George's; Benj. Snow-
den, M.A., (of Eman.
Coll, Cam.), St. Giles';
Francis English, St,
Nicholas' ; E. Wood-
ward, — WinJress, and
John Hashart.
Pallham. — Thos. Benton
Reepham. — W. Sheldrake
and Sampson Townsend
Repps, South. — E. Brome
Repps, North. — Ed.Corbit
Rollesby, — John Rejner.
Roughton,--Jno. Reynolds
Scottow. — Wm. Bidbank,
M.A.
Stalham. — John Lucas.
Stanfield. — SI. Alexander.
Stibbard. — John Darant.
Stratton St.Michl.— Thos.
Benton.
Swanton Morley. — John
Daliel.
Tipsend. — John Green.
Tranch. — Rd. Lawrence,
M.A., {of both Univer-
sities).
Tanstead. — John Green.
Walcot. — John Cory.
Walsham. — John Baker
and Nathaniel Mitchell.
Walsingham. — Nathaniel
Northcross.
Wymondham. — J. Mony.
Yarmouth.-- Jno. Brinsley,
MA., {of Eman. Coll.,
Camb.) ; Wm. Bridge,
M.A., {of Eman. Coll.,
Camb.) ; Job Tookie,
{ofEman. Coll. Cam.);
and John Allen.
In 1688, James II., a bigoted Roman Catholic, having made several
attempts for the rc-establishment of popery, and attempted to dispense with
acts of parliament, was expelled from the throne, after tolerating and com-
mitting many acts of cruelty. William Prince of Orange, who had married
king James' eldest daughter, the Princess Mary, and was a decided cham-
pion of the protestant faith, was invited by many of the principal nobility
and gentry to assume the rems of government. He accordingly landed
with a considerable army at Brixham in Devonshire, Nov. 4th, 1688, and
in the following January was elected to the throne, jointly with his wife the
fllSTORY OF, NORFOLK. 49'
Princess Mary, and they were proclaimed tlie lawful sovereipins of the
realm, mth every demonstration of joy and satisfy. ction. Since this
" Glorious Revolution" the protestant faith has continued undisturbedly the
estabhshed religion of the kingdom.
Soon after the introduction of Chiistianity, the kingdom was divided into
Parishes, and afterwards into Bishoprics. Extra-Parochial Places are
usually found to have been the sites of religious houses, or of ancient castles,
the owners of which did not permit any interference with tlieir authority
within their own limits. In the language of the ancient law of England,
such places were not " Geldable nor Sliireground," and until about the
time of the Revolution in 1688, they were neither taxable, nor within the
ordinary pale of ci^dl jurisdiction. The inhabitants are still virtually ex-
empt from any civil duties and offices, but some of the extra-parochial
places in Norfolli have latterly been attached to the neighbouring parishes
or unions, for the support of the poor. The number of Parishes, Town-
ships, Hamlets, and Extra-parochial x^laces in the county is about 1000.
The number of Parishes is about 700, but many of the new ecclesiastical
districts are now considered as parishes. The Rectories of about one-fourth
of the parishes in Norfolk, are appropriations or impropriations ; the
former in the hands of colleges, dignitaries, &c., and the latter in the hands
of laymen. Dissenters are numerous in all parts of the county, especially
the Independents, Baptists, and Wesleyans, who have many large and
handsome chapels.
The Tithes of most of the parishes in the county have been commuted
for fixed annual rents, or allotments of land, made at the enclosure of the
commons and wastes. Though tithes are said to operate very unfavour-
ably upon agriculture, they must be admitted to be a property equally sacred
with the land itself, and no admirer of justice can expect thek abolition
without equivalent either in money or land ; and such a commutation is
generally found to be beneficial both to the farmers and the clergy, as the
latter avoid the expense and uncertainty of collections in kind or in mo-
duses, and the former may efi'ect any further improvements without the fear
of any additional tax upon their industry and capital. The most ancient
laws on record touching the legality of tithes, are those of Ina, king of
Wessex, which are supposed to have been enacted about the year 690, the
foui'th section of which is to the following purport : — " The first fruits of
seeds, or the church dues arising fi'om the product of com, &c., are to be
paid at the feast of St. Martin ; and let him that fails in the payment for-
feit 40s., and besides ^^2/ the clues twelve times over^ In the 62nd section,
" church dues are to be paid where the person owing them dweUs, in the
midst of winter." The oblations and gifts of the people, which originated
from feeHngs of piety and benevolence, were transformed by usage into a
right, which appears to have been first recognised and firmly estabhshed
by the Saxon laws just quoted, and are now advanced to the firmer title of
an ordinance. Hence modem lawyers say that tithes are due by prescrip-
tive right, as having existed from the first establishment of churches, and
by law from the period when the country was first divided into parishes.
Queen Anne's Bounty. — First Fruits and Tenths. — From an early
period, perhaps ever since the institution of parishes in this island, every
bishop and clergyman has been required to pay the amount of his first
year's incumbency to the fund, called fi'om thence the "First Fruits;" and
every succeeding year, as long as he enjoys the Hving, he has been reqidi-ed
to pay one tenth part of his income into a fund hence called "The
Tenths" These Fu*st Fruits and Tenths were annually collected at their
full value, and applied to the use of the Pope, during the time that this
kingdom acknowledged the papal supremacy. As early as the time of Pope
Nicholas IV., (in 1290,) a valuation was for this purpose made, of aU the
Ecclesiastical Livings in England ; and the book containing that record is
50 HISTORY OF NORFOLK,
XDreserved in the Remembrancer's office, under the designation of the
" Valor of Pope Nicholas IV." At the time of the Eeformation, Henry
VIII., passed a law, with the sanction of Parliament, declaring that the
First Fruits and Tenths should be applied to the use of the State, and tliat
any Bishop or Clergyman neglecting to pay those imposts into tlie public
treasury should be declared an intruder into his living, and should forfeit
double the amount ; and, that the fuU amount might be ascertained, he caused
an accurate and full valuation to be made of all the Ecclesiastical Livings
in England and Wales. With the exception of a short period in the reign
of Philip and Maey, the First Fruits and Tenths continued to be paid
punctually into the public exchequer tiU the reign of Queen Anne, when
the Queen, moved, it is said, by Bishop Burnet and others, and deploring
the wretched condition in which many of the poor clergy were placed, owing
to the insufficiency of their livings, came to the determination that the
First Fruits and Tenths of the livings of all the clergy, from the Bishops
downward, should be paid into a fund, called "Queen Anne's Bounty,"
and tliat the amount of those payments should be appropriated to the aug-
mentation of the livings of the poor clergy, for their better maintenance.
No fresh valuation was, however, made of the livings in the time of Queen
Anne, the payments continuing to be made upon the valuation of Henry
VIII., made in 1535, and registered in what is called the King's
Books, or Liler Regis, to which v/e shall fi-equently refer in the ac-
counts of church livings at subsequent pages, by the contraction K.B.,.
and to the augmentations from Queen Anne's Bounty, by the abbreviation,
Q.A.B. — That the payment of First Fruits and Tenths might not operate
oppressively, the first year's income was to be paid by four annual instal-
ments, and all livings of small value v/ere entkely exempt, and hence called
''discharged livings."
For the faithful administration of " Queen Anne's Bounty Fund," the
Archbishops and Bishops were all made Governors, along with a number
of otlier persons, and the administration has been in their hands from that
time. Since the establishment of this fund, an enormous increase has taken
place in the value of the church livings, except those of the lowest class,
though the First Fruits and Tenths continue to be paid on the valuation of
1535, which yields only an average annual income of about ^15,000, instead
of more than ^£350, 000, which would be derived from First Fruits and
Tenths, if collected on the present valuation of the revenues of the Esta-
blished Church in England and Wales, now amounting to an aggregate net
income of ^3,055,654 per annum, as ax^pears from the Report of the Eccle-
siastical Commissioners, appointed by King Yv^illiam IV. This Rex^ort of
the annual value of church livings was made on an average of tln-ee years,
ending December 31st, 1831, and x)^esented to parliament in 1835. The
Ecclesiastical Commissioners of England, ax)pointed and incorx)orated by an
act of XDarliament, iDassed in the 6th and 7th of Wilham IV., to carry into
effect the Reports of the Commissioners apxDointed by Letters Patent, in
1832, to consider the state of the Estabhshed Churches of England and
Wales, obtained, in 183G, the sanction of his Majest}^ in Council to certain
schemes and decrees, of wliich the following is the substance: — "That all
X)arishes which are locally situated in one diocese, and are under the juris-
diction of another, be made subject to that See within which they are locally
situated; that certain new dioceses should be created; that such a]Dportion-
menfc or exchange of ecclesiastical patronage should be made among the
archbishops and bishops, as should be consistent with the relative magni-
tude and imx)ortance of their Sees, so as to leave an average yearly income
of .£15,000 to the Archbishop of Canterbury; ,£10,000 to the Archbishop of
York; i;10,000 to the Bishop of London; .£8000 to the Bishop of Durham;
.£7000 to the Bishop of Winchester ; and £'5000 each to the Bishops of Ely,
Worcester, and Bath-aud-WcUs; and that out of funds arising from the
ECCLESIASTICAL COMMISSION. §1'
above named dioceses, and those of St. Asaph and Bangor, over and above
the said incomes, the Commissioners should grant such stipends to other
bishops as should make their average annual incomes not less than ^640 00
nor more than ^'5000. But these reductions of the incomes of the richer
Bishoprics were not to take place till the death or translation of the pre-
lates then holding them ; therefore the present Bishop of Winchester, being
installed in 1827, has still a net yearhj income of about ^'10,500, though his
successor will only have £'7000; whilst the Bishop of Exeter, being installed
in 1831, is still obliged to be content with the small stipend of ^2700 per
annum. Both the Ai'chiepiscopal Sees, and 22 of the 24 Bishoprics of Eng-
land and Wales, have changed their x^relates since the appointment of the
Ecclesiastical Commission. The neiu dioceses of Ripon and Manchester
were formed in 1836 and 1847, out of the extensive dioceses of York and
Chester. Large portions of some other lai-ge dioceses have been added to
smaller ones, and further changes are still in contemplation. Other Church
Reforms, now in progress under the couti'ol of the Ecclesiastical Commis-
sioners, are the abohtion of prebends and sineciu'e benefices ; the reduction of
the incomes of rich rectories, &c.; the augmentation oipoor livings ; and the
institution and endowment oinev: ecclesiastical ^jarishes, or church districts,
in large and populous x)arishes. Many new ecclesiastical districts have
been formed in Norfolk since 1836, under the authority of various Acts of
ParHament, by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, the Commissioners for
building new churches, and the Bishoj). The incomes of these and all
other poor benefices, are ultimately to be augmented to ^'150 per annum,
out of the funds of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, Queen Anne's
Bounty, &c.
DIGNITARIES AND OFFICIALS OF THE DIOCESE.
^g" The figures sheit) the dates of induction.
Bishop of Norwich.— The Hon. and Right Rev. John Thomas Pelham, D.D.,
The Palace, Nonvich. (Yearly income, £4500). 1857.
Dean of Norwich. — The Hon. and Very Rev. George Pellew, D.D. 1828 ; and
rector of Great Chart, Kent. The Deanery.
Archdeacon of Norwich. — Ven. R. E. Hankinson, M.A. (£200), 1857; and
rector of North Creake.
Archdeacon of Norfolk. — Ven. W. Arnndell Bonverie, B.D. (£300), ■ 1850;
and Hon. Canon of Norwich, and rector of Denton.
Archdeacon of Suffolk. — Ven. Thomas J. OnnerocI, M.A. (£184), 1846 ; and
rector of Redenhall with Harleston.
Canons.— -Rev. Adam Sedgwick, MA., F.R.S,, 1834, Woodwardian Professor of
Geology, Cambridge, and Vice Master and Senior Felloio of Trin. Coll. Gam, ;
Rev. George ArchdaU Gratwick, D.D., 1842, Master of Emanuel Gall. Gam.;
Rev. J. W. Lucas Heaviside, M.A., 1860; and Rev. Charles Kirkby Robinson,
MA., 1861, Master of St. Gatherine's Gollege, Gambridge.
Honorary Canons.— Revg. Hon. E. S. Keppel, M.A., 1844 ; Fras. Cunningham,
M.A., 1846 ; Ves. W. A. Bouverie, B.D., 1847 ; George Stevenson, M.A., 1847 ;
Henry Tacey, M.A., 1848 ; Stenhen Ciissold, M.A., 1848 ; Bishop of Columbia,
D.D., 1850; E. J. Moor, M.A., 1850; Wm. H. Parker, M.A., 1852; Robert
Eden, M.A., 1852; Wm. Potter, M.A., 1852 ;Wm. Jackman, M.A., 1852 ; A. M.
Hopper, M.A., 1854; W. R. Colbeck, B.D., 1856; R. Collyer, M.A., 1856 ;
Hinds Howell, B.A., 1856 ; Thomas Gree»e, B.D., 1858 ; Hon. Kenelm H.
Digby, M.A., 1858; Robert H. Groome, M.A., 1858 ; Thomas Mills, M.A.,
1859; Wm. Fred. Patteson, M.A.,1860; Henry R. NeviU, M.A., 1860 ; Wm.
Howarth, 1863; Charles Shorting, M.A., 1863 ; E. F. E. Hankinson, M.A. ,
1863 ; Salisbury Everard, 1863 ; and H. J. Lee Warner, 1868.
Chancellor of the Diocese. — Worshipful Charles Evans, Esq., M.A., 1845.
Minor Canons.— Rev. George Day, M.A., 1817 ; Rev. Jonathan Matchett, M.A.,
1824, sacristan ; Rev. Henry Symonds, M.A., 1844, ^precentor ; and Rev. Edward
Bulmer, M.A., l%b^, Assistant Blinor Ganon.
Principal Registrars. — Rev. Eyre Stuart Bathurst, and John Kitson, Esq.
d2
52
DIOCESE OF NOEWICH.
Registkaks of the Akchdeaconries. — Edward Steward, Esq., Norwich; Henry
Hansen, Esq., Norfolk; and Charles Steward, Esq., Suffolk.
Bishop's Examining Chaplains. — Kev. J. J. S. Perowne, B.D., and Rev. T. T*
Perowne, B.D.
Secretaries to the Bishop. — John Kitson, Esq., Norwich, and J. B. Lee, Esq.,
Dean's yard, Westminster.
High Steward of the Cathedral. — Rf. Hon. and Rev. Lord Bayning, M.A.
Organist.— Zachariah Buck, Esq., Mus. Doc.
Proctor for the Chapter. — Rev. Canon Heaviside, M.A.
Proctor for the Archdeaconries of Norfolk and Norwich. — Rev. A. M.
Hopper, M.A., Rector of Starston.
Proctor for the Archdeaconry of Suffolk.— Rev. Thomas Mills, M.A.
Chapter Clerk. — John Kitson, Esq.
RURAL DEANS AND DEANERIES.
archdeaconry of NORWICH.
Deanery of Blofield.
Eev. J. Burroaghes.
Postwick
Acle
Beightoa
Blofield
Brundall
Buckenham Ferry w.
Hassingham
Burlingham St. An-
drew w. St. Edmd.
St. Peter
Cantley
Pishley
Halvergate
Hemblington
Lingwood
Moulton
Plumstead, Great
PlotQstead, Little
Ranwonh with Upton
Reedham w. Freethp.
Southwood with Lim-
penhoe
Strumpshaw with
Braydeston
Thorpe by Norwich
St. Matthew's
Tonstall
Walsham, South,
St. Lawrence
St. Mary
Wickhampton
Witton
Woodbastwick with
Panxworth
Deanery of Breccles,
Eev. B. Edwards and Eev. W. H. Parker.
Ashill
Breccles
Carbrooke
Gaston
Ellingham, Little
Gristoa
Merton
Ovington
Saham Toney
Scoalton
Stowbedon
Threxton
Thompson
Tottington
Watton
Deanery of Brisley,
The Hon. and Eev. K. H. Digby and Eev.
H. T. Lee.
Beeston, nr. Mileham
Beetly
Bilney, East
Bittering, Little
Brisley with Gateley
Dunham, Great
Dunham, Little
Elmbam, North
Fransham, Great
Fran&ham, Little
Gressenhall
Howe
Kempstone
Lexham, West
Litcham with East
Lexham
Lougham with Wend-
ling
Mileham
Oswick
Pattesley
Rougham
Seaming
Stanfield
Swanton Morley with
Worthing
Tittleshall W.God wick
and Wellingham
WeaaenhamAU Saints
and St. Peter
Whissonsett w. Horn-
ingtoft
Deanery of Flegg.
Eev. G. W. Steward.
Ashby with Oby and
Repps with Bastwick
Thurne
Rollesby
Biliockby
Runham
Burgh St Margaret
Somerton, West
with St. Mary
Stokesbyw.Herringby
Caister St. Edmund
Thrigby
with Holy Trinity
Winterton with East
Clippesby
Somerton
Filby
Yarmouth, Great
Hemsby
St. Nicholas
Mar I ham
St. George Chap el
Mantby
St. Peter
Ormesby St. Margaret
with St. Michael &
Scratby
Deanery of Holt.
Eev. E. Brum ell.
Bayfield
Langham, Bishops
Bodham
Letheringsett
Briningham
Morston
Briston
Melton Constable w.
Cley next the Sea
Little Burgh
Edgefield
Saxlingham w. Shar-
Field Dalling
rington
Glandford
Stodey w. Hunworth
Gnnthorpe with Bale
Swanton Novers
Hemstead by Holt
Thornage w. Brinton
Holt
Wiveton
Kelling w. Salthouse
Wejbourn
Langham Little with
Blakeney
Deanery oflngwonth.
Eev. E. T.Yates.
Alby
ColtishalJ
Aylsham
Corpusty
Baconsthorpe
Hautbois, Great
Banningham
Bevingham
Barningham, Little
Heydon with Irming-
Beckham, West
land
Bfclaugh with Scottow
Ingworth
Blicking withErping-
rtteringham w. Man-
ham
nington
Booton
Lammas with Little
Burgh by Aylsham
Hautbois
Brampton
Marsham ,
Calthorpe ;
Oulton
Cawston 1
Saxthorpe
Coleby, or Colby ;
\
RURAL DEANS AND DEANERIES.
'53
Skeyton with OxneadiThwaite
and Baxtou
Stratton Strawless
Swanton Abbott
Tuttington
Wolterton with Wick-
mere
Deanery of Lynn,
RcT. C. Carrie, Rev. C. D. Brereton, and
Rev. J. Freeman.
Anmer
Appleton
Ashwicken w. Leziate
Babingley
Bawsey
Bilney, West
Castle Acre
Castle Rising with
Roydon
Clenchwarton
Congham
Dersinghanl
Flitcham
Gaywood
Geyton
Geytonthorpe
Grimston
Harpley
Hillington
Islington
Lynn, North
St. Edmund w. St.
Margaret and St.
Nicholas
St. John
Lynn, South
All Saints
Lynn West, St. Peter
Massingham, Gt.&Lit
Middleton
Newton, West
Pentney
Runcton, North, with
HardwickitSetchey
Sandiingbam and
Babingley
TerringtoD, St. Cle-
ment with St. John
Tilney All Saints
with St. Lawrence
Walpole, St. Andrew
St. Peter
Walsoken
Walton, East
Walton, West
Westacre
VViggenhall
St. Germans
St. Mary Magdalen
St. Mary the Virgin
St. Peter
Winch, East
Winch, West
Wolverton
Wootton, North
Wootton, South
Deanery of Norwich.
No Rural Dean.
All Saints
St. Andrew
St. Augustine
St. Benedict
St. Clement
Christ Church
St. Edmund
St. Etheldred
St. George Colegt.
St. George Tmbld.
St. Giles
St. Gregory
St. Helen
St. James
St. Julian
St. John Mdr-mkt.
St. John Sepulchre
St. John Timber-hl
iSt. Lawrence
St. Margaret
St. Martin at Oak
St. Martin at Palace
St. Mary at Coslany
St. Marj in Marsh
St. Michl. Coslany
'St. Michael at Plea
iSt.Micbl.at Thorn
I St. Paul
'St. Peter Hungate
St. Peter Mancroft
St. Peter per Mntgt
St.Peterof Southgt
St. Saviour
St.Simon & St. Jude
St. Stephen
St. Swithin
Deanery of Sparhzm.
Rev. L. A. Norgate.
Alderford
Bawdeswell
Billingford
Bintryw Tbemelthorp
Rrandeston
Bylaugh
Elsing
Foulaham
Foxley
Guestwick
Guist
Helmiogham
Heverland
Hindolveston
Lycg
Reepham
All Saints w. Whit-
well
Reepham, St. Mary,
w. Kerdestone
Ringland
Sail
Spar ham
Swannington w.Wood
Dalling
Thurning
Twyford
WestOD Longvilie
Witchingham, St.
Mary, w. St. Faith's
Woodnorton
Deanery of Taverham.
Rev. Hinds Howell.
Alderford w. Attlebdg
Catton
Crostwick
Drayton w. Hellesdon
Felthorpe
Frettenham w. Stan-
ninghall
Haynford
Horsford
Horsham, St. Faith
Horstead
Rackbeath
Spixworth
Sprowston
Taverham
Wroxham with Sale
house
Deanery of Thelford.
No Rural Dean.
Santon House jThetford, St. Mary
Thetford.St.Cuthbert' St. Peter
Deanei-y of Toftrees.
The Hon. and Eev. K. H. Digby, and
Rev. H. T. Lee.
Colkirk
Helhoughton w.Rain-
ham, St. Martin
Pudding Norton
Rainham, St. Mary
Rainham St.Margaret
Ry burgh, Great
Sheringford
Testerton
Toftrees
Deanery of Walsingham,
Rev. H. J. Lee Warner.
Snoring, Great, with
Thursford
Stiff key, St. John, w.
St. Mary
Walsingham, Gt,& Lit
Warham, All Saints
St. Mary Magdalen
Wells
Wighton
Barney
Binham
Cockthorpe
Egmere
Hindringham
Holkham
Houghton, near Wals-
ingham
AECHDEACONBY OF KORFOLK.
Deanery of BrooTce,
Rev. Joseph Dewe and Rev. Abbot Upcher.
Aldeby
Arminghall
Bedingham
Bergh Apton with
Holveston
Bixley with Framing-
ham Eari
Bramerton
Brooke
Broome
Caister, St. Edmund,
with Marketshall
Carlton with Ashby
Chedgrave
Claxton
Ditchingham
EUingham
Framiogham Pigott
Geldeston
Gillingham,A.llSaint8,
w.St.Mary,Win8ton
and Windell
Haddiscoe with Toft
Monks
Hales
Hardley
Heckingham
Hedenham
Hellington, or Halag
ston
Howe with Little
Poringland
Kirby Bedon, St,
Andrew
Kirby Cane
Kirksted w. Langhale
Langley
Loddon
54
DIOCESE OF NORWICH.
Mandham, St. Ethel-
red w. St. Peter
Norton Subcourse
Poringland, Great
Eaveningham
Eockland, St. Mary
Saxlingham Nether-
gate w. Saxlingham
Thorpe
Seething
Sbottisham,Ml Saints
with St. Mary and
St. Martin
Surlingham, St. Mary
with St. Savioar
Sizeland
Stockton
Stoke Holy Cross
Thorpe by Haddiseoe
Thurltoa
Thurton
Thwaite, St. Mary
Topcroft
Trowse
Wheatacre & Barnby
Wheatacre Burgh
Witlingham
Woodston or Wottoa
Yelverton withAlph'
ington
Deanery of Burnham.
Eev. T. Greene.
Bagthorpe
Barmer
Barsham, East, with
Little Snoring
Barsham, North
Barsham, West
Burnham, All Saints,
or Ulph with Overy
Burnham Deepdale
St. Margaret, or
Norton
St. Mary, or Burn
ham Westgate
Thorpe
Creake, North and
South
Dunton w. Doughton
Fakenham
Fulmodestone with
Croxton
Houghton nr.Harpley
Kettlestone
Pensthorpe
Eudham East, with
Eudkam West
Ey burgh, Little
Scalthorpe
Stibbard
Syderstone
Tattersett w. Tatter-
ford
Water den
Deanery of Crantvise or Cranwich.
Bev. S. Everard and Eev. Alex. Thurtell.
Bradenham,E.and W.
Cockley Cley, All
Saints, w. St.Peter's!
Cranwich
Cressingham, Great,
with Bodney
Cressingham, Little \
Croxton ]
Didlington with Col
yeston
Feltwell, St. Mary,
with St. Nicholas
Qooderstone
Hiiborough
Hockwold w. Wilton
Holme Hale
Langford w. Igburgh
Methwold
Mundford
Narburgh w. Narford
Neighton, or Neclon
Newton, near Castle
Acre
Northwold
Oxburgh w. Foulden
Pickenham , North , w,
Houghton on Hill
Pickenham, South
Santon
South Acre
Sporlewith Great and
Little Palgrav3
Stanford
Sturstoa
Swaffham
Tofts, West
Weeting, All Saints,
with St Mary
Eev. H.
Ashwellthorpe
Aslacton
Bunwell
Carleton Eode
Forncet, or Fornselt,
St. Mary & St, Peter
Fritton
Fundendall
Hapton
Hempnall
Moulton, St. Michael
Deanery of Depwade.
E. Preston
Morningthorpe
Shelton w. Hardwick
Stratton Long, St.
Mary
Stratton, St. Michael,
with St. Peter
Tacolnestone
Tasburgh
Tharston
Tibbenham
Wacton, Geftt, & Lit.
Barton, St. Andrew's
St, Mary, with Ali
Saints
Beachamwell.StMarj
and St. John
All Saints, with
Shingham
Bexwell, or Becksweli
Boughton
Crimplesham
Denver
Dereham, West
Downham Market
Fincham.St. Michael
with St. Martin
Fordbam
Hilgay with Ten Mile
Bank
Deanery of FincJiam.
Eev. W. Blyth.
Marham
Outwell
Runcton, South, with
Holme and Wal-
lington
Ryston, with Eoxham
Shouldham, All Saints
with Thorpe
Southery
Stoke Ferry
Stow-bardolph, with
Wimhotsham
Stradsett
Tottenhill
Upwell, with Welney
Watlington
Wereham, w. Wretton
Wormgay
Deanery of Hingham.
Eev. Edvr. Gurdou: Eev. W. C. Johnson.
Baiford
Barnham Broom with
Bickereton & Kim-
berley
Bawburgh
Brandon, Little
Carlton Forehos
Colton
Costessey, or Cossey
Coston with Eunhall
Cranworth w. Letlon
Crownthorpe
Deopham
Dereham, East, with
Hoo
Easton
Garveston
Hackford
Hardingham
Hingham
Hockering with Mat*
tisball Burgh
Honingham w. East
Tuddenham
Longham
Marlingford
Mattishall w.Pattisley
Melton, Little
Morley, St. Botolph
with St. Peter
Reymorston
Shipdham
South Burgh
Thuxton
Tuddenham, North
Welborne
Wendling
Whinbergh, w. West-
field
Wicklewool
Woodrising
Wramplingham
Wymondham
Yaxham
Barwick
Bircham, Great
Bircbam, Newton, w.
Tofts
Brancaster
Docking
Fringe
Heacham
Hunstanton
Ingoldisthorpe
Deanery of Heacham.
Eev. J. A. Ogle.
Eingstead, St. Peter,
with St. Andrew
Sedgford
Shernborna
Snettisham
Stanhoe
Thornham w. Holme
next the Sea
Titchwell
Deanery of Humbleyard.
Eev. W. W. Andrew.
Bracon Ash
Carlton, St. Mary
Colney
Cringleford
Dunston
Earlhamw.Bowthorpe
Flordon
Heigham
Hethell '
Hetherset with Cftn-
telofF
lutwood w. Keswick
Ketteringham
Lakenham
St. Mark's
Melton, St. Mary, w.
All Saints
EURAL DEANS AND DEANERIES.
u
Mulbarton with Kin-
ninghftm
Swainsthorpe w. New-
ton Flotman
Swardesfcon
Wrenningham &Ney-
land
Deanery of Redenhall.
Eev. Gr. Stevenson.
Alburgh
Billingford w. Little
Thorpe
Bressingham
Brockdish
Burston
Denton
Dickleburgh
Diss
Earsham
Fersfield
Frenza
Gissing
Needham
Palbam, St. Mary the
Virgin
Deanery
Eey. P.
Alborough
Antingham, St. Marj
St. Margaret
Ajlmerton w. Eunton
Barningham Norwd.
Barningham Town
Bassingham
Bseston Eegis
Cromer
Fellbrigg w. Metton
Gresham
Ganton w. Hanwortb
Gimingham
Knapton
Matlaske
Mary
Pulham St.
Magdalen
Eedenhall w. Harks-
ton
Roydon
Ruiahall
Scole,or Ozmandiston
Shelfanger
Shimpling
Starston
Thelveton
Thorpe Abbotts
Tivetshall, St, Mary,
with St. Margaret
Winfarthing
of Repps .
C. Law.
Mnndesley
Overstrand
Plumstead by Holt
Repps, North
Repps, Sooth
Eoughton
Sheringham
Sistead. or Sustead
Saffield
Syderstrand, or Side-
strand
Thorpe Market
Tbargartou
Trimiagham
Irunch
Deanery of Boekland.
Hon. and Eev. E. S. Keppell and Eev. T.
B, Wilkinson.
Attleborough
Banham
Besthorpe
Bio Norton
Bridgham
Brettenbam
Buekenham, New
Backenham, Old
Eccles
EUingham, Great
Garboldisham, St.
John, w. All Saints
Harling, East
Harling, West
Hockham
lUington
Kenninghall
Larling
Lopbam, North, with
South Lopham
Qaiddenham w. Snet-
terton
Riddlesworth with
Gasthorpe
Rockland, AH Saints.
with St. Andrew,
and Caston
St. Peter
Shropham
Wilby w. Hargham
Wrethana, East, and
West Wrethana
Deanery of Waxion, or Waxham.
Eev. J. Gann and Eev. G. King.
Asbraanhaugh
Bacton
Barton Turf, with
Irstead
Beeston, St.Lawrence
Bradfield
Brunstead
Catfield
Crostwick
Dilham w. Honing
Eccles near Sea
Edinthorpe
Felmingham
Happisburgh
Heigbam Potter
Hempstead w. Les
singham
Hickling
Horning
Horsey
Hoveton, St. Peterj
with St. John
Ingham
Ludham
Neatishead
Paston
Ridlington with East
Euston
Sloley
Smallburgh
Stalham
Sutton
Swafield
Tunstead, with Sco
Easton
Walcot
Walsham, North
Waxham with Palling
Westwick
Witton
Worstead
AECHDEACONBY OF SUFFOLK.
Deanery of Bosmere.
Eev. E. Longe and Eev. C. Shorting.
Ashbocking
Badley
Barking w. Darmsden
Battisford
Bajlham, St. Peter
Blakenbam, Gt.&Lit.
Brataford
Bricett, Great
Coddenham w. Crow-
field
Creeting, St. Mary,
and St. Olave
Flowton
Gosbeck
Hemingstoue
Mickfield
Needham Market
Nettlestead
Offton with Little
Bricett
Eingshall
Somersham
Sionham, Aspall
Stonham Earl
Stonham Little
Willisham
Deanery of Carlesford.
Eev. E. J. Moor and Eev. W. Potter.
Bealings, Gt. & Lit. jNewbourn
Brigbtwell w. Foxhall
Burgh
Clopton
Culpko
Grundisburgh
Hasketon
Kesgrava
Martlesham
Otley
Playford
Eushmere, St.Andvew
Taddenham, St. Mar-
tin
Witnesham
Woodbridge
St. John's
Deanery of Claydon
Eev. W. Howartb.
Ashfield with Thorpe
Barham
Claydon w. Akenham
Debenham
Framsden
Helmingbara
Henley
Pettaugh
Swilland
Westerfield
Whitton w. Thurlton
Winston
Deanery of Colneys.
Eev. W. Jackman.
Backlesham
Falkenham
Hemley
Kirton
Nacton w. Levington
Trimley, St. Martin,
and Alieston, or Al-
kinston
Trimley, St. Mary,
with Stratton
WaldrJngfield
Walton w. Felixstow
Deanery of Dumvich.
Eev. T. O. Leman &Eev. G. A. Whitaker.
Aldringham w.Thorpe
Benacre with North
Hales or CoveHithe
Blythburgh
Blythford
Bramfield
Brampton
Cove, South
Cratfield
Darsham
56
DIOCESE OF NORWICH.
Dunwich, St. James 1
Fordley w. Westleton
Frostenden
HalesvForth with
Chediston
Henstead w. Hulver
HeveniDgham
Holton
Huntingfield with
Cookley
Kelsale with Carlton
Knoddishall with
Baxlow
Leiston
Linstead, Great & Lit
Middleton
Peasenhall
Eejdon
KuDiburgh
Sibton
Sizewell
Southwold
Spexhall
Stoven
Theberton
Thorington
Ubbeston
Uggesball with
Sotherton
Walberswick
Walpole
Wangford w.Henham
Wtnhaston
Westhall
Wisset le Eoos
Wrentham
Yoxford
Deanery of Hartismere.
Kev. K. Cobbold & Eev. G. W. Kershaw.
Aspall
Bacton
Braiseworth
Brome, with Great
and Little Oakley
Bar gate
Cotton
Eye
Finningham
Gislingham
Mellis
Mendlesham
Occold
Palgrave
Kedgravewith Botes-
dale
Kedlingfield
Rickinghall Inferior
with Eickingball
Superior
Bishangles
Stoke, Ash
Stuston
Thorndon,All Saints
Thornham.Gt. &Lit.
Thrandeston
Thwaite, St. George
Westhorpe
Wetberingsett
Wickham Skeith
Worth amEverard and
Jarvis
Wyverstone
Yaxley
Deanery of Tloxnc.
Rev, J. Bedingfeld.
Athelington
Badingham
Bedfield
Bedingfield
Bennington
Fressingfield with
With ersd ale
Horham
Hoxne w. Denham
Kenton
Lax&eld
Mendham
iMetfield
Saxted
Soham, Monk
Stradbroke
Sjleham
Tannington with
Brandish
Weybread, St. Mary
Wilby
Wingfield
Worlingworth with
Soatholt
Deanery of Ipswich.
Eev. S. Croft.
St, Clement with
St. Helen
St. Lawrence
St. Margaret
St. Mary at Elms
St. Mary at the Key
St. Mary Stoke
St. Mary at
Tower
St. Matthew
St. Nicholas
St. Peter
St. Stephen
Holy Trinity
the
Deanery of Loose.
Eev. G. Attwood.
Boalge, w. Debach
Boyton, St. Andrew
Brandeetou
Campsey Ash
Campsey Ash
Charsfield
Cr&tingham
Easton
Eyke
Framlingham
Hoo
Letheringham
Marlesford
Monewden
Parham w. Hacheston
Rendlesbam
Soham, Earl
Deanery of Lothingland.
Rev. F. Cunningham.
Ashby
Belton
Blandeston w.Flixton
Bradwell
Bargh Castle
Carlton ColviUe
Gorton
Fretton
Gisleham
Gorleston
Gunton
Herringfleet
Hopton by Lowestoft
Kessingland
Kirkley
Loand
Lowestoft w. St. Peter
Lowestoft, St. John's
Matford w. Barnby
Oalton, or Oldton
Pakefield
Ruihmere, All Saints
Somerleyton
South Town, St. Mary
Deanery of Orford.
Rev. H. T. Dowler.
Aldeburgh
Benhall
Blaxball
Bruisyard
Chillesford
Cransford
Farnham
Friston with Snape
Glemham, Gt. & Lit.
Iken
Rendham
Saxmundham
Stercfield
Stratford, St. Andrew
Sunbonme w. Orford
Swefling
Tonstall with Don-
ningworth
Wantisden
Deanery of Stamford
Rev. H, J. Hasted.
Belstead, Little
Bentley
Bergholt, East
Burstall
Brantham
Capel, St. Mary, with
Little Wenham
Chattisbam
Chelmondiston
CopdockwWashbrook
Erwarton w. Woolver-
stone
Freston
Higham
Bintlesham
Holbrook
Holton, St. Mary
Raydon
Sbelley
Shotley, St. Mary
Stutton
Tattingstone
Wenham, Great
Wherstead
Deanery of Soidhelmham.
Rev. E. A. Holmes.
Elmham, South, AUl St. Margaret, with
Saints, with St.I St. Peter
Nicholas JFlixton
St. James iHomersfield with St.
St. Michael | Cross
Deanery of Stoic.
Rev. Copinger Hill;
Newton, Old
One-house
Shelland
Stowmarket withUp«
land
Trinity
Wetherden
Buxhall
Combs
Creeling, All Saints
St. Peter
Finborough, Gt.&Lit
Haugbley
Harleston
RURAI* DEANS AND DEANERIES.
57
Deanery of Waynford, or Wangford.
Rev. E. A. Holmes.
Barsham lllketshall, St. Margt.
Beccles & Endergate'Mettingbam
Bungay, St. Mary
Holy Trinity
Cove, North, w. Wil-
lingham
Ellongh, All Saints
Ilketshall, St.Andrew
St. John
St. Lawrence
Eedisham, Great
Piingsficld, w. Little
Bedisbatn
Shadingfield
Shipmeadow
Sotterley
Weston
Worlingham
Deanery of Wilford.
Bev. E. Walford & Rev. W. P. Larken.
Alderton
Bawdsey
Bredfield.or Bradfield
Bromeswell
Butley with Capel
Dallinghoe
HoUesly
Kettleburgh
Lowdham with Pet-
tistree
Melton
Ramsholt
Shottisham
Sutton
Ufford
Wickham Market
Climate, Aspect, &c. — The face of Norfolk may be considered as less
varied in its features than that of any other tract of similar extent in the
kingdom. Though it has no stupendous mountains furnishing traits of the
grand, and no bold and toweling cliffs, except a few washed by the ocean,
there are many exceptions to the prevailing uniformity of its appearance,
particulaiiy in the northern parts, where the general surface is broken into
moderate elevations and depressions; where turf-clad hills and fertile
valleys are diversified by woods, plantations, hedge-rows, and other en-
livening sylvan decorations, combining all the softer beauties of picturesque
scenery, and in some places approaching to the subHmer features of nature,
especially in the deep and secluded .valleys of the Stiffkey, Ant, Bure,
Glan, and some other of the smaller streams. The most extensive prospects
are from the Castle Hill, at Norwich, and the heights near Strumpshaw, Gres-
ham, Dunham, Ashill, (near Swaffham), Melton Constable, Poringland,
Castle Rising, and Docking. It has already been seen that Norfolk is of
an oval figure, about 70 miles in length from east to west, and from its being
exposed to the ocean on the north, and to a large extent of marshes and fens
on the south and south-west, the air is extremely sharp in Tvinter and in
the early part of spring. North and north-easterly winds are more prevalent
here than in other parts of the kingdom. These are severely felt, and vege-
tation is consequently backward. The contiguity to the sea and the marshes
and fens, with the vapours brought from Holland, accounts for the frequent
rains during the summer months, when storms of thunder, lightning, and
wind are not unusual ; but they are seldom of so long duration as in more
hilly districts. In the Hundreds of Marshland and Clackclose, and other
fenny parts of the county, the air is not only cold but exceedingly damp,
and the inhabitants are subject to intermittant fevers ; but as the watery
fens and marshes are now well drained, these endemial agues are much less
frequent than formerly, when strangers on their first residence were gen-
erally attacked with them, and proverbially said to be " arrested bij the
bailiff of Marshland." The country extending to the east and north-east
from the fens and marshes near Lynn, Downham, Brandon, and Thetford,
rises in bold undulations and high plains, forming the greater part of Nor-
folk, consisting chiefly of a sandy or gravelly soil, and peculiarly salubrious
and pleasant. Though Mr. Young considered the temperature as rather
affecting animal than vegetable life, the vital piinciple is evidently homo-
geneous throughout nature, and Norfolk has produced as many instances of
longevity as most other counties in England. More than eighty of its in-
habitants, who outhved their 100th yeai* since 1727, might be enumerated,
and at the time of taking the census in 1801, there were ten women and
one man living in the coimty who were more than 100 years of age.
The men of Norfolk are generally of a light wiry make, formed for activity
rather than sti-ength, and the same may be said of the horses and other
animals. Marshall, an agricultural writer more than 80 years ago, mentions
his astonishment at the activity and quantity of work performed by Norfolk
men and horses ; and in Chaucer, and many early authors, the same pecu-
liarities are noticed.
The CoAsi Qjf Norfolk varies very much in its outliuQ aud sujbstauce from
68 • HISTOEY OP NOBFOLK.
the southern and western shores of the island ; havmg no deeply indented
bays, except the Great Wash between it and Lincolnshire ; no sinuous
creeks intersecting the land, nor beethng rocks and bold impending crags
jutting into the ocean, and forming an adamantine barrier to the assailing
waves, except Hunstanton Cliff, which is commonly called St. EdmuncVs
Point, and may be considered as the only rocky prominence of much note
on the whole coast. The lofty cliffs and small headlands near Cromer,
being composed of chalk, clay, &c., are constantly becoming a prey to the
depredations of the ocean. The greater part of the coast is comprised of a
low sandy beach, covered with heaps of gravel and loose pebbles, here called
shingles, and which through the violence of the waves, are frequently thrown
up in immense hills and ridges. These, by the accumulation of sand, are
formed into hanks, which are kept together by the matted roots of sea-reed
grass. Numerous banks of this kind lie off the coast, far out at sea ; and
being only discoverable at ebb or quarter tides, they often prove fatal to
mariners. The most remarkable is the large bank running parallel
with the coast off Yarmouth, and having between it and the shore a deep
channel, called Yarmouth Roads, where ships ride safely, even in tem-
pestuous weather. The railges of sand hills on this, hke those on the
coast of Holland, tend to preserve a valuable portion of the county from
continual inundation. A Une of them, called the Meols, commences at
Caistor, near Yarmouth, and extends, with occasional inteiTuptions, to
Happisburgh, and thence to Cromer bay, beyond which commence what are
sometimes called the mud chffs, which line the shore to Lynn Deeps.
These sand banks sometimes shift their station, suddenly disappear, and as
suddenly rise up again in a new shape, as will be seen in the history of the
parishes lying on the coast.
The principal Rivees of Norfolk are — the Great and Little Ouse, the
the Waveney, Wensum, Yare, Bure, and Nar. The Great Ouse rises near
Brackley, in Northamptonshire, and after receiving the Little Ouse, it
crosses the west-end of this county to Lynn, where it receives the Nar
from the east, and pursues its northward course to the ocean, emptying itself
into the " Metaris ^stuariiim," after a coiu^se of more than sixty miles.
This river has been diverted betwixt Wiggenhall St. Germain's and Lynn,
into a new channel called the Eau-Brinh Cut. The Great Ouse is navigable
for barges 24 miles above 'Ltjmi, and for smaller boats as far as Bedford, —
thus forming a communication by means of collateral rivers and canals
with Eight Midland Counties. The Little Ouse and the Waveney both
rise in the swampy grounds near Lopham, and flowing in opposite dkec-
tions, separate Norfolk from Suffolk, — the former passing westward to the
Great Ouse, is navigable for boats up to Thetford ; and the latter passing
eastward, falls into the Yare above Breydon Water, and is navigable up
to Bungay, for small craft. The Wensum rises near East Rudham, about
30 miles N.W. of Norwich, and after passing that city it falls into the Yare,
which rises near Shipdham, 20 miles west of Norwich, and after bounding
the southern liberties of that city, pursues an eastward but sinuous course
to Yarmouth, — a Httle below which, it emj)ties itself into the ocean. It
expands into a long and broad lake called Breydon Water, and is navigable
for barges up to Norwich ; but at Reedham, about 8 miles from Yarmouth,
a Ship Canal has been cut across the marshes from the Yare to Lowestoft, in
Suffolk. The Bure, rising near Melton-Constable, takes a south-easterly
course by Bhckling, Aylsham, Wroxham and Acle, to Yarmouth. It is
navigable up to Aylsham, and near Ludham receives the Ant, now
navigable up to the bounds of North Walsham and Antingham. It is
likemse augmented by the Thurne, and several other tributary streams,
flowing through low marshes, and in many places expanding into large
meres, or pools, here called " Broads,'' abounding in fish, and some of them
navigable for small craft; indeed, these broads exist in all the eastern vales
RIVERS OF NORFOLK. 59
of Norfolk ; the Tas, rising fi'om several rivulets near Tasburgh, flows
northward to tlie Yai'e, near Harford Bridges, 2 miles S. of Norwich. The
Thet rises near Kenninghall, and flows westward to the Little Ouse at
Thetford. The navigable Wissey, sometimes called Stolce River, is formed
by the union of several rivulets rising near Griston, Carbrooke, Bradenham,
and Cockley-Clej, and flows westward by Stoke Ferry, to the Great Ousc,
near its confluence with the large drains called the Old and New Bedford
Rivers, beyond which the country is skirted by the river Welney, the Wis-
bech canal, and the river Nene — the latter of which falls into the Crass
Keys Wash, on the borders of Lincolnshire. The Nar, rising near Litcham,
flows westward by Castle-acre and Setch, to the Great Ouse at Lynn, and
was made navigable for small craft up to Narborough, under an act passed
in the 24th George II. Several small cuts from the navigable rivers have
been made in various directions, serving the double purpose of drains and
canals.
The Turnpikes and other public Roads in Norfolk are better than those of
most other counties in England, — being generally raised higher than the
adjacent lands, well drained by trenches on each side, and having a firm
bottom composed of gravel, flint and chalk, which, it has ah-eady been seen,
are found within a few feet of the surface in almost every part of the
county. Charles II., *' who never said a silly thing, or ever did a ^vise
one," said, when on a visit to the Earl of Yarmouth, at Oxnead, in 1071,
" that Norfolk ought to be cut out in strips, to make roads for the rest of
the kingdom," — alluding, no doubt, to the surface being generally level.
The road from Nor\^•ich to Thetford was the first turnpike formed in the
county, — bemg made under acts passed in 1694 and '5. The first toU gate
in England was erected on the tiu'npike road from London to Harwich,
in 1679.
Railways. — Norfolk is now traversed in all directions by the Great
Eastern Railway and its various branches, so that most of its market towns
have an easy and direct communication with the metropoHs and aU parts
of the kingdom. The Great Eastern Railway Company has a capital of
nearly £"20,000,000. and comprehends the Eastern Counties (1836), Nor-
folk (1845), Newmarhet{l^^Q), Eastern Union (1847), East Anglian (1847),
Wells and FahenTiam, (1854), and East Suffolk (1858) Companies, whicli
were incoi-porated by act of parhament in August, 1862. The county is
traversed from west to east by a line from Yarmouth to Norwich, Dereham,
Swaff ham, Lynn, and Wisbech, which is crossed by a line from Ely to
Downham, Lynn, and Hunstanton, and by another fi'om WeUs to New Wal-
singham, Fakenham, Dereham, and Wymondham. There are also lines
from Norwich to Wymondham, Attleborough, Hai-ling, Thetford, Brandon,
and Ely, and to Diss, Harleston, Bungay, Beccles, and Lowestoft. A new
railway is projected, and will be shortly commenced from Norwich to
Aylsham, North Walsham, and Cromer.
Ageicultuee. — Norfolk has long been celebrated for the superiority of
its agricultiu'e. It was certainly the first county to adopt those practical
and theoretical improvements which have recently raised the pursuit of
fanning in the eyes of the world from a stupid and ignoble occupation to
iie dignity of a science. At first, practice led the way, and science followed
afar ofi", but the latter has now overtaken her plodding sister, and even shot
a head, by propounding aU sorts of strange theories for practice to solve,
and has been the pioneer of the greatest revolutions in agricultui-e. It is,
however, only by the union of " Practice uitli Science,'' (that weU chosen
motto of the Royal Agricultural Society,) that the farming interest can
really prosper. Practice may be slow to move out of her beaten track, and
science be a little visionary, yet they thus exercise a healthy check upon
each other, and the two helpmates of agricultui'e happily go hand-in-hand,
and the fruit of their safe and careful progress shows no where a better
60 HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
return than in the naturally barren but well-farmed county of Norfolk. A
recent number of the Quarterly Review contained a very clever article on
the progress of British agricultiu-e. It must be gratifying to the farmers
of this county to find that the improved cultivation of England and Norfolk
are used as synonymous terms, for the cliief part of tliis paper in the
" Quarterly' refers more to the improvements in Norfolli agriculture than
to the progress of farming generally throughout the kingdom. From the
middle of the last century, Norfolk has stood foremost in everything which
tends to elevate this important branch of our national wealth, and though
its honourable position is not so conspicuous now, the very able writer
remarks, " If Norfolk no longer occupies its leading position, it is not be-
cause it has dropped behind in the race, but because other counties have
pushed forward, and the course of events are tending to equalize the arts of
cultivation throughout the kingdom." This is, doubtless, very true. The
farming of other counties has wonderfully progressed, and it is always easier
to make a start than to keep the lead, but it would puzzle anyone to find
another county, with its sands, gravels, and thin challis, that annually pro-
duces such large supplies of corn, meat, and wool for our increasing popula-
tion. Other parts of the country may be quite as well farmed, and there
are many districts in which the occupiers of land save more money, but none
in which such an amount of the necessaries of life is raised by artificial
means. At any rate Norfolls: farmers cannot be taxed with having stood
still. On the contrary, they have exerted themselves to the utmost to pro-
duce " victuals, drink, and clothing" for this great nation. Less than 100
years ago Norfolk did not i^roduce enough wheat to maintain its scanty
population. It appears that its staple products were rye and rabbits ; the
cultivation of wheat being entkely confined to fertile lands to the east of
the county, and the heavy soils to the south and interior of Norfolk. True,
the turnip was at this time introduced by the first Lord Townshend, but for
years it was cultivated only in garden patches, and sown broad cast with
hardly any manure, and cultivated with very little assistance from the hoe.
At the close of the last century, Kent wrote his report of Norfolk farming,
and simultaneously with his report, the improvements on the estate of that
great man, Thomas William Coke, afterwards Earl of Leicester, began to
occupy the attention of the county and the Idngdom at large. Eight years
after the publication of Kent's Survey, the celebrated agricultural writer,
Arthur Young, prepared a report of the farming of Norfolk for the Board
of Agriculture. Mr. Coke was then in the x^rime and vigour of manhood,
and was successfully estabhshing those great improvements and introducing
those liberal and salutary alterations in farm practice, which soon placed
Norfolk foremost in the van of agricultural progress. Time rolled on, and just
30 years elapsed before any other general re^Dort of the farming of the
county appeared. The good old Earl was just gathered to his fathers, full
of honours and of years, when, in 1844, Mr. R. N. Bacon, the editor of the
Norwich Mercury, published his Survey of the Agriculture of Norfolk. This
work was written for the Royal Agricultural Society, but being too volum-
inous for the Journal, it was published by the author in a separate form.
A more readable and condensed article at the same time appeared in the
Society's Journal, which was written by Mr. Barugh Almack, of London.
Fifteen years after the appearance of these simultaneous Reports, Mr. C. S.
Read compiled a paper, at the request of the Royal Agricultural Society, on
the improvements that had taken place in the farming of Norfolk since the
year 1844. This is the last record of the farming of the county, and from
it will be extracted some of the matter wliich we propose now to place before
our readers.
The difi'erent soils of the county may be ranged under five heads. First
in extent and importance is that part of West Norfolk which rests on the
Upper Chalk .; a naturally weals ,"3oil, but wliioh; lt>y good husbandry, has
AGRICULTURE. 61
been made to produce abundant crops ; 2nd, that large tract of blowing sand
which comi)rises the great portion of the S.W. of the county, a district
formerly all rabbit warren and sheep walk, and which, though much un-
proved, must ever remain comparatively barren land ; 3rd, there are the
stiffer soils of the county, which begin with a broad patch at the S.E.
corner, and are interspersed over a good part of mid-Norfolk ; 4th, we have
the naturally good soils to the N.E. of Norwich; and then, under the 5tli
and last division, may be placed those diluvial deposits which form the fen
lands of the West, and the gTass marshes to the East of the county. It
often happens that the greatest improvements have been made on the worst
land, and Norfolk is no exception to this general rule. Its naturally fertile
soils have produced good roots and have given good crops for centuries ; it
is in the lighter description of land where modern agriculture has chiefly
progressed ; and in Norfolk there are other causes to promote this advance.
The land in West Norfolk is chiefly held by large proprietors ; in the East
there is hardly an estate of any size. The landlords of West Norfolk for
the most part, let their lands at moderate rents, and grant long and liberal
leases. The lesser proprietors of East Norfolk farm much of their estates
themselves, and let their small farms from year to year at high rents. To
the west, the land is laid out in large fields, and the soil is well adapted for
sheep ; in the east the inclosures are small, the hedge-row timber abund-
ant, and the land not calculated to winter sheep. This comparison might
be carried still further, but enough has been said to show in which part of
the county the greatest agricultural improvements will be found. The
weakest and most porous soils of Norfolk have been consolidated and almost
entirely changed in character by the repeated dressings of clay and marl
which they have periodically received. The clay is of a calcareous natm*e,
and the marl is a soft kind of chalk, and happily either one or the other of
these sub-strata is foimd under the chief part of the light land in Norfolk.
What has been the grand principle of all agricultural improvements is the
establishment of a good rotation of cropping, and the best and most simple
of all these rotations is the four-course or Norfolk system of cropping. This
term of cropping extends, as the name would imply, only over 4 years : —
The first and most important being roots, (mangel wurtzel, swedes, or white
turnips) ; second, barley ; third, grass seeds, such as clover, trefoil, sainfoin or
the like, and the foui'th and last year, w^heat. It is by having the root and
green crops to alternate with corn, and not allow^ing two white straw crops
to succeed each other, that land, which half a century ago produced only a
scanty crop of rye, now grov/s an abundant yield of wheat and barley. The
preparation of the land for roots generally begins in the autumn ; in fact, as
soon as the ground has been cleared of the previous corn crop. This
autumnal tillage is of the greatest advantage in cleansing the land from
couch grass and weeds ; otherwise, stiiTing land at that usually dry season
of the year is not often productive of the good which a similar treatment
effects on more retentive soils. The number of ploughings given for mangel
wurtzel and swedes is much diminished of late, especially if the land is free
from weeds, the scarifier and other implements which cultivate and stir the
land without inverting and drying it too much, being more frequently used
in the spring. The chief part of these roots is drilled on ridges or baulks 27
inches wide, the white turnip being generally sown on the flat. The most
approved plan of manuring for roots is to apply a mixture of farm yard dung
and artificial manures, but in many districts the turnips are grown exclu-
sively with artificial fertiHzers, the farm manure being all kept for the wheat
crop. Soon after Michaelmas, the mangolds are removed from the field and
haled close by the homestead, and there covered with straw and mould for
spring use. The leaves are spread over the land, which is sown with barley
early in the following year, or at once ploughed and planted with wheat.
A portion of the swedes are carted to the yards for the bullocks, and the
62 HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
remainder are eaten on the land by sheep, which are inclosed in hurdles,
and have the roots cut small by a machine and supplied to them in troughs.
They have also an allowance of hay, chaiF, and cake, while the bullocks in
the yard are also supplied with some dry provender and plenty of artificial
food. White turnips are not extensively grown except on farms where ev/e
flocks are kept. The land on which the sheep have consumed the turnips
is ]3loughed once or twice for barley, and that grain is drilled as early in the
spring as possible, the chief part being iDlanted these last two seasons in
February. The grass seeds for next year's hay are sown at the same time
v>'ith the barley or shortly after it is up, and merely rolled in. The clovers, &.c.,
in the following year, are either cut for hay or feed, principally with sheep,
all through the summer, and then having received some sort of a dressing
of manure, are ploughed once, and the wheat drilled in the autumn. This
concludes the main operations of the four-course or Norfolk system of crop-
ping, and the rotation commences again with the preparation of the land for
the root crops.
The quantity of permanent grass in Norfolk is small in proportion to the
extent of arable land. There are but few really good pastures or meadows,
except some of ihe latter which are irrigated. A useful tract of grass
marshes extends along the banks of the Yare and the Biu'e, and there is
some good grazing land in the vicinity of Lynn. The management of
the pastiu'es in Norfolk has Httle to recommend it ; all possible care is taken
to cultivate the arable land well, but the small extent of grass ground is
generally badly farmed.
But few of the cattle grazed in Norfolk are bred in the county. The fat
oxen for which it is so celebrated are mostly grazed m the winter, and are
fed in loose boxes, stalls, or small open yards. The majority are bought on
Norwich Hill or at the County markets and fairs during the autumn, and
sold principally for the London Markets from January to July. It is during
this half of the year that Norfolk furnishes the Metropolis with such grand
supphes of the best beef, and the total quantity of bullocks annually fattened
in tiie county has been estimated at 100,000. Formerly the cattle grazed
were chiefly Galloway scots ; but now fev/ of them find tlieir way to Norfolk,
and the cattle wliicli the Norfolk farmers principally buy are the shorthorns
and the Irish crosses. What cattle are reared in the county are mostly the
polled Norfolks ; and the dairies, which are few and small now-a-days, are
chiefly com]Dosed of cows of the same hornless breed. Recently the most
laudable efi"orts have been made to improve the long neglected Norfolks,
and after a few generations of careful breeding and judicious selection, it is
probable that the steers will be as celebrated for their early production of
beef, as the cows have long been for the quantity and quahty of then- milk.
The old Norfolk sliee}^ are well nigh extinct, but a hardy black-faced sort of
ewe, which is descended from them, with a large admixture of good down
blood, now composes the chief part of the flocks in Norfolk. These ewes are
generally crossed with long-woolled rams, and the produce is an excellent
half-bred lamb, which unites both quahty and quantity of wool and mutton,
and is sold fat in the London markets when about 14 months old. There
are also many flocks of pure southdowns, but these are mostly on the farms
of the nobihty and gentry, their tenants generally preferring the improved
and hardy descendants of the old NorfoU^ sheep, and they are certainly well-
adapted for the scanty herbage and strong exercise of their barren sheep
v/alks. The Norfolk ^jif/ is a narrow, flat-sided, long nosed animal, a gi'eat
consumer and a bad grazier. No county in England has worse porcine
stock, and as the chief pig breeders are the small farmers, there is not much
chance of any gi-eat improvement. Norfolk was, some long time ago, cele-
brated for its trotting cobs : that useful stamp of horse has almost passed
away, and what few remain arc sadly degenerated. The cart horses are of
no particular or distinctive breed ; but the old Norfolk browns and bays are
AGRICULTURE. 6B
a most useful class of cart horse, — they are quick and active steppers, and
first-rate workers, and have far better constitutions, better legs, and better
feet, than their more fashionable neighbom-s — the Suffolks.
The agricultui'al labourer of '^OTiolk is second to none in the kingdom; he
may not perform all the operations of husbandry, such as rick building,
thatching, hedging, and the hke, in the same style and vdth. the same neat-
ness as the laboiu'ers of other counties, but for doing the generality of farm
work quickly and well, there are few that are his equal. The weekly wages
of the common farm labourer vary fi'om 9s. to 123., according to the price
of wheat ; but at turnip hoeing, grass mowing, and almost all sorts of taken
v.'ork, he can earn 2s. 6d. a day. His harvest wages also average ^'6, which
will be about SOs. per week. Although the price of all task work in Norfolli
is higher than it was a few yeai'S ago, it is yet done as skilfully and as cheaply
as in any agricultural district of tlie kingdom. The soil of Norfolk being
mostly friable and easily tilled, does not require a heavy and strong class of
implements for its cultivation. Consequently the strange looking Norfolk
plough, with its rampant beam and high fore carriage, and the old wooden
haiTows, are still greatly in vogue, and hold their own, against the modem
iron ploughs and harrows wliich have succeeded so universally in many
other counties. Steam cultiu'e for a similar reason has not made much
progress, and as long as a man and a pair of light horses will plough an
acre and a half of land in a day, it is not likely that steam cultivation, for
some time at least, will become general in this county. On tlie other hand,
steam thrashing engines have entii'ely superseded the old horse power
machines, and the still more ancient flail is hardly to be found in many
parishes. Reaping machines are common in the large farms of the coimty,
but grass mowers are not at present so numerous.
" Muck is the mother of money," says the old proverb, and so tlie Nor-
folk farmer's sheet anchor is his farm-yard manure. But he calls in the aid
of many auxiliaries to fertilize his fields in the shape of guano, supsrphos-
Ijhate, bones, rapecake, salt, l^c. The quantity of artificial fertilizer used in
Norfolk is enonnous ; the nitrogeueous manures, such as guano, niti'ate of
soda, and the like, being mostly apphed for corn, and the phosphates for
the turnips. In addition to this large outlay, the Norfolk farmers spend a
fabulous sum in the pm-chase of artificial food. The chief of these feeding
stufi's is linseed cake, which is consumed by sheep and cattle, while the more
recently inti'oduced cotton seed cake finds many customers, and is con-
sidered a cheap and healthy food, especially for sheep. Farmer's Clubs do
not flourish in Norfolk : of the list Mr. Bacon gave, not one now remains.
Agricultural Societies and Institutions for rewarding agricultural laboui'ers
seem to take and last better. There ai"e very many of these district associa-
tions, and the county has now a good agricultural society, which was formed
by the amalgamation of the East and West Norfolk Associations in 1840. The
meetings of the Norfolk Agricultural Society have for nearly 20 years been
held alternately at Norfolk and Swaffham, but other towns are now to be
visited, and the meetings at Dereham in 1862 and at Yarmouth in 1863,
have been by far the most pleasant and prosperous gatherings the society has
yet had. Moreover, the association now boasts of the Prince of "Wales as
its patron.
Norfolk has always been celebrated for its Game, and there is nowhere
such parti'idge shooting to be found. But the over preseiwation of game has
done much to retard agricultui-al progTess. Wing game, especially pai'tiidges,
do the farmer reaUy hardly any sort of hai-m, but hares and rabbits are very
destructive to all crops. Good and profitable farming and an excessive
quantity of foot game cannot exist together, and though this over preserva-
tion of hares and rabbits is happily not so common as it was when tlie last
edition of this work was issued, yet there are some estates in the county
where the quantity of foot game is still uni-easonably lai'ge. Norfolk was
64
HISTORY OF NORFOLK.
never much of a limiting county, but recently two packs of fox Iwunds have
been established and there are sundry small kennels of harriers kept by
gentlemen or yeomen in various parts of the county.
It is very difiQ.cult to arrive at any correct data for estimating the actual
increase of farm produce in this or aii}^ other county, because statistics and
returns, although, unhappily by no means general now, are of a compara-
tively recent date. The quantity of wheat sold in Norwich market may,
perhaps, faintly shadow forth some correct notion of its increased growth in
the district which surrounds the cit}'-, and we therefore give three returns
which were made at irregular intervals, viz.: — 1805 — 25,422 quarters;
1843—124,872 quarters; and, 1857—168,739 quarters. The foUo^Aing
statistics were collected by Su* John Walsham in 1853-4. From them some
idea may be gathered of the productive power of this county, and they form
a reliable source of information as to the state of the crops and the number
of stock then kept. Comparisons, if they are not always odious, are seldom
pleasing, and so but one will be attempted. It is simply this : that in 1854
tliere were 267,000 more acres of wheat and barley grown in Norfolk and
Suffolk than in the Vv^hole of Scotland ; and the county of Norfolk alone pro-
duced 1,290,373 more bushels of wheat than all the land north of the Tweed.
Total number of Acres in the County... .1,281,278.
Acres under
Wheat 202,971
Barley . • 173,831
Oats 35,203
Rye 5,807
Beans and Peas 20,767
Vetches 3,252
Turnips 161,186
Mangold 16,274
Carrots 757
Potatoes 1,958
217
Tillage : —
Flax
Other Crops, such as Cab-
bages, &c 8,074
Bare Fallow 10,202
Clover, Lucerne, and other
artificial Grasses 171,891
Permanent Pasture 192,745
Total 1,005,135
Live Stock : —
Horses 56,350
Cattle 99,928
Sheep 841,591
Pigs 99,773
Sir John Walsham, being " supplied with a very considerable number of
estimates of i)roduce, upon which he was justified in placing full reliance,
from every part of Norfolk," published the following as the average produce
of cereals per acre, and the produce of the whole county : —
PER ACRE.
Wheat 30 bushels 1 peck
Barley 38 „ 2 „
Oats 46 „ „
WHOLE COUNTY.
6,139,872 bushels.
6,692,493 „
1,619,236 „
These are creditable averages for a county, the greater part of which has a
naturally barren soil. A yield of 30 bushels per acre over an extent of
more than 200,000 acres, includuig thin chalks, hungry gi-avels, and blow-
ing sands, is a respectable crop, and shows what good farming has done for
this county. There is but a small portion of Norfolk that can be considered
the natural soil for wheat, and it is therefore the more creditable that the
farmers have produced such an increase of the staff of life. It is different
wdth barley, for in favourable seasons large crops of that gi'ain, and of
superior quaUty, are readily grown. Oats do not appear to suit the soil
or climate very well ; the yield is insignificant w^hen compai-ed with that of
other counties, whose averages of wheat and barley fall far below those of
Norfolk. But oats, when they form part of a rotation, are only grown on
the poorest soils ; when sown on better land they generally foUow wheat,
and of course do not yield so largely as if they grew after turnips, or wei;e
planted on ley-ground.
AGRICULTUEE. 65
Too much praise cannot be accorded to those great and generous land-
owners who were the first pioneers of agricultural improvement, and who
by granting long and liberal leases, and building good houses and con-
venient farm premises, gave the tenants a fair stai't in their new and enter-
prising undertakings. That these tenants, and their descendants were not
slow to avail themselves of such sohd advantages, the results that we have
chronicled will abundantly prove, wliile the rent rolls of the landlords have
been doubled, and the pockets of tlie tenantry have been well filled. More
recently the agriculturist has had to pass through many seasons of depres-
sion, arising partly from bad crops, but more generally the result of our
great commercial changes, and the last few years have also been most un-
favourable for the farmers of Norfolk. But they still continue to farm well
and endeavour to meet then* altered cu'cumstances by applying all the
modern aids that science has brought within their reach. The character of
the Norfolk farmer was well delineated 20 years ago by Mr. Bacon, 8Jid we
cannot do better than record it here at the conclusion of these remarks on
the agriculture of the county, merely adding that if those encomiums were
deserved then, they are still more appropriate at the present day. Mr.
Bacon had been reviewing the general advancement of the agriculture of the
county, and thus sums up his idea of the farmers — " The eff"ect of this ad-
vance upon the tenants themselves is what might justly be expected from
the employment of greater capital and enlarged minds and information.
They are generous, independent, hospitable, free, intelligent, and very many
have carried intellectual pursuits and aquirements far beyond the race of
farmers of former times. They are wisely anxious to avail themselves of
those opportunities which the increasing intelligence demands of every man
the important business of whose life it is to provide for the wants of a
powerful, intellectual, and extended empire."
Arterial Drainage. — The great level of the Fens, interesting subject
though it be, can hardly claim much notice under the head of Norfolk farm-
ing. Its agriculture is so exceptional that it would require a separate
article to detail the various particulars of its culture and management. Yet
we may briefly summarise the grand improvement of the fens, under the
two heads of draining and claying. The one without the other does but little
good. Happily beneath a great part of the fens runs a stratum of clay
which in some localities is buried with only one or two feet of peat : at
others it cannot be reached under 10 or even 20 feet, while in some in-
stances there is no clay to be found, but a deep bed of peat rests upon a
running sand. It is only by the admixture of clay with the peat that the
fertility of the fen country is estabhshed. Where the peat is light and no
clay can be procured to dress it, then the draining does no good beyond
securing the lands from floods. Indeed, in the fens about Methwold, arable
cultivation has been abandoned, the mill-dykes have been dammed up,
the water kept within a few inches of the surface, and the land allowed to
grow its coarse and subaquatic herbage as of yore. The two great inunda-
tions that have lately befallen this low-lying district have brought the fens
most prominently before the pubHc, alternately exercising their indignation
at the mis-management of the drainage and their commiseration "v^dth the
unfortunate sufferers. The vast destruction of property caused by the fall-
ing of the Middle Level Sluice, has been put forth at such fabidous sums
that it set people wondering over the natural fertility of land that a few
years ago was useful only for snipe shooting. Yet few of these calculators
seemed to be aware that the greater portion of the drained district might
have a natural or sluice drainage, similar to that of the marshes to the
east of Lincolnshire. The drainage of the fens was begun, like all other
piecemeal drainage, at the wrong end. Owners naturally thought more of
pumping the water off their own lands than of discovering the best means
of discharging the main outlet into the sea. Had one grand outfall been
E
QQ HISTORY OF NORFOLK,
first properly developed, half the expense and all the danger of draining the
fens might have been saved. In East Norfolk the main water courses
have naturally sluggish and tortuous courses. The Thames, in its run of
145 miles, has a fall of 258 feet, but the Yare between Norwich and Yar-
mouth has barely a fall of 4 inches a mile. It is therefore highly neces-
sary that the greater care and attention should be bestowed upon the arterial
drainage of the county, and it may not be uninteresting to give a short
review of the present state of the great outfalls in East Norfolk. Consider-
able improvements have recently been made in the Yare. Among the chief
may be mentioned the opening of the water-way at the new bridge at Yar-
mouth, from 80 to 140 feet. The beneficial effect of this is felt even as
high up the river as Norwich. Then the Burgh Flats have been well
dredged, and the Reedham, Buckingham, and SurUngham Ferries, which
greatly projected into the river, have been set back ; and about a mile
above the confluence with the Wensum, the old Bishop-Bridge, at Nor-
wich, has had its third arch re-opened for the passage of the flood-waters.
But report says, and there appears to be some reason in the rumour,
that this favoured river has absorbed all the money that should have been
shared by her less fortunate sisters, the Bure and the Waveney. Cer-
tainly the river Bure is in a lamentable state. The shoals and mud
almost stop the navigation, as well as choke the drainage. The surveyor to
the Haven and Pier Commissioners of Yarmouth annually reports that it is
requisite to expend several hundred pounds in dredging and improving this
river, and yet nothing of importance is ever done. When one looks at the
length and breadth of the Bure and its tributaries, the Ant and the Thurne,
the importance and necessity of these improvements is at once apparent ;
few rivers drain a more valuable district, and very few that could be so
easily improved are so shamefully neglected. The chain of broads or small
lakes — Filby, RoUesby, and Ormsby — which discharge by the Much-Jleet
into the Bure just below Acle bridge, contain about 700 acres of water.
Tliis Muck- fleet (appropriately named, for it is both fleet and dirty) is about
two miles long in its windings and is stuffed up v/ith mud, and the sluices
are much too small and the sills not low enough. Almost a thousand acres
of sMrtland, bordering on the Broads drained by the Muck-fleet, would be
greatly improved, perhaps, to the extent of 10s. an acre in annual value, by
the permanent lowering of the water in the Broads. The total basin of the
Broads (i.e., the high land from which the water runs off" to them) is about
8 or 9,000 acres. It is easy at once to comprehend hov/ much good might
here be accomplished at a very trifling expense ; and it may be as well to
mention that a scheme for rendering the Muck- fleet navigable and at the
same time to improve and develope the resources as well drain the whole
district was upset by one large proprietor, because he thought his game and
wild fowl might be disturbed by the noise of the water men and traffic of the
barges ! The flood waters of the Waveney rise with singular rapidity. The
drainage is almost all from land l^dng high above it, and a large proportion
of its waters is derived from the strong Suffolk clay. In many v/inters the
chief part of the marshes along the Waveney are under water for months
at a time. It is not probable that floods in this valley will be entirely pre-
vented, but their duration may be greatly and very easily curtailed. There
is a lock near Bungay, another at Ellingham, and a third at Ship-meadow ;
so there is plenty of fall. Beccles bridge is an old low arched structure
which ponds back the water of the river ; the railway bridge at Aldeby
also impedes its progress, and then there is Mutford lock which holds it up
from reaching its natural outfall into the sea, through Lake Lothing, at
Lowestoft. And so the Waveney is forced round 15 miles to help to scour
out Yarmouth harbour !
Into the sanitary part of this vexed question it is not our intention to
enter, but we cannot refrain from stating a fact or two about the valley of
f
ARTEKIAL DRAINAGE. gy
the Waveney. The parishes which border the river are always very un-
healthy in the latter part of the winter and all through the spring. The
marshes that have been long flooded stink fearfully as the heat increases,
and even to villages 100 feet above the river, the miasma ascends and fevers
are most fatal. The mortaUty of these parishes is li; per cent, in excess of
other well drained rural districts, and taking the population of tlie parishes
along the Waveney at 400 each, one human being in every parish is each
year killed by that stagnant river. It is unnecessary to state that the same
calculation with the like fatal results would apply to all the badly drained
and flooded districts of Norfolk.
From these few facts it will at once be seen how sad is the state of the
gTeat Norfolk rivers, and how absolutely necessary it is that some better
system of trunk di'ainage should be at once adopted, ahke for the benefit of
the farmer and the public. The Land Drainage Act of 1861 has not been
at present tried in this county, save on the Wissey or Stoke Ferry river ;
the expenses of a commission and the cost of law charges and compensa-
tions appear to make the sufi'erers " Rather bear those ills they have, than
fly to otiiers that they know not of."
Botany. — A County that has given bu-th to a Smith, a Hooker, and a
Lindley, — three of the brightest names in the science of Modern Botany,
and that has been submitted to the careful investigation of a host of prac-
tical Botanists, both native and foreign, for the last hundred years, may
reasonably be expected to aflbrd a rich and abundant Flora, although not
possessing all the natural advantages for the production of those rarer wild
plants that are seldom found except in the more favoured localities. Nearly
sixty years ago it was said by the learned President of the Linn^ean Society,
that the Botany of Norfolk was become celebrated, and that its Flora had
proved richer, he believed, than that of any other county, because it had
been more closely investigated. In the number of species of ii^ Flowering
Plants, at least, the Flora of Norfolk is far above the average, when com-
pared with other coimties of equal extent ; a very large proportion of the
whole of the Phanerogamea;, now admitted into the general Floras being
found in the county. In Babington's " Manual of British Botany, con-
taining the Flowering Plants and Ferns," (4th edition, 1856), there are
1767 species enumerated as gTowing wild in England, Scotland, Ii-eland,
and the Channel Islands. Of this number 1027 (besides about 40 which
are generally considered mere varieties,^ and as such are marked with a
dagger f), are given in the following list. Tliis will appear- an unusually
large result, if we are prepared to agree in Mr. H. C. Watson's statement, that
" on the average a single county appears to contain somewhat less than
one-half of the whole number of species found in Britain." But Mr. Wat-
son, to whom British Botanists are so largely indebted for his valuable
works on their favourite pursuit, calculates the total number of flowering
wild plants gTowing in the British Isles, at a much lower rate than has
commonly been done ; the extreme limit, as he thmks, not being above
1400 ; while Smith's " EngHsh Flora" contains 1503 species, Gray's
" Natural Arrangement" gives 1636, the several editions of Hooker's
" British Flora" from 1500 to 1520, Lindley's " Synopsis of the British
Flora," which does not contain the ferns and their allies, has 1520, and
Babington's " Manual," as we have seen, 1767. Contrary then, to Mr.
Watson's statement, the number of the flowering plants found in the county
is considerably more than the half of the whole number of species found in
Britain.
In drawing up the succeeding List of Norfolk Phanerogamese, the scien-
tific nomenclature and an-angement made use of are, with very few excep-
tions, those of the 4th edition of Babington's " Manual;" while most of the
English names are borrowed from Hooker's " British Flora." For infor-
mation respecting the particular species, that is, whether it is traly in-
E 2
68 BOTANY OF NOBFOLE.
digeiious, or natui'alisecl, or introduced, or perhaps an outcast from gardens,
tlie reader is referred to tlie general Floras, one or more of which will bo
of course, in the hands of every Botanist. Notwithstanding the large num-
ber of species of flowering plants recorded in the Flora of Norfolk, it is
probable that those of more than one genus might bo still further added to ;
thus, in the genus Rubus, we have only 7 species recorded, while Babington
gives 41; in Rosa 7 only, out of 19; in Hieracium 5 only, out of 33; but
most of the species of this genus are inhabitants of lofty mountains, and
cannot be expected to occur in our flat county. These hints may be of some
use to the young Norfolk Botanist, by leading him to investigate the above-
named genera with redoubled diligence.
The nomenclature and arrangement of the Norfolk Cryptogamea, or
Flowerless Plants, are those of Hooker's " British Flora ;" and in drawing
up this part of the list the compiler acknowledges himself very greatly in-
debted to a valuable catalogue of all the orders of this vast class, with the
exception of the Fungi, which was jDrinted about 30 years since, in the
" Sketch of the Natiu-al History of Yarmouth," by Messrs. C. J. and James
Paget. But as the catalogue of the Messrs. Paget embraces only a small
district on the east side of the county, it has been found necessary to make
considerable additions to it from other sources. The number of species,
even of the Algae, which appear to have been carefully investigated by them,
has been increased ; for it could hardly be expected that all the sea- weeds
met with on the Norfolk coast, extending to a length of about 80 miles,
should have been found within 10 miles of Yarmouth. An apology seems
here necessary for the extreme meagerness of the hst of Norfolk Fungi, an
order of unmense extent, and universal distribution. No professed mj^colo-
gist, it is behoved, has ever resided in the county ; nor has any list of tho
species of this vast family, here met with, been ever published ; the com-
piler was therefore obliged to have recourse to his own notes, made
occasionally, when in pursuit of other objects, and limited to a small part
only of the western division of the county. To these he has added the
Norfolk locahties that are pointed out in the Rev. M. J. Berkeley's elaborate
work on the Fungi, printed in Hooker's " British Flora," — and those in an
imperfect copy of Sowerby's " Coloured Figures of English Fungi," the only
one within his reach. The list here presented, indeed, professes to be little
more than a compilation, composed of what has been said about the
localities of plants, in the pages of the great work on " English Botany,"
with coloured plates, in 40 volumes ; in the modern general Floras ; in
Watson's " New Botanist's Guide;" and in the local Floras to be presently
mentioned. But while this admission is made, it is but right to say that in
bye-gone years we chd not spare our own labours in the field, nor were we
imgrateful for the numerous contributions received from our botanical
friends. We have thus gathered together all the botanical productions that
have been recorded as growing wild in Norfolk. Possibly some of them may
now, from various causes, be utterly extinct, or may be searched for in vain
in the locahties indicated ; while perhaps a very few of them may never
have been found in the county at all, but may have been mistaken for some
other species. Still a record of the ivliole aj^pears to be desirable. We
would also observe that the distribution of many species is much more
general than might be inferred from the blank line in the following list which
does not always imply that the plant is not to be found in the division where
it is not marked, but only that it has not been recorded there.
Although it is now almost universally admitted that tlie geological
character of a district exercises very great influence over its vegetation, yet
we are of opinion with a writer in the " Phytologist," " that it is by the sur-
face soil in which they grow that plants are afi"ected, and not by the rocks
or strata over which they occur, unless the latter happen to lie so near to
the surface as to afi"ect the surface soil, by altering its constituent parts, or
BOTANY OF NORFOLK. 69
modifying its proportions." To enter, therefore, on a detailed account of
the geological aspect of the district would be superfluous ; but to raark, in
sorae degree, the distribution of species throughout the county, we have
divided it into tliree, or rather /owr parts ; and shall briefly mention the pre-
vaihng strata of each part as we proceed.
First. The Eastern Division, (marked " e." in the list), whose western
side has for its boundary an imaginaiy line running nortii and south, from
Cromer to a little east of Harleston. This division contains the alluvium
of the vallies of the Yare, the Bui-e, and the Waveney ; the Blue Clay or
WrecTi of tJte Lias, which occupies the higher ground of the same valleys ;
next to which we meet with the larger part of the Crag formation, and then
asmall portion of the Upj^er Chalk, at the south western corner of the
division. The botanical productions of a considerable part of this division,
with the exception of the Fimgi, have been thoroughly investigated in the
admirable " Sketch of the Natiu*al History of Yarmouth," by Messrs. C. J.
and James Paget, already mentioned. This work embraces a radius of about
10 miles, and includes a small projecting corner of the county of Sufi'olk.
In the succeeding list, therefore, a few Sufi'olk plants are admitted, and
marked E. ; but nearly eveiy one of them occurs in some part or other of
Norfolk.
Second. The Central Division, separated into north and south by an
imaginary line running east and west, from Norwich to Swaffliam, (marked
respectively "nc." and "sc." in the list), and having for its western bound-
ary another imaginary line passing north and south from Brancaster to two
or three miles west of Thetford. This large division, with the exception of
the north-east comer, which is Crag, lies entirely on the Upper and Medial
Chalk formations. Its botany has, as yet, been but partially recorded ; as
in the " Flora of Central Norfolk," by Mr. R. J. Mann, printed in the 4th
volume of Loudon's "Magazine of Natural History;" this embraces no
more than what could be accomplished in a day's walk from Norwich. To
this Flora Mr. S. P. Woodward printed an addenda, in the 43rd number of
the " Annals and Magazine of Natural History." Neither of these contains
more than a very few Cryptogamous Plants, and no Fungi. And this is all
we have of the Flora of Central Norfolk, leaving the botanical jDroductions
of full three-fourths of this large division entkely unnoticed, except by the
casual observer. A few, however, of those that grow beyond the neighbour-
hood of Norwich are noted in IVIr. Wigham's " Plants of Norfolk," printed
in Chambers's " History of the County."
Thied. The Western Division, (marked " w." in the list) , which comprises
all that remains of the county, and contains geological features of a much
more varied kind ; thus, the north-east comer is occupied by a small por-
tion of the Medial Chalk ; to which succeeds a belt of the Hard Chalk, run-
ning from Hunstanton to the banks of the Little Ouse; then follows a
narrower belt of the Chalk Marl, succeeded by^ about the same width of
Greensand or Carstone ; and the series ends with a very narrow line of
Kimmeridge Clay and Oolite, which runs from Heacham till it nearly reaches
the "Wissey. The extreme west of the county is occupied by the alluvium
of Marshland, and of the vallies of the Ouse, the Wissey, and the Nar. In
1841, " A List of the Flowering Plants found growing wild in Western
Norfolk," was printed in the "Annals and Magazine of Natural History,"
by the present compiler; and in 1843, "A Flora of the Neighbourhood of
Sandringham," now celebrated as the Norfolk residence of the Piince of
Wales, was printed in the 1st volume of the " Phytologist," by Mr. James
Moxon. This Flora embraces a radius of three miles from Sandringham
church, and is contained within the divisions previously investigated by the
compiler of the following Hsfc.
In concluding this brief introduction to the List of Botanical Productions
of Norfolk, it only remains to observe that the great diversity of soil in the
70
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
county, arising more or less from the disintegration of so many rocks or
strata, would naturally lead a botanist to expect a considerable diversity in the
vec^etation ; and this we may venture to promise him ; but we cannot point
out to him a single species that is pecuharly and exclusively our own,
though there are many that rank among the rariores of the British Flora.
I. PHANEROGAME^, on FLOWERING PLANTS.
CLASS I.— DICOTYLEDONES.
Order
Clematis Vitalba
Thalictrum minus ...
majus . . .
flavum . . .
Anemone Pulsatilla ...
nemorosa
Adonis autumnalis ...
Myosurus minimus ...
Ptanunculus aquatilis
— pantothrixf
~ circinnatusf
— — hederaceus
Lingua . . .
Flammula
reptansf...
Ficaria ...
auricomus
sceleratus
— acris
— . rep ens ...
— bulbosus
• hirsutus ...
arvensis...
parviflorus
Caltha palustris
radicans
Helleborus viridisf . . .
foetidus ...
Aquilegia vul garis
Aconitum Napellus . . .
Delphinium Consolida
Order II.
Berberis vulgaris
Order III.
Nymphcea alba
Nupharlutea ...
Order
Papaver Argemone
hybridum
Rhseas
dubium
somniferum
Roemeria hybrida
Glaucium luteum
phseniceum
CheHdonium majus ..
I. Ranunculace.e. The Groirfoot Tribe.
Travellers' Joy
Lesser Meadow rue
Greater Meadow-rue
Common Meado w-rue
... Pasque-flower
... Wood Anemone
... Pheasant's-eye
... Mouse-tail
... Water Crowfoot
... Rigid-leaved Water Crowfoot
. . . Rounded-leavedWaterCrowfoot
... Ivy-leaved Crowfoot
... Great Spearwort
... Lesser Spearwort ...
... Least Spearwort ...
... Pile wort Crowfoot
... Goldilocks
... Celery-leaved Crowfoot ...
... Upright Crowfoot
... Creeping Crowfoot...
,.. Bulbous Crowfoot ...
... Hauw Crowfoot
... Corn Crowfoot
... Small-flowered Crowfoot ...
... Marsh Marigold
. . . Creeping Marsh Marigold . . .
... Green Hellebore ...
... Stinking Hellebore
... Common Columbine
. . . Common Monk's-hood
. . . Field L arksiour
Berberidace^. The Barherry Tribe.
... Common Barberry... ... e.
NYMPH^EACEiE. The Water Lily Tribe
. . . White Water Lily ... e.
... Yellow Water Lily ... e.
. PAPAVERAOEyE. The Poppy Tribe.
... Prickly-headed Poppy ... e.
.,, Rough-headed Poppy
. . . Common Red Poppy
... Smooth-headed Poppy
... White Poppy
... Violet Horned-i)oppy
... Yellow Horned-poppy ... e. —
... Scarlet Horned-poppy ... — nc.
... Common Celandine ... e. nc.
e.
nc.
sc.
— ,
—
—
—
w.
—
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
—
nc.
—
—
e.
—
—
w.
,
nc.
•— ■
w.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
—
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e,
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e
nc.
sc.
w.
—
—
—
w.
e.
—
■ —
w.
—
• —
■ w.
e.
e,
e.
. —
w.
■ w.
nc.
— w
I\
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— — w.
nc.
sc. w.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
FLOWERING PLANTS.
71
Oeder '^
Coiydalis lutea
claviculata
Fumaria capreolata.
officinalis
parviflora
Order VI. Crucifer.^
Clieiranthus Cheiri
Nasturtium officinale
sylvestre
terrestre
ampliibium
Barbarea vulgaris .. .
prsecox
Turi'itis glabra
Ai'abis hirsuta
Carclamine hirsuta ,..
pratensis
amara
Hesperis matronalis ...
Sisymbrium officinale
Sophia
thalianum
Alliaria officinalis ... .
Erysimum cheirantlioides
Brassica oleracea ... .
campestris
Rapaf ,.. .
Napus
Sinapis nigra
arvensis ... .
alba
Diplotaxis tenuifolia
Koniga maritima ... .
Draba verna
Coclilearia officinalis
danica ... ,
anglica
Armoracia rusticana
Camelina sativa
Thlaspi arvense
Teesdalia nudicaulis
Iberis amara
Lei^idium campestre
Smitliii ... .
ruderale ...
latifolium
Capsella Bursa-pastoris .
Senebiera Coronopus
Isatis tinctoria ... .
Caldle maritima
Crambe maritima
Raphanus Raplianistrum
Order VII.
Reseda lutea
Luteola ... .
Order VIII
Helianthemum vulgare .
FuMARiACE^. The Fumitory Tribe.
.. Yellow Fumitory ... — nc. sc. —
.. White Climbing Fumitory e. — ■ —
.. Ramping Fumitory ... e. — —
.. Common Fumitory ... e. nc. sc.
.. Small-flowered Fumitorj'- e. — —
The Cress, Cabbage, and Mustard Tribe.
.. Common Wallflower ... e. nc. sc.
. Water-cress e. nc'. sc.
,. Creeping Nasturtium ... e. — —
. Marsh Nasturtium ... e. — —
,. Amx^hibious Nasturtium ... e. — —
,. Yellow Rocket ... ... e. nc. sc.
. Early Winter-cress ... e. — —
,. Tower-mustard ... ... e. — —
,. Hairy Rock-cress e. — —
,, Hairy Bitter-cress ... e. nc.
,. Common Bitter-cress ... e. nc.
. Bitter Lady's Smock ... e. nc.
,. Dame's Violet ... ...
. Hedge-mustard
,. Flixweed ...
,. Common Thale-cress
,. Jack-by-the-Hedge
Worm-seed
,. Sea Cabbage
,. Common Wild Navew
,. Common Turnip ...
.. Rape, or Cole-seed
.. Common Mustard
.. Wild Mustard, or Charlock
,. White Mustard
,. Wall-mustard
,. Sea-side Koniga
,. "Whitlow- grass
.. Common Scurvy-grass
. Danish Scurvy-grass
,. Enghsli Scuiwy-grass
. Horse-radish
,. Gold-of-Pleasui'e ... —
.. Penny-cress ... ... e.
.. Naked-stalked Teesdalia ... e.
,. Bitter Candytuft ... —
,. Mithridate Pepper-wort e.
., Smith's Pepper- wort ... e. —
.. Narrow-leaved Pepper- wort e. nc.
.. Broad-leaved Pepper-wort — nc.
.. Shepherd's Purse e. nc.
.. Wai-t-cress e. nc.
,. Dyer's Woad
.. Purple Sea Rocket ... e. —
.. Sea Kale e. nc.
Jointed Radish e. nc.
Resedace^. The Mignonette Tribe.
.. Wild Mignonette e. nc. sc. w.
.. Dyers' Rocket e. nc. sc. w.
CisTACEiE. The RocJc-Bose Tribe.
„ Rock-roae sc. w.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e,
e.
e.
e. — —
— nc. sc.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w,
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
sc. w.
sc.
sc.
72
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Order IX
Viola palustris
odorata
suavisf
liirta
canina
. flavicornisf ... .
lacteaf
tricolor
arvensisf
Order X.
Drosera rotundifolia ... ..
longifolia
anglica.
Parnassia palustris ... .
Order XI.
Poly gala vulgaris
Order XII.
Frankenia .laeyis
Order XIII
nc. sc.
nc. sc.
. Violace^. The Violet Tribe.
,. Marsh Violet e. — —
.. Sweet Violet e. nc. sc.
. Fragrant Violet e. — —
,. Hairy Violet —
,. Dog Violet e.
.. Yellow- spurred Violet ... e.
.. Cream-coloured Violet ... e.
,. Pansy, or Heart's-ease ... e.
,. Field Violet —
Droserace^. TJie Sundew Tribe.
.. Eound-leaved Sundew ... e.
.. Spatliulate-leaved Sundew e.
.. Great Sundew ... ... e.
.. Grass-of-Parnassus ... e.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc.
sc.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
Polygalace^.
... Milkwort
The Milkwort Tribe.
e. no. sc. w.
Order XIV.
Diantlius prolifer
Armeria
« Caryophyllus
. deltoides ...
Saponaria officinalis ...
SUene anglica
Otites
^inflata
maritima
noctiflora
Lychnis Flos-cuculi ...
vesper tinaf ...
diurnaf
Githago
Sagina procumbens ...
apetata...
maritima
nodosa
Honkeneja peploides...
Alsine tenuifolia
Moehringia trinervis...
Arenaria serpylHfolia
Holosteum umbellatum
Stellaria media
Holostea
glauca ... . * .
■ graminea
-uliginosa
Frankentace^. The Sea Heath Tribe.
... Smooth Sea Heath ... e. nc.
Elatinace;E. ITie Waterwort Tribe.
Caryophyllace^. The PinTc Tribe.
.. Proliferous Pink
.. Deptford Pink
.. Clove Pink
.. Maiden Pink
.. Soapwort ...
.. English Catchfly
.. Spanish Catchfly ...
.. Bladder Campion
.. Sea Campion
.. Night-flowering Catchfly ...
.. Ragged Robm
.. White Campion
.. Red Campion
.. Corn Cockle
.. Procumbent Pearlwort
.. Small- flowered Pearlwort...
Sea Pearlwort
.. Knotted Spurrey ...
Sea Pimpernel
... Fine-leaved Sandwort
.. Three-nerved Sandwort ...
.. Thyme-leaved Sandwort ...
.. Jagged duckweed...
.. Common Chickweed
.. Greater Stitchwort
.. Glaucous March Stitchwort
.. Lesser Stitchwort ...
— w.
Moenchia erecta
Malachium aquaticum
Cerastium glomeratum
triviale
semidecandrum..
tetrandrum
— arvensfi
Bog Stitchwort
Upright Moenchia...
Water Chickweed...
Broad-leaved Mouse-ear ...
Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear...
Little Mouse-ear
Four-cleft Mouse-ear
t^ield Chickweed
—
nc.
—
—
e.
nc.
sc.
___
—
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
—
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
e.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
sc.
—
8.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
—
—
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
:.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
Oeder XV.
Malva moschata ... .
sylvesti-is . . .
rotundifolia ... .
Althaea officinalis ... .
FLO WEEING PLANTS.
Malvace^. The Mallow Tribe.
Musk Mallow
, Common Mallow
Dwarf Mallow
Marsh Mallow
73
e. —
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. —
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
Order XVI. Tiliace.e. The Lime Tree Tribe.
Tilia Europaea Common Lime-tree ... e
parviflora Small-leaved Lime-tree ... e. —
grandiflora Broad-leaved Lime-tree ... e. nc
Order XVII. HYPERiCACEiE The St. Johns-wort Tribe.
nc. sc. w.
sc. —
Hypericum Androsaemum
quadrangulum
perforatum
dubium
• humifusum
hirsutum
montanum
pulchrum
elodes ... .".
Tutsan
Square- stalked St. John's-wort
Perforated St. John's-wort
Imperforate St. John's-wort
Traihng St. John's-wort ...
Hauy St. John's-wort
Mountain St. John's-wort...
Upright St. John's-wort ...
Marsh St. John's-wort
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
Order XVIII.
Acer campestre
Pseudo-platanus
Order XIX.
Geranium sylvaticum
pyrenaicum
jiusillum ...
' dissectum ...
columbinum
molle
lucidum ...
Robertianum
Erodium cicutarium ...
moschatum ...
-maritimum
AcERACEyE. The Maple Tribe.
... Common Maple e,
... Sycamore-tree e
Geraniacete. The Cranes-bill Tribe
.. Wood Crane's-bill
,.. Mountain Crane's-bill
.. Small- flowered Crane's-bill
.. Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill
.. Long-stalked Crane's-bill
.. Dove's-foot Crane's-bill ...
.. Shining Crane's-bill
.. Herb Robert
.. Hemlock Stork's-bill
.. Musky Stork's-bill
.. Sea- side Stork's-bill
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
e. —
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
Order XX. Linages. The Flax Tribe.
Linum angustifolium..
usitatissimum
perenne ...
catharticum
Radiola millegrana
Narrow-leaved Flax
Common Flax
Perennial Flax
Purging Flax
Flax Seed
— nc.
e. —
e. —
e. nc.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
Order XXI. Balsaminace^. The Balsam Tribe.
Order XXIL
Oxalis AcetoseUa
Order XXIII.
Euonymus europaeus...
Order XXIV
Rhamnus catharticus
Frangula
Order XXV.
Ulex Europseus
nanus
Genista tinctoria
anglica
Sarothamnus scoparius ...
Oxaltdace^. The Wood-sorrel Tribe.
.. Wood-sorrel e
Celastrace.e. The Bladder-nut Tribe.
.. Spindle-tree e.
Rhamnace^, The Buckthorn Tribe
— — w.
— — w.
Common Buckthorn ... e. nc. sc. w.
Alder Buckthorn e. — — w.
Leguminos^. The Pea Tribe.
Common Furze e. nc. sc. w.
Dwarf Furze e. nc. — — »
Dyer's weed e. — — w.
Needle-Whin e. nc. — w.
Common Broom e. nc. sc. w.
74
BOTANY OF NOEFOLK.
Ononis arvensis...
Medicago sativa...
■ sylvestris
falcata
■ lupulina
. maculata
. minima
denticulata
Melilotus officinalis ...
■ arvensis
• leucantlia ...
Trifolium pratense ...
medium ...
ocliroleucum
. arvense
striatum ...
scabrum ...
maiitiinum
• subterraneum
glomeratum
suffocatum
— — repens ... ^ ..
■ ornithopodoides
fragiferum
procumbens ..
minus ...
filiforme
Lotus comiculatus
tenuisf
major
Antliyllis Vulneraria
Astragalus hypoglottis
glycyphyllos ..
Vicia liirsuta
tetrasperma
Cracca
sepium
sativa...
angustifoliaf ..
latliyroides ..
Latbyrus Apbaca ..
Nissolia..
pratensis
• sylvestris
palustris
macrorhizus
Ornithopus perpusillus ...
Hippocrepis comosa
Onobrycbis sativa...
Order XXVI
Prunus domestica
spmosa
instititia
Padus
Cerasus
Spiraea Ulmaria ...
Filipendula
Poterium Sanguisorba
Common Rest-liarrow
Purple Medick, or Lucerne
Wood Medick
Yellow Sickle-medick
Black Medick, or Nonesuch
Spotted Medick
Little Bur-medick ...
Reticulated Medick
Common Yellow MelUot ...
Field Melilot
Wliite-flowered Melilot . . .
Purple Clover
Zigzag Trefoil
Sulj)hur-coloured Trefoil ...
Hare's-foot Trefoil
Soft-knotted Trefoil
Rougli-ridged Trefoil
Teasel-headed Trefoil
Subterraneous Trefoil
Round-headed Trefoil
Suffocated Trefoil
Dutch Clover, or White Clover
Bhd's-foot TrefoH
Strawberry-headed Trefoil
Hop TrefoU
Lesser Trefoil
Lesser Yellow Trefoil
Common Bird's-foot Trefoil
Slender Bhd's-foot Trefoil...
Greater Bml's-foot Trefoil.. .
Lady's-Fingers
Purple Milk- vetch
Sweet MUk- vetch
Hairy Tare...
Smooth Tare
Tufted Vetch
Bush Vetch
C ommon Vetch ... ...
Narrow-leaved Vetch
SiDring Vetch
Yellow Vetchhng
Grass Vetchhng
Meadow Vetchling ...
Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea
Marsh Vetchling
Tuberous Bitter Vetch
Bu'd's-foot
Horse-shoe Vetch
Saintfoin
. RosACEiE. TJie Rose Tribe.
WndPlum
Sloe, or Blackthorn
WildBuUace
Bird Cherry
Wnd Cherry
Meadow-sweet
Dropwort ...
Common Salad-bumet
e.
—
—
w.
e.
no.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
—
e.
no.
sc.
—
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
—
—
—
w.
—
nc.
—
—
e.
—
—
w.
e.
e.
e.
e.
—
sc.
—
nc.
sc.
w.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
e.
6.
—
—
w.
—
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
—
—
w.
nc.
sc.
w.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
—
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
w.
w.
. —
—
sc.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
e.
-—
sc.
w.
—
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
—
e.
—
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
e
—
sc.
e.
—
e.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
w.
w.
__
. ■_
.—.
FLOWERING PLANTS.
75
Agrimonia Eupatoria
Alchemilla arvensis
Potentilla anserina
argentea
reptans . . .
Tormentilla
' procumbens
fragariastrum
Comarum palustre
Fragaria vesca
elatior . . .
Rubus Idseus
suberectus
discolor
leucostachys
Koebleri ...
coiylifolius
caesius
Gemn urbanum ...
intermedium
livale
Rosa spinosissima
villosa
tomentosa ...
rubiginosa ...
eglanteriaf ...
camna
arvensis
Crataegus Oxyacantlia
Mespilus germanica
Pyrus communis
Malus
Common Agrimony ... e. no.
Parsley Piert e. no.
Silver-weed e. no.
Hoary CinquefoU e. nc.
Creeping Cinquefoil ... e. nc.
Common Toi-mentil ... e. nc.
Creeping Tormentil ... e. —
Barren Strawberry e. —
Marsh Cinquefoil e. nc.
Wood Strawberry e. nc.
Hautboy Strawberry ... e. —
Raspberry e. —
Upright Bramble
Blackberry e. nc.
Long- clustered Bramble ...
Koehlers' Bramble — nc.
Hazel-leaved Bramble ... e. nc.
Dewbeny ... e. —
Common Avens, or Herb Bennet e. nc.
Wood Avens ... ... — —
Water Avens e. —
Bumet-leaved Rose ... e. —
Villous Rose
Downy-leaved Rose ... e. nc.
Tnie Sweet-Briar e. —
Eglantine ...
Dog-rose e. nc.
Trailing Dog-rose e. nc.
White-Thorn e. nc.
Common Medlar
Wild Pear-tree e. —
Crab-tree ... e. —
Mountain-ash ... ... e. nc.
White Beam-tree e. nc.
Wild Service-tree e. —
Lythrace.e. The Loose-strife Tribe.
Purple Loose-strife e. nc.
Water Purslane e. —
Tamariscace^. The Tamarisk Tribe.
Onagrace^. TJie Willow-herb Tribe.
Great Willow-herb
Small-flowered Willow-herb
Broad-leaved Willow-herb...
Square-stalked Willow-herb
Marsh Willow-herb
Evening Primrose ...
aucuparia
Aria...
torminalis
Order XXVII.
Lythrum Salicaria
Peplis Portula ,
Order XXVIII.
Order XXIX.
Epilobium hii'sutum
parviflorum ..,
montanum
tetragonum ..,
palustre
CEnothera biennis
Circaea lutetiana ...
Order XXX. HALORAGACEiE, The Water Milfoil Tribe
MyriophyUum verticiUatum Whorled Water IMilfoil ... e. —
Enchanter's Nightshade
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. —
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
sc. —
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. —
— w.
sc. —
sc. —
sc. —
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
— — w.
spicatum ... Spiked Water Milfoil ... (
Mare's-tail (
CucuRBiTACB^. The Gourd Tribe
, Red Bryony
PoRTDLACE^. The Pursluue Tribe
. Water BHnks
Hippuris Vulgaris
Order XXXI.
Bryonia dioica
Order XXXII.
Montia fontana
Order XXXIII. Paronychiace^. The Ktiaivel Tribe
Hemiaria glabra Glabrous Rupture -wort ... — -
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
e. nc, sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
e. —
76
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Lepigoniim rubrum
marinuin
Spergula arvensis
Scleranthus annuus ... .,
perennis
Oeder XXXIV.
Purple Sandwort ... e. —
Sea-spurrey Sandwort ... e. —
Corn Spurrey ... ... e. —
Annual Knawel e. nc.
Perennial Knawel ... e. nc.
Crassulace^. The Houseleeh Tribe.
Tillsea muscosa...
Sedum Telephium
album ...
e.
e.
nc.
angUcum
acre
reflexum
rupestre
Sempervivum tectorum
Order XXXV.
Ribes Grossularia
nc.
nigrum
rubrum
Mossy Tillsea
Live-long, or Orpine
White Stonecrop
English Stonecrop
, Wall Pepper
, Crooked Stonecrop
St. Vincent' s-rock Stonecrop
Common Houseleek
Grossdlariace^. The Currant and Gooseberry
Common Gooseberry ... e. —
Black Currant e. nc.
Red Currant
— w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
— — w.
nc.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e. —
The Saxifrage Tribe.
e. nc.
Meadow Saxifrage ... e. nc.
Saxifragace^,
Rue-leaved Saxifrage
Order XXXVI
Saxifraga tridactylites
■ granulata
Chrysosplenium altemifolium Alternate Gold en- saxifrage
— — oppositifoliumCommon Golden-saxifrage
Order XXXVII. IJMBELLirERiE. The Parsley and Carrot Tn
— w.
— w.
— w.
Tribe.
sc. w.
sc. —
— w.
sc. w.*
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. —
ibe.
Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Sanicula Europsea
Eryngium maritimum
Cicuta virosa
Apium graveolens
Petroselinum sativum
— ■ — segetum
Helosciadium nodiflorum ...
■ repensf
. inundatum . . .
Sison Amomum
^gopodium Podagraria
Carum Carui
Bunium flexuosum
Pimpinella Saxifraga
Slum latifolium
angustifolium
Bupleurum tenuissimum ...
rotundifolium . . .
CEnanthe fistulosa
Lachenalii ... • • •
. crocata
' Phellandrium . . .
-^thusa Cynapium
Foeniculum officinale
Silaus iDratensis
Crithmum maritimum
Angelica sylvestris
Peucedanum palustre
Pastinaca sativa
Heraclium SphondyHum ...
Daucus Carota
Caucalis daucoid^a
— — w.
— — w.
nc.
— — w.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
Marsh Penny -wort ... e. nc. —
Wood Sanicle e.
SeaHoUy e.
Water Hemlock, or Cowbane e.
Wild Celery, or Smallage e.
Garden Parsley ... ... e.
Corn Parsley e.
Procumbent Water-parsnep e.
Creeping Water-parsnep ... e.
Least Water-parsnep ... e.
Honewort or Bastard Stone Parsley e.
... Gout- weed ... ... e.
... Common Caraway ... —
... Common Earth-nut ... e.
... Burnet- saxifrage ... ... e.
... Broad-leaved Water-parsnep e.
... Narrow-leaved Water-parsnep e.
... Slender Hare's-ear ... e.
Thorow-wax ... ... —
Water Dropwort e.
Parsley Water-dropwort ... e.
Hemlock Water-dropwort. . . —
Fine leaved Water-dropwort e.
Fool's Parsley e.
Common Fennel ... ... e.
Pepper-saxifr'age ... ... e.
Sea Samphire ... ... e. —
Wild Angelica e. nc. sc. ■v\^
Marsh Hog's-Fennel ... e. —
Wild Parsnep e. nc. — w.
Hog-weed e. nc. sc. w.
Wild Carrot e. nc. sc. w.
Small Bur-parsley — — — w.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
-- w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
Torilis Antliriscus ...
infesta
nodosa
Scandix Pecten- veneris
Anthriscus sylvestris
Cerefolium
vulgaris ...
Chaerophyllum temuluin
Conium maculatum ...
Smyrniiun Olusatrum
FLOWERING PLANTS.
. Ui3riglit Hedge-parsley ..»
. Spreading Hedg'e-parsley . . .
. Knotted Hedge-parsley ...
. Shepherd's Needle.
. Wild Chervil
. Garden Chervil
. Common Beaked-parsley ...
. Rough Chervil
. Common Hemlock
. Common Alexanders
nc,
nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
Order XXXVIII. Araliace^. The Ivy Tribe.
Adoxa Moschatellina
Hedera Helix
Order XXXIX.
Cornus sanguinea
77
■w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
Tuberous Moschatel ... e. — —
Common Ivy e. nc. sc.
CoRNACEiE. The Dogwood Tribe.
Wild Cornel, or Dogwood... e. — — w.
Order XL. Loranthace.e. The Mistletoe Tribe.
Viscum album Common Mistletoe ... e. nc.
Order XLI. Caprifoliace^. The HoneysucUe and Elder Tribe.
Sambucus Ebulus
nigra
Viburnum Lantana
Opulus ... ...
Lonicera Periclymenum ...
Order XLII.
Sherardia arvensis
Asperula cynanchica
odorata
Galium cruciatum
tricorne
— aparine
parisiense
erectum
Mollugo
verum
saxatile
uhginosum
palustre ...
Witheringiif-
Order XLIII.
Centranthus ruber
Valeriana officinalis
dioica
ohtoria ... ...
• dentata
Order XLIV
Dwarf Elder
Common Elder
Wayfaring- tree
Guelder-rose
Common Honej^suclde
P1UBIACE.E. The Madder Tribe
Blue Sherardia
Squinancy-v/orfc
Sweet Woodruff ...
Crosswort Bed-straw
Rough-fruited Bed-straw ...
Goose-grass, or Cleavers ...
WaU Bed-straw
Upright Bed-straw
Hedge Bed-straw
nc.
nc.
sc.
nc. sc.
e. —
— nc.
e. —
e. nc.
e. nc.
— nc.
e. nc.
— nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
. Yellow Bed-sti'aw ...
. Heath Bed-straw ...
. Marsh Bed-straw
. Water Bed-straw
, Withering's Bed-straw
Valerianace^. The Valerian Tribe.
Red Valerian ... ... — nc.
Wild Valerian ... ... e. nc.
Marsh Valerian ... ... e. —
Corn Salad ... ... ... e. —
Narrow-fi'uited Corn Salad e. —
. Dipsacage-e. The Teasel Tribe.
Wild Teasel e. —
Small Teasel e. nc.
Field Knautia ... ... e. nc.
Devil's-bit Scabious ... e. —
Small Scabious
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
w.
w,
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
sc. —
sc. w.
— sc.
Dipsacus sylvestris ...
j)ilosus
Knautia arvensis
Scabiosa succisa
■ Columbaria
Order XLV. Composite. Tlie Thistle, Daisy, and Chamomile Tribe.
Eupatorium cannabinum... Hemp Agrimony e. nc. sc. w.
Petasites vulgai-is Butter-bur ... e. — sew.
Tussilago Farfara Colt's-foot — nc, sc. w.
Asler Ti-ipolium , Sea Star-wort e. — — w.
78
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Erigeron acris
Bellis perennis
Solidago Virgaiirea ..
Inula Helenium
Conyza
crithmoides
Pulicaria vulgaris
dysenterica
Bidens trijDartita
cernua ...
Anthemis arvensis .
tinctoria
— Cotula
nobilis
Achillea Ptarmica .
:■ Millefolium
Blue Flea-bane
Common Daisy
Golden Rod...
Elecampane
Plowman's Spikenard
Golden Samphire ...
Small Flea-bane
Common Flea-bane
Trifid Bur-marigold
Nodding Bur-marigold
Corn Chamomile ...
Ox-eye Chamomile...
Stinlang Chamomile
Common Chamomile
Sneeze- wort Yarrow
Common Yarrow ...
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. — Great Ox-eye
segetum
Matricaria Pai'thenium ...
inodora
Chamomilla ...
Artemisia Absinthium
campestris
vulgaris '
m arithna
gallicaf
Tanacetum vulgare
Filago germanica
minima
Gnaphalium luteo - album . . .
uliginosum
sylvaticum
rectumf
Antennaria dioica
margaritacea
Doronicum Pardalianches
Senecio vulgaris ... ...
viscosus
sylvaticus
erucifoHus ... ..
Jacobaea
aquaticus ... ,,
palustris
C arlina vulgaris ,
Arctium Lappa
Centaurea nigra
Cyanus
Scabiosa ...
solstitialis...
Calcitrapa ...
Onopordum Acantliium
C arduus nutans
acanthoidesf
tenuiflorus ...
. lanceolatus
■ eriophorus...
» arvensis ...
palustris ...
Corn-marigold
Common Feverfew ...
Corn Feverfew
Wild Ch amomile
Common Wormwood
Field Southernwood
Mugwort
Sea Wonii wood
Upright Sea Woimwood ...
Common Tansy
Common Cudweed ...
Least Cudweed
Jersey Cudweed
Marsh Cudweed
Highland Cudweed
Upright Cudweed ...
Mountain Cudweed
Pearly Everlasting ...
Leopard's-bane
Groundsel ...
Stinldng Groundsel
Mountain Groundsel
Hoary Rag- wort
Common Ragwort ...
Marsh Rag- wort ...
Marsh Flea- wort
Common Carline-thistle ...
Common Burdock ...
Black Knap-\\>eed ...
Corn Blue-bottle
Great Knapweed ...
Yellow Star- thistle
Common Star-thistle
Common Cotton-thistle
Musk Thistle
Welted Thistle
Slender-flowered Thistle ...
Spear Plume -thistle
Woolly-headed Plume-thistle
Creeping Plume-tliistle . . .
Marsh Plume-thistle
e.
—
so.
w.
e.
no.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
—
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
—
e.
nc.
—
—
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nc.
sc.
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e.
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—
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—
—
w.
—
nc.
sc.
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—
■ —
sc.
—
e.
nc.
PC
w.
e.
—
— .
—
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
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—
—
w.
e.
—
-^
w.
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—
—
—
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nc.
sc.
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e.
nc.
sc.
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—
—
w.
—
—
sc.
—
e.
nc.
sc.
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e.
—
—
w.
w.
w.
e.
—
—
e.
nc.
se.
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
e.
nc.
w.
e.
e.
nc.
—
w.
w.
nc.
—
—
e.
e.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
—
w.
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—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
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—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
—
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
—
sc.
w.
6.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
FLOWERING PLANTS*
79
Carduus pratensis ...
acaulis
heteropliylliis
Silybum marianiim ...
Lapsana conununis ...
Amoseris pusilla
Ciclioriiim Intybiis ...
Hypoclioeris glabra ...
racUcata ...
Thrincia hirta
Ap argia hispida
autiunnalis ...
Taraxacif
Tragopogon majorf ...
pratensis
• porrifolius
Picris hieracioides ...
Helminthia echioides
Lactuca virosa
muralis
Leontodon Taraxacum
palustref . . .
Sonchus oleraceiis ...
arvensis
palustris
Crepis foetida
virens
tectorumf
Hieracium Pilosella ...
sylvaticum
umbellatum
paludosum
subaudiim
,.. Meadow Plume-thistle
.. Dwarf Plume-thistle
,.. Melancholy Plume-thistle
,.. Milk-thistle
,.. Nipple-wort
... Dwarf Nipple- wort
... Wild Succory
Smooth Cat's-ear ...
.. Long-rooted Cat's-ear
.. Hauy Thrincia
.. Rough Hawkbit
,.. Autumnal Hawkweed
.. Dandehon Hawkbit
.. Greater Goats'-beard
.. Yellow Goats'-beard
.. Piu'ple Goat's-beard
.. Hawkweed Picris
.. Bristly Ox-tongue
.. Strong-scented Lettuce ...
. . Ivy-leaved Wall-lettuce . . .
.. Common Dandelion
. . Marsh D an delion ...
.. Sow-thistle ...
.. Corn Sow-thistle ...
.. Marsh Sow-thistle...
Stinking Hawkweed
.. Common Hawk's-beard ...
.. Smooth Hawk's-beard
.. Mouse ear Hawkweed
.. Wood Hawkweed
. . Narrow-leaved Hawkv^^eed
. . Succory-leaved Hawkweed
Shrubby Broad-leaved Hawkweed
Order XLYI. CAMPANULACEiE. The Bell-Flower Tribe
Jasione montana
Campanula glomerata
latifoHa
Trachehum . . .
rotundifohum
Rapunculus ...
patula ,.
Specularia hybrida
Order XLVII.
Andi'omeda polifoha
Calluna vulgaris
Erica Tetralix
cinerea
Vaccinium Oxycoccos
Myrtillus
Pyrola rotimdifoHa
Monotropa Hypopitys
Order XLVIII.
Ilex AquifoHum
Order XLIX.
Ligustrum vulgare
Fraxinus excelsior
Sheep's Scabious
Clustered Bell-flower
Gre at B ell flower
Nettle-leaved Bell-flower ...
Hare-bell
Bampion Bell-flower
Spreading Bell-flower
Com Bell-flower
Ericaceae. The Heath Tribe,
Marsh Andromeda
Common Ling
Cross-leaved Heath
Fine-leaved Heath
Cranberry
Bilberry
Round-leaved Winter-green
Yellow Bu'ds'-nest
Aquifoliace.e. The Holly Tribe.
Common Holly e.
Oleace^. The Olive Tribe.
Common Privet e. no.
Common Ash ... c.. e. no*
e.
—
— w.
nc.
. — w.
—
sc. —
e.
—
• — w.
e.
—
— w.
e.
—
— w.
e.
nc.
. sc. w.
- nc,
. — w.
e.
, —
— w.
e.
—
— w.
e.
—
— w.
e.
—
— w.
- —
— w.
•nc.
sc. w.
e.
—
— w.
e.
—
— —
e.
—
— w.
—
—
sc. w.
e.
—
— w.
e.
—
— w.
e.
nc.
sc. w.
e.
nc.
— w.
e.
nc.
sc. w.
e.
nc.
sc. w.
e.
—
—
—
— w.
—
—
— w.
e.
nc.
sc. w.
e.
nc.
sc. w.
e.
—
— —
e.
nc.
— w.
—
—
— - w.
e.
!>^
^~~ "~~
e.
7e.
— w.
—
—
— w.
e.
—
sc. —
e.
—
— w.
e.
nc.
sc. w.
e.
nc.
^
—
nc.
— —
"^
——
sc. w.
—
__
sc. —
e.
nc.
sc. w.
e.
nc.
— W. -
e.
nc.
sc. w.
e.
—
sc. w.
e.
—
~ —
e.
—
sc. w.
6.
—
sc. —
— — w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
80
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Order L.
Vinca minor
•major
Order LI.
ApocYNACEiE. The Doys-hane Tribe.
... Lesser Periwinkle ... e.
... Greater Periwinkle ... c.
GENTiANACEiE. The Gentian Tribe.
nc.
Perfoliate Yellow-wort ... e.
Dwarf Centaury ... ... e. —
Common Centaury ... e. —
Autumnal Gentian ... — nc.
Field Gentian — nc.
Marsh Gentian ... ... e. nc.
Fringed Villarsia ... ...
Common Buckbean ... e. nc.
Order LII. Polemoniace^. The GreeJc Valerian Tribe.
Order LIII. ConvolvulaceyE. The Bindiveed Tribe.
Clilora perfoliata
Erythraja jDulchella
' Centaurium
Gentiana Amarella
campestris
Pneumonantlie
Villarsia nympliseoides
Menyanthes trifoliata
sc. w.
— w.
sc. —
— w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
Convolvulus arvensis
sepium
. Soldanella .
Cuscuta Eiiropaea ... .
Epythymum
Trifolii ... .
Order LIV.
Cynoglossum officinale .
montanum
Borago officinalis
Anchusa sempervivens
Lycopsis arvensis ... .
Symphytum officinale
tuberosum ,
Echium vulgare ... .
Lithospermum officinale ,
arvense
Myosotis palustris ... ,
caespitosa ...
sylvatica
arvensis
colHna
-— versicolor ...
Order LV.
Solanum nigrum ... ,
Dulcamara ...
Atropa Belladonna ...
Hyoscyamus niger ... ,
Datura Stramonium ... .
Order LVL
Orobanche Rapum ..
elatior
minor
■ caerulea ..
. Small Bindweed ... e.
. Great Bindweed ... e.
. Sea Bindweed ... ... e.
. Greater Dodder ... ... e.
. Lesser Dodder ... ... e.
. Clover Dodder , —
BoRAGiNACE.E. The Borage Tribe.
. Hound's-tongue
Green-leaved Hound's-tongue
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc.
— w.
sc. —
— — w.
nc.
— ramosa
Order LVII.
Verbascum Thapsus... .
Lychnitis
pulverulentum
nigrum ...
Blattaria ... .
•> vii'gatum ... .
... Borage
... Evergreen Alkanet
... Small Bugloss
... Common Comfrey
... Tuberous-rooted Comfrey
... Viper's Bugloss
... Gromwell
... Com Gromwell
... Forget-me-not
... Tufted Scorpion-grass
... Wood Scorpion-grass
... Field Scorpion-grass
... Early Field Scorpion-grass
... Yellow & Blue Scoi-pion-grass
SoLANACE^. The Nightshade Tribe.
... Black Nightshade ... ... e.
... Bitter-sweet ... ... e.
... Deadly Nightshade ... e.
... Henbane ... ... ... e.
... Thorn-apple ... ... e.
Orobanchace^. The Broom-rape Tribe.
... Great Broom-rape... ... e. —
... Tall Broom-rape ... ... — nc.
... Lesser Broom-rape ... e. nc.
... Purple Broom-rape ... e. nc.
... Branched Broom-rape
ScROPHULARiACEiE. The Fig-wort Tribe
... Great Mullein ... ... e.
... White Mullein —
Yellow Hoary Mullein ... e.
Dark Mullein e.
Moth Mullem e.
Primrose-leaved Mullein ... e.
sc. w.
sc. —
sc. w.
— w.
BC. W.
— w.
— w.
SC. w.
— w.
se. w.
— w.
SC. w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— — sc. w.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc.
w,
nc.
sc.
w,
nc.
sc.
w.
—
sc.
w.
—
—
w.
FLOWERING PLANTS.
Bl
Digitalis pui'pui'ea ...
Antirrhinum majus ...
' Orontium
Linaria Cymbalaria ...
Elatine
-spuria
-minor
-vulgaris
Scrophularia nodosa...
aquatica
vemalis
Melampyrum cristatum
arvense
pratense
Pedicularis palustris...
sylvatica. . .
Rhinantlius Crista-galli
Euphrasia officinalis
Odontites
Veronica scutellata ...
Anagallis . . .
Beccabunga
Chamssdrys
montana . . .
officinalis . . .
serpyllifolia
arvensis
vema
triphyllos ...
agrestis
polita
Buxbaumii...
hederifolia ...
Order LVIII.
Mentha rotundifolia
sylvestris
viridis
piperita
aquatica
Mentha citrataf
gracilis
gentilisf
rubraf
arvensis ..
Pulegium
Lycopus euroiDseus ... ..
Salvia verbenaca
pratensis
Origanum vulgare
Thymus Serpyllum
Calamintha Nepeta ... ..
*— — officinalis
Acinos
Clinopodium..
Scutellaria galericulata ..
minor
Prunella vulgaris
Nepeta Oataha ..
Purple Fox-glove
Great Snap-dragon
Lesser Snap-dragon
Ivy-leaved Toad-flax
Sharp-pointed Toad-flax ...
Round-leaved Toad-flax ...
Least Toad-flax
Yellow Toad-flax
Knotted Fig-wort
"Water Fig-wort
Yellow Fig-wort
Crested Cow-wheat
Purple Cow- wheat...
Yellow Cow- wheat
Marsh Louse-wort
Pasture Louse-wort
Yellow Rattle
Common Eye-bright
Red Eye-bright
Marsh Speedwell
Water Speedwell
Brooldime
Germander Speedwell
Mountam Speedwell
Common Speedwell
Thyme-leaved Speedwell ...
Wall Speedwell
Vernal Speedwell ...
Blunt-fingered Speedwell . . .
Green Field Speedwell ...
Gray Field Speedwell
Buxbaum's Speedwell
Ivy-leaved Speedwell
Labtat^. The Dead-Nettle
Round-leaved IVIint
Horse-mint...
Speer-mint ...
Pepper-mint
Capitate-mint ... ».
Bergamot-mint
Narrow-leaved Mint
Bushy Red Mmt
TaU Red ]\Iint
Corn Mint
Penny-roj'^al
Gipsy- wort
English Clary
Meadow Clary
Common Marjoram
Wild Thyme
Lesser Calamint
Common Calamint
Basil Thyme
Wild Basil
Common Skull-cap
Lesser Skull-cap
Self-heal ,
Cat-mint
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
nc.
8C.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
sc.
—
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
nc.
—
—
—
nc.
—
—
—
nc.
sc.
Vv^.
e.
—
—
—
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
— .
—
sc.
—
—
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
Trihe.
—
nc.
—
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
—
—
sc.
w.
e.
nCc
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
—
—
—
sc.
w.
—
nc.
—
—
e.
—
sc.
—
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
—
e.
—
—
w.
—
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
—
—
sc.
—
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
F
sc.
Yf'
82
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Nepeta Gleclioma
Lamium amplexicaule
■ incisum
purpureiim . . .
album
Galeobdolon
Leoniu'us Cardiaca ...
Galeopsis Ladamim ...
Tetrahit ...
versicolor ...
Stachys Betonica
sylvatica
palustris
ambiguaf
arvensis
Ballota foetida
Marrubiiim vulgare . . .
Teucrium Scorodonia
Scordiiim ...
Chamcedrys
Ajuga reptans
Order LIX.
Verbena ofi&cinalis ...
Ground-ivy e. nc. BC. w.
. Henbit-nettle e. — — w.
. Cut-leaved Dead-nettle ... e. nc. sc. w.
. Red Dead-nettle e. nc. sc. w.
. White Dead-nettle e. nc. sc. w.
. Weasel- snout e. — — w.
. Motherwort e. nc. sc. w.
. Red Hemp -nettle e. — sc. w.
. Common Hemp-nettle ... e. — — w.
. Large-flowered Hemp-nettle e. — sc. w.
. Wood Betony — w.
. Hedge Woundwort ... e. nc. sc. w.
. Marsh Woundwort ... e. nc. sc. w.
. Ambiguous Woundwort ... e. —
. Corn Woundwort e. — sc. w.
. Stinking Horehound ... e. nc. sc. w.
. "White Horehound e. — — w.
. Wood Sage.. e. nc. sc. w.
. Water Germander ... ... — w.
. Wall Germander e. nc. sc. —
. Common Bugle e. — — w.
Verbenace.e. The Vervain Tribe.
, Common Vervain c. nc. sc. w.
Order LX.
Pinguicula vulgaris
Utricularia vulgaris
minor
Lentibulartace;e. The Butter-tvort Tribe.
. ... Common Butter- wort ... e. —
Greater Bladder- wort ... e. nc.
. ... Lesser Bladder-wort ... e. nc.
Order LXI. Primulace^. The Primrose Tribe.
Primula vulgaris
vens
elatior
Hottonia palustris ...
Lysimacliia vulgaris ...
nummularia
nemorum
Anagallis arvensis . . .
CDBruleaf ...
tenella
Centunculus minimus
Glaux maritima
Samolus Valerandi . . .
Order LXII.
Statice Limonium
reticulataf
spathulata
Armeria maritima
Order LXIH.
Plantago Coronopus ...
maritima ...
lanceolata ...
media
nc.
e. nc.
e. —
e. —
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
nc. sc.
e.
e.
e.
e.
nc. —
major
Littorella lacustris ...
Order LXIV.
Order LXV.
Suseda fruticosa * : . ...
. . . Common Piimrose , . .
... Common Cowslip ...
. . . Oxlip Primrose
... Water- violet
... Great Loosestrife ...
... Creeping Money- wort
... Yellow Pimpernel
... Scarlet Punpernel ...
... Blue Pimpernel
... Bog Pimpernel
... Bastard Pimpernel...
... Sea Milk- wort
... Water Pimpernel ...
PlUMBAG INACE^
... Sea Lavender
... Matted Thrift
... Upright- spiked Thrift
... Sea Gilliflower
Plantaginace^. The Plantain Tribe.
... Buck's-horn Plantain ... e. nc.
... Sea-side Plantain ... ... e. nc.
... Ribwort Plantain ... ... e. nc.
... Hoary Plantain ... ... e. nc.
... Greater Plantain e. nc.
... Shore- weed e. nc.
Amaranthace^e. The Amaranth Tribe.
Chenopodiace^. The Goose-foot Tribe.
... Shrubby Sea Blite... .. — nc.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc.
sc.
The Thrift Tribe.
e.
nc.
— nc.
— nc.
— nc.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— IV.
FLOWERING PLANTS,
8S
Susecla maiitima
Salsola Kali
Chenopodium oliclum
polyspermum ...
urbicum... ...
' album
ficifolium
■ murale
hybridum
rubrum
botiyoides
glaucum
Bonus-Henricus
Beta maritima
Salicornia lierbacea
procmnbensf ...
'— radicans
Atriplex littoralis ... ...
angustifolia
patiila
laciniata
Obione pedimculata
portiilacoides
Order LXVI.
Ruinex maritimus
palustris
acutus
sanguinea
viridisf
pulcher
obtusifolius
crispus
aquaticus
Hydrolapathum ...
alpinus
Acetosa
Acetosella
Polygonum Bistorta
ampMbium ...
■ lapatliifolium . . .
Persicaria
Hydropiper ...
' minus
aviculare
maritimum . . .
Annual Sea BUte e. —
Prickly Saltwort ... ... e. —
Stinldug Goosefoot ... e. nc.
Many-seeded Goosefoot ...
Upright Goosefoot... ... e. nc.
White Goosefoot e. nc.
Fig-leaved Goosefoot ... e. —
Nettle-leaved Goosefoot ... e. nc.
Maple-leaved Goosefoot ... e. —
Red Goosefoot ... e. nc.
Many-spiked Goosefoot ... e. —
Oak-leaved Goosefoot ...
Good King Henry ... e. nc.
Sea-Beet ... e. —
Jointed Glasswort ... e. —
Procumbent Glasswort ... e. —
Creeping Glasswort ... — nc.
Grass-leaved Sea Orache e. —
Narrow-leaved Sea Orache e. nc.
Halbert-leaved Sea Orache e. nc.
Frosted Sea Orache ... e. —
Sea Purslane ... ... e. —
Stalked Sea Purslane ... e. —
The Dock Tribe.
Convolvulus
PoLYGONACEiE.
Golden Dock e.
Marsh Dock e.
Sharp Dock e.
Bloody- veined Dock ... e.
Green- veined Dock ... e.
Fiddle Dock e.
Broad-leaved Dock ... e.
Curled Dock ... ... e.
Grainless Water Dock ... —
Great Water Dock ... e.
Monks' Rhubarb —
Common Sorrel ... ... e.
Sheep's Sorrel e.
Snakeweed... ... ... e.
Amphibious Persicaria ... e.
Pale-flowered Persicaria ... e.
Spotted Persicaria e.
Water-pepper e.
Small Creeping Persicaria e.
Knot-grass e.
Sea Knot-grass ■ —
Climbing Buck- wheat ... e.
Buck-wheat e.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
El^agnace^. The Oleaster Tribe
Sea Buckthorn
Fagopyi'um esculentum .,
Order LXVII.
Hippophae rhamnoides ..
Order LXVIII. Thymelaceje. The Spurge- Laurel Tribe
Daphne Mezereum Common Mezereon ...
. Laureola Spurge-laurel e. —
Order LXIX. Santalace^. The Sandal-ivood Tribe.
Thesium linophyllum ... Bastard Toad-flax...
— w.
— w.
— w,
— w.
~ w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
sc. W-
sc. w»
— w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. —
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
e. nc.
— w.
sc. —
— w.
Order LXX.
Aristolochia Clematitis
ARIST0L0CHIACE.E.
... Bii'thwort ...
The Birthwort Tribe.
sc, —
r2
84
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Order LXXI. Empetrace^. The Growherry Tribe.
Order LXXII. Euphorbiace^. The Spurge Tribe.
Buxus sempervivens Common Box-tree e. — —
Sun Spurge e. nc. so
Wood Spurge e. — —
... Petty Spiu'ge e. nc. sc
... Dwarf Spurge e. — —
... Caper Spiu'ge —
... Dog's Mercury e.
... Annual Mercury e.
Ceratophyllace^. The Hormvort Tribe.
Euphorbia Helioscopia . . .
amygdaloides ...
Peplus
• — exigua
Lathyris
Mercurialis perennis
annua
w.
w.
w.
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
Order LXXIII.
Ceratophyllum demersum . . .
submersum
Common Hornwort
Unarmed Hornwort
— — w.
Order LXXIV. Callitrichace/e. The Water-stanvort Tribe.
Callitrlche verna Vernal Water- starwort ... — nc. sc. w.
platj^carpa ... Broad-fruited Water-starwort sc. —
autumnalis ... Autumnal Water-starwort...
— — w.
Order LXXV.
Urticace^. The Nettle Tribe.
Parietaria officinalis
Wall Pelletory
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
Urtica pilulifera
Roman Nettle
e.
—
—
—
Dodartiif
Dodart's Nettle
—
• —
sc.
—
urens
SmaU Nettle
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
dioica
Great Nettle
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
Humulus Lupulus
Common Hop
—
nc.
sc.
w.
Order LXXVI. Ulmace^. The Elm Tribe.
Ulmus campestris
Common Small-leaved Elm
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
Order LXXVII.
Amentifer^. The Willow Tribe
Salix decipiens ... ... ...
White Welsh WiUow
e.
—
—
—
fragilis
Crack WiUow
e.
—
—
• —
alba
White Willow
—
nc.
sc.
w.
vitellina
Golden Osier
e.
—
sc.
—
imdulata
Sharp-leaved Willow
e.
—
—
—
triandra
Long-leaved Willow
e.
—
sc.
—
amygdalina
Almond-leaved Willow
—
nc.
—
—
purpurea
Bitter Purple Willow
e.
—
—
—
Lambertiana
Boy ton Willow
e.
nc.
—
—
Helix
Rose Willow
e.
—
—
w.
'■ Forbyana ... ...
Fine Basket Osier
e.
—
—
w.
=■ viminalis
Common Osier
6.
nc.
sc.
w.
stipularis
Auricled Osier
—
nc.
sc.
—
cmerea
Gray Sallow
—
nc.
sc.
w.
aquatica
Water Sallow
e.
—
—
w.
oleifolia
OHve-leaved Sallow
—
nc.
sc.
w.
aurita
Round-leaved Sallow
e.
—
—
—
Caprea
Great Round-leaved Sallow
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
cotinifolia
Quince-leaved Sallow
—
nc.
sc.
—
mgricans
Dark-leaved Willow
—
—
—
w.
liirta
Hahy-branched Sallow ...
—
nc.
sc.
—
bicolor
Two-coloured Willow
—
nc.
sc.
—
Croweana
Crowe an Willow
—
—
—
w.
rosmarinifolia
Rosemary-leaved Willow ...
e.
—
—
—
repens
Creeping Silky Willow ...
—
nc.
—
w.
fusca
Dwarf Silkv Willow
e.
—
—
w.
ascendensf
Upright Silky Willow ...
e.
—
—
—
prostrataf
Prostrate Silky Willow ...
—
—
—
w.
foetidaf ,,.
Fetid Silky Willow
c.
—
—
w.
FLOWEEING PLANTS.
85
Salix argenteaf
ambigua ...
spathulataf
hastata
Populus alba
canescens
tremula
nigra
Myrica Gale
Betula alba
Alnus glutinosa
Fagus sylvatica
Castanea vulgaris
Quercus Robur
sessilifloraf
Corylus Avellana
Carpinus Betiilus
Silvery Silky Willow
Ambiguous Willow
Spathulate Ambiguous Willow
Apple-leaved Willow
White Poplar
Gray Poplar
Aspen
Black Poplar
Sweet Gale
Common Birch
Common Alder
Beech-tree
Sweet Chestnut
Common British Oak
Sessile-fruited Oak
Hazel-nut ...
Hornbeam
— w.
Order LXXVIII. Conifers.
Taxus baccata Common Yew
Pinus sylvestris ] Scotch Fir ...
The Fir Trihe.
nc. sc. —
nc. sc. w.
nc. sc. —
— — w.
nc. sc. w.
— — w.
nc. sc. w.
nc. sc. w.
nc. sc. w,
nc. sc. w.
nc. sc. w.
nc. sc. w.
nc. sc. w.
— — w.
nc.
— sc. w.
CLASS II.— MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Order LXXIX.
Paris quadrifoHa
Order LXXX.
Tamus communis
Trilliace^. The Herb Paris Tribe.
Herb Paris — nc,
D10SCOREACE.E. The Yam Tribe.
Black Bryony e. nc.
Order LXXXI. Hydrocharidace^. Tlie Frog-bit Tribe
Common Frog-bit
Hydrocharis Morsus-ran*
Sti'atiotes aloides ... .
Anacharis Alsinastrum
Water Soldier
Water Thyme
nc.
Order LXXXII. ORcniDACEiE. TJie Orchis Tribe.
Orchis Morio
mascula
ustulata
maculata
latifoHa
pyramidaHs
Gymnadenia conopsea
Aceras anthropomoiT^ha
Habenaiia viridis
bifoha
chlorantha
Ophi'y s apifera
muscifera
Herminium Monorchis
Spkanthes autumnahs
Listera ovata
Neottia Nidus-avis ...
Epipactis palustris . . .
Malaxis paludosa
Sturmia Looselii
Green- winged Meadow Orchis e. —
Early Purple Orchis ... e. —
Dwarf Dai'k-winged Orcliis
Spotted Palmate Orchis ... e. —
Marsh Orchis e. —
Pyramid Orchis e. nc.
Fragrant Gymnadenia ... e. nc.
Green Man- Orcliis ...
Green Habenaria ... e. —
Smaller Butterfly Habenaria e. nc.
Butterfly Habenaria ... e. —
Bee-orchis ... ... e. —
Fly-orchis ... ... e. —
Musk-orchis ... ... e. —
Lady's Tresses ... ... e. —
T way-blade ... ... e. —
Common Bird's Nest ... e. --
Marsh Helleborine ... e. nc.
Bog-orchis e, nc.
Two-leaved Stui'mia ... — nc.
Order
Iris Pseud- acorus
foetidissima
Crocus vemus ...
LXXXIIL Iridace^. The Flag Tribe.
Yellow Flag
Gladdon
Purple Spring Crocus
nc.
nc.
sc. —
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
■— w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
sc. —
sc. w.
sc. —
86
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Oeder LXXXIV.
Narcissus poeticus
Pseudo-narcissus
AMARYILLIDACEiE.
Poetic Narcissus
Common Daffodil
Snowdrop ... .. ...
AsPAEAGACE^E. The Asparagus Tribe.
e. -
e.
e.
e.
The Daffodil Tribe.
e. nc.
e. nc.
Galantlius nivalis ... .
Oedee LXXXV.
Asparagus officinalis Wild Asparagus
Convallaria majalis Lily of the Valley e. nc.
Polygonatum multiflorum... Solomons' Seal
Ruscus aculeatus Butcher's Broom ...
Oeder LXXXVI. Liliacete. The Lily Tribe.
Tulipa sylvestris ... .,
Fritillaria Meleagris ... .,
Ornithogalum umbellatum
nutans
sc.
w.
sc.
sc. —
— w.
Allium vineale
oleraceum
ursinum
Endymion nutans
Muscari racemosum ...
Order LXXXVII.
Order LXXXVIII
Order LXXXIX
,. Wild Tulip
,. Common Fritillary
Star of Bethlehem
,. Droox^ing Star of Bethlehem —
.. Crow Garlick ... ... sc.
.. Field Garlick —
.. Ramsons ... e. — —
.. EngHsh Blue-bell e. nc. sc.
.. Grape Hyacinth ... ... — nc. —
CoLCHicACE^. The Meadow Saffron Tribe.
ERiocAULAGEiE. The Pipe-wort Tribe.
JuNCAGE^. The Rush Tribe.
c. — sc. —
— nc.
e. — sc. —
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
Narthecium ossifragum
Juncus maritimus
acutus
effusus
-^- ~ - conglomeratus
■^^ giaucus
obtusiflorus ...
acutiflorus
lampocarpus ...
' . .-. — uliginosus
-r — r— subverticillatusf
—^r— squarrosus .,.
-^^ — — - compressus ...
-r-- — ^ — co^nosusf
— bufonius
Luzula sylvatica
- — :?— pilosa ... ...
campestris
congesta
Order XC.
Alisma Plantago
ranunculoides
Sagittaria sagittifolia
Butomus umbellatus
Triglochin maritimum
palustre ...
Order XCI
Typha latifolia
angustifolia ...
. ^parganium ramosum
■^ simplex...
•=' — ^^ — - natans ...
... Bog Asphodel
... Lesser sharp Sea Rush ...
... Great sharp Sea Rush
... Soft Rush
... Common Rush
... Hard Rush
... Blunt- flowered Jointed Rush
... Sharp-flowered Jointed Rush
... Shining-fruited Jointed Rush
... Lesser Bog Jointed Rush...
... Whorl-headed Rush
... Heath Rush
... Round-fruited Rush
... Mud Rush
... Toad Rush
... Great Hairy Wood Rush...
. . . Hairy Wood Rush ...
... Field Wood Rush
... Many-headed Bog Wood Rush
Alismace^. The Water Plantain Tribe
... Greater Water Plantain ...
... L e sser W ater Plantain
... Common Arrow-head
... Flowering-rush
... Sea-side Arrow-grass
, Marsh AiTow-grass
TypHACEyE. The Bull-rush Tribe.
Great Reed-mace ...
Lesser Reed-mace
. Branched Reed-bur
. Upright Reed-bur
. Floating Reed-bur
—
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
—
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
- •
w.
—
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
e.
e.
—
—
w.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
•7
—
~—
w.
ibi
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
— ■
w_
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
FLOWEKING PLANTS.
Okdek XCII. Arace^. The Arum Tribe.
Acorus Calamus
Arum maculatum
Order XCIII
Xiemna trisulca
minor
polyrliiza
gibba
Sweet Flag e. — sc. ■ —
Cuckoo-pint ... ... e. — — w.
Lemnace^. The Duckiveed Tribe.
Ivy-leaved Duckweed ... e. no. sc.
Lesser Duckweed e. nc. sc.
Greater Duckweed e. nc. sc.
Gibbous Duckweed ... e. nc. sc.
Order XCIV. Potamogetonace^. The Pond-weed Tribe.
Potamogeton natans Broad-leaved Pond-weed ...
plantagineus Plantain-leaved Pond-weed
rufescens ... Reddish Pond-weed
heterophyllum Various-leaved Pond- weed
w.
w.
w.
w.
-lucens
-prselongus
-perfoliatus
-crispus
-acutifolius
-gramineus
-compressus.
-pusillus
-triclioides
-pectinatus .
-densus... ,
e. w.
sc. —
sc. —
sc.
Ruppia maritima
Zannichellia palustiis
Order XCV,
Zostera marina ,
Order XCVI.
Schoenus nigricans
Cladium Mariscus ,
Rhynchospora alba ... .,,
Eleocbaris palustris
multicaulis
— acicularis
Scirpus maritimus
triqueter
lacustris
glaucus
— ceespitosus
pauciflorus
. = fluitans ...
setaceus
Blysmus compressus
Eriophorum vaginatum ...
angustifolium
■- polystacliion..r
Carex dioica
pulicaris
divisa
intermedia
,. Shining Pond-weed ... e. nc.
. Long-stalked Pond-weed ... e. — —
. PerfoKate Pond- weed ... e. nc. —
. Curled Pond- weed e. — —
. Sharp-leaved Pond- weed ... nc.
. Grassy Pond-weed e. nc. sc.
. Compressed Small Pond- weed e. — —
Small Pond- weed ... ... e. —
. Hah'-Hke Pond- weed ... e.' nc.
. Fennel-leaved Pond- weed... e. —
. Opposite-leaved Pond- weed e. —
. Tassel Pond- weed e. —
,. Horned Pond- weed ... e. —
Naiadace^. The Grass-ivracJc Tribe.
,. Grass- wrack e. —
sc.
sc.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
— w
arenaria ...
vulpina ...
muricata
divulsa .,.
teretiuscula
Cyperace^. The Sedge Tribe.
Bog-rush e.
Common Sedge e.
White Beak-rush ... e.
Creeping Spike-rush ... e.
Many-stalked Spike-rush e.
Least Spike-rush ... e.
Salt-marsh Club-rush ... e.
Triangular Club-rush ... e.
Lake Club-rush ... ... e.
Glaucous Club-rush ... —
Scaly-headed Club-rush ... e.
Chocolate-headed Club-rush e.
Floating Club-msh .*. e.
Bristle-stalked Club-rush e.
Broad-leaved Blysmus ... e.
Hair's-tail Cotton-gi*ass ... —
Common Cotton-grass
Broad-leaved Cotton-grass —
Creeping separate-headedCares e.
Flea Carex e.
Bracteated Marsh Carex ... e.
Soft-brown Carex ... e.
Sea Carex e.
Great Carex e.
Great prickly Carex ... e.
Gray Carex e.
Lesser panicled Carex ... e.
nc. sc.
nc. sc.
nc. sc.
nc. sc.
nc. —
nc. —
nc. —
nc. —
— sc.
e. —
nc. sc.
— sc.
nc. —
nc. sc.
— sc.
nc. sc.
— sc.
nc. —
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
88
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Carex paradoxa ...
paniculata
axillaris
remota
stellulata
— — curta
— — ovalis
striata
acuta
csespitosa
panicea
limosa
strigosa
pendula
praecox
pilulifera
■ recurva
flava
CEderi
extensa
fulva
distans
binervis
sylvatica ...
Pseudo-cyperus
filiformis
liirta
ampuUacea
vesicaria ...
paludosa
riparia
Okder XCVII.
Digitaria sanguinalis
humifusa
Setaria viridis
■ verticillata
Phalaris canariensis
arimdinacea
Anthoxanthum odoratum...
Phleum Boehmeri
arenarium ,
pratense.
Alopecurus pratensis . . .
geniculatus
■ fulvus ...
— ^ bulbosus...
agrestis
Nardus stricta
Milium effusum
Phragmites communis
Psamma arenaria
Calamagrostis lanceolata ...
■ Epigejos ...
Apera spica-venti
interrupta
Agrostis canina
- — ' — vulgaris
Paradoxical Carex...
Great panicled Carex
Axillary clustered Carex ...
Remote Carex
Little pricldy Carex
AVhite Carex
Oval- spiked Carex
Straight-leaved Carex
Slender-spiked Carex
Tufted Bog-carex ...
Pink-leaved Carex
Mud Carex ...
Loose pendulous Carex ...
Great pendulous Carex
Vernal Carex
Round-headed Carex
Glaucous Heath Carex ...
Yellow Carex
QCderian Carex
Long bracteated Carex
Tawny Carex
Loose Carex
Green-ribbed Carex
Pendulous Wood Carex ...
Cyperus-like Carex
Slender-leaved Carex
Hairy Carex
Slender-beaked Bottle-carex
Short-spiked Bladder Carex
Lesser Common Carex
Great Common Carex
Gramine^. The Grass Tribe
Hairy Finger-grass
Glabrous Finger-grass
Green Bristle-grass
Rough Bristle-grass
True Canary-grass ...
Reed Canary- grass
Vernal- grass
Cat's-tail Canary-grass
Sea Canary-grass ...
Timothy-grass
Meadow Fox- tail-grass
Floating Fox-tail-grass ...
Orange-spike Fox-tail-grass
Tuberous Fox-tail-grass ...
Slender Fox- tail-grass
Mat-gTass
Millet-grass
Common Reed
Common Sea Reed
Purple-flowered Small-reed
Wood Small-reed ...
Silky Wind-grass ...
Interrupted Wind-grass ...
Brown Bent- grass...
Fine Bent-grass
Marsh Bent-grass
e.
—
—
—
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
sc.
—
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
— -
e.
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
-._
—
—
■ —
sc.
—
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
—
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
—
—
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
6.
—
sc.
w.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
nc.
sc.
—
e.
nc.
sc.
—
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
—
• —
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
e.
e.
—
sc.
—
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
e.
e.
nc.
—
w.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
—
■ —
sc.
w.
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
—
— -
—
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
PLOWEBING PLANTS.
89
Polypogon monspeliensis ...
littoraHs
Gastridium lendigerum ...
Holcus lanatus
mollis
Corynephorus canescens ...
Aira csespitosa
flexuosa
caryophyllea
prsecox
Trisetum flavescens
Avena fatua
■ pratensis
pubescens
Arrhenathenim avenaceum
Triodia decumbens
Koeleria cristata
MeHca uniflora
Molinia ccerulea
Poa annua
bulbosa
nemoralis
— — trivialis , ...
pratensis ... ... ...
compressa ...
Glyceria aquatica
fluitans
Sclerochloa maritima
■ distans
procumbens
rigida
loHacea
Briza media
Catabrosa aquatica
Cynosurus cristatus
Dactylis glomerata
Festuca bromoides
Myurus
ovina
duriusculaf
rubra
sylvatica
gigantea
trifloraf
elatior
pratensis
loliaceaf
Bromus erectus
asper
steriKs
Serrafalcus secalinus
velutinusf
racemosus
mollis
arvensis
Brachypodium sylvaticimi
— — pinnatum
Triticum caninum
Annual Beard-grass ... — nc.
Perennial Beard-grass ... — nc.
Awned Nit-grass ... ... e. nc.
Meadow Soft-grass ... e. nc.
Creeping Soft-gi*ass ... e. nc.
Gray Haii*- grass e. nc.
Turfy Haii'-grass ... ... — nc.
Waved Hair-grass... ... — nc.
Silvery Hair-grass... ... e. nc.
Early Haii'-grass ... ... e. —
Yellow Oat-grass e. nc.
Wild Oat e. nc.
Narrow-leaved Oat-grass ...
Downy Oat-grass ... ... — nc.
Oat-like-grass ... ... e. nc.
Decumbent Heath-grass ... e. nc.
Crested Haii'-grass ... e. —
Wood Melic-grass ... ... —
Piu'ple MeHc-grass... ... e.
Annual Meadow-grass ... e.
Bulbous Meadow-grass ... e.
Wood Meadow-grass ... —
Boughisli Meadow-grass . . .
Smooth- stalked Meadow-grass
Flat-stemmed Meadow-gi'ass
Reed Meadow-grass
Floating Meadow-grass ...
Creeping Sea Meadow-grass
Reflexed Meadow-grass . . .
Procumbent Sea Meadow-grass
Hard Meadow-grass
Dwarf Sea Wheat -grass ...
Common Quaking-grass ...
Water Whorl-grass
Crested Dog's-tail-grass ...
Rough Cock's-foot-gi-ass ...
Barren Fescue-grass
Wall Fescue-gi'ass
Sheep's Fescue-grass
Hard Fescue-grass
Creej)ing Fescue-grass ...
Wood Fescue-grass
Gigantic Fescue-grass
Three-flowered Fescue-grass
Tall Fescue -grass
Meadow Fescue-grass
Spiked Fescue-gi'ass
Upright Brome-grass
Haii-y Wood Brome-grass
Barren Brome-grass
Smooth Rye Brome-grass
Downy Rye Brome-grass
Smooth Brome-grass
Soft Brome-gi'ass ...
Taper Field Brome-grass ...
Slender False Brome-grass
Heath False Brome-grass
Fibrous-rooted Wheat-gi'ass — w.
nc.
nc.
nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. nc.
e. —
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. —
— nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. —
— nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. —
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
'sc. —
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
— w.
— w.
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. —
— w.
sc. w.
— w.
sc. w.
sc. w.
sc, w.
sc. —
sc. —
sc. w.
sc. —
90
BOTANY OP NORFOLK.
Triticum repens
junceum
Elymiis arenarius
Hordeum pratense ..
miirinum .,
. ■ maritimiim
Lep turns incurvatus .,
Lolium perenne
temulentum ..
arvense
Coiicli-grass
Sea Eiisliy Wheat-grass ...
Upright Sea Lyme-grass ...
MeacloAv Barley
Wall Barley
Sea-side Barley
Sea Hard-grass
Hye -grass
Bearded Darnel
Short-awiied Annual Darnel
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
— ^
II.— CRYPTOGAME^, or FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
CLASS III.— ACOTYLEDONES.
Order I. Filices. Ferns.
Polypodium vulgare
Lastrsea Thelypteris
Oreopteris
Filix-mas
— cristata
uliginosa
■ spinulosa
dilatata
Polystichum aculeatum ...
lobatumf
angulare
Cystopteris fragilis
Athyrium Filix-foemina . . .
Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum
Trichomanes...
■ Ruta muraria
Scolopendrium vulgare
Ceterach officinarum
Blechnum boreale
Pteris aquilina
O smunda regalis
B otrichium lunaria
Ophioglossum vulgatum ...
Lycopodium clavatum
Selago ... ...
inundatum ...
Pilularia globulifera
Equisetum arvense
• Telmateia
-sylvaticum
-lunosum ...
-palustre ...
-hyemale ...
Phascum serratum . .
crispum
— subulatum ...
-— axillare
— patens
• muticum . . .
— cuspidatum
Common Polypody
Marsh Shield-fern
Heath Shield-fern
Male Shield-fern
Crested Shield-fern
Bog Shield-fern
Prickly-toothed Shield-fern
Broad Sharp-toothed Shield
Prickly Shield-fern
Close-leaved Prickly Shield-
Angular-lfd. Pricldy Shield-
Brittle Bladder-fern
Female Spleenwort
.Black- stalked Spleenwort
Wall Spleenwort ...
Wall-rue Spleenwort
Common Hart's-tongue ...
Scaly Spleenwort
Northern Hard-fern
Common Brake
Flowering-fern
Common Moon- wort
Adder's-tongue
Common Club-moss
Fir Club-moss
Marsh Club-moss
... CreexDing Pill- wort
... Corn Horse-tail
... Great Water Horse-tail ...
... Branched Wood Horse-tail
... Smooth Naked Horse-tail
... Marsh Horse-tail ...
. ... Rough Horse-tail ...
Order II. Musci. Mosses.
... Serrated Earth-moss
. . . Curly-leaved Earth-moss . . .
... Awl-leaved Earth-moss ...
. ... Lateral-fruited Earth-moss
... Spreading Earth-moss
, ... Common Dwarf Earth-moss
... Cuspidate Earth-moss
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
—
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
-fn. e.
—
sc.
w.
—
nc.
sc.
w.
■fn. e.
nc.
sc.
w.
fern e.
nc.
—
—
e.
—
—
—
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
—
w.
—
nc.
—
—
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
—
—
e.
nc.
sc.
—
—
—
—
w.
—
nc.
—
—
e.
nc.
—
—
e.
—
—
• —
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
—
—
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
— ~
w.
e.
__
,
—
—
sc.
—
e.
—
—
—
e.
—
sc.
—
e.
—
—
— '-
3 e.
—
—
—
e.
—.
sc.
>^
Phascum piliferumf ...
■ rectum
Spliagmmi obtiisifoliiim
■ squaiTosum
acutifoliiim
cuspid atnm
FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
,.. Piliferous Earth-moss
. . Straight-stalked Earth-moss
.. Blunt-leaved Bog-moss ...
.. Spreading-leaved Bog-moss
.. Slender Bog-moss ...
Long-leaved Floating Bog-moss
91
|- GjTnnostomum viiidissimum Green-tufted Beardless-moss e. —
nc.
no.
nc.
sc.
w.
w.
Splachnum ampuUaceum ...
Encalypta vulgaris
Weissia Starkeana
lanceolata
cuTata
curvirostra
controversa
Grimmia apocarpa
■ pulvinata
Didymodon purpureus
Trichostomum canescens ...
Dicranum bryoides ...
— adiantoides
■ — taxifoHum...
glaucum ...
cerviculatum
flexuosum...
' nigro-vuidef
— crispum ...
scoparium...
varium
■- — heteromailum
Tortula enervis
rigida
revoluta
■ muralis
riu'alis
• subulata
unguiculata
cuneifolia
fallax
Polytrichum undulatum
piliferum
, jumpermum:..
— commune
attenuatumf . . .
urnigerum ...
■ aloides
Dicksonif
nanum
Funaria hygrometrica
Orthotrichum cupulatum ...
^ aflfine
' diaphanum. . .
ovatum ... Hairy-leaved Beardless-moss
truncatulum Lit. Blunt-fLiiited Beardless-m.
intermediumf Larger B . -fruited Beardless-m.
Heimii ... Long- stalked Beardless-moss
conicum ... Blunt-lidded Beardless-moss
fasciculare.. . Blunt Pear-shaped Beardless-m
pyriforme . . . Sharp Pear-shaped Beardless-m. e
Flagon-fr'uited Splachnum
... Common Extinguisher-moss
Starkean Weissia ...
... Lance-leaved Weissia
. . . Cuii-leaved Weissia
... Curved-beaked Weissia ...
... Green-cushioned Weissia...
... Sessile Grimmia ...
... Gray-cushioned Grimmia...
... Purple Didymodon
Hoary Fringe-moss
...Lesser Pinnated-leaved Fork-moss e
... Adiantum-like Fork-moss
... Yew-leaved Fork-moss
... White Fork-moss ...
... Red-necked Fork-moss ...
... Zigzag Fork-moss
... Dark-green Zigzag Fork-moss
... Curl-leaved Fork-moss
... Broom Fork-moss ...
... Variable Fork-moss
... Silky-leaved Fork-moss ...
,.. Nerveless Rigid Screw-moss
... Aloe-like Screw-moss
.. Revolute Screw-moss
... Wall Screw-moss ...
.. Great Haiiy Screw-moss ...
.. Awl-shaped Screw-moss ...
.. Bird's-claw Screw-moss ...
.. Wedge-shaped Screw-moss
.. Fallacious Screw-moss
.. Undulated Haii'-moss
.. Bristle-pointed Hair-moss
Juniper-leaved Hair-moss
Common Hair-moss
Slender Haii'-moss
Urn-headed Hair-moss ...
Dwarf Long-headed Hair-moss
Dwarf Short- stalked Hair-moss e. —
Dwarf Round-headed Hair-m. e. nc.
Hygrometric Cord-moss ... e. nc,
Single-fringed Bristle-moss e. -^
Pale Straight-leaved Bristle-m. e. —
Diaphanous pointed Bristle-m. e. -—
sc.
sc,
sc.
sc.
sc,
sc.
e. nc.
sc. —
e.
e.
— — w.
nc. sc.
e. nc. —
sc.
• sc.
e. — —
e. — ~
e. — —
e. — —
e.
e. — —
e. — —
e. nc. sc.
e. nc. sc.
e. nc. sc.
e.
— w.
w,
sc.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc.
sc.
w.
w.
w.
— — w,
sc.
sc.
sc.
92
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Ortliotrichum striatum
Hutchinsia..
crispum
Bryum androgyniim
palustre ...
dealbatum
carneum
argenteum
capillare
caespititium
minusf ...
turbinatuin
nutans ...
ventricosum
roseum
ligulatum ... .
punctatum ... .
hornum
cuspidatum ...
Bartramia pomiformis
fontana ... .
Buxbaumia aphylla ... .
Leucodon sciuroides ... .
Anomodon curtipendulum
viticulosum
Daltonia heteromalla
Fontinalis antipyretica
Hookeria lucens ... .
Hypnuni trichomanoides .
complanatum .
ripariuin ... .
— denticulatum
tenellum. ...
serpens ... .
strainineum
' purum
piliferum ... .
plumosum
sericeum ...
lute scens . . .
nitens ... .
— — — albicans ... .
alopecurum
dendroides
curvatum ... ,
' splendens ... .
■ proliferum
prselongum
rutabulum
velutinum
ruscifolium
striatum
■ confertum
cuspidatum
cordifolium
polymorphum
steUatum ...
— ^ — ■■ triquetrum
Common Bristle-moss
, Miss Hutcliins' Bristle-moss
. Curied Bristle-moss
Narrow-leaved Thread-moss
Marsh Thread-moss
Pale-leaved Thread-moss ...
Soffc-leaved Thread-moss ...
, Silvery Thread-moss
, Greater Matted Thread-moss
. Lesser Matted Thread-moss
. Two-coloured Thread-moss
. Turbinate Thread-moss ...
, Sillcy Pendulous Thread-moss
. Swelling Bog Thread-moss
, Rosaceous Thyme Thread-moss
. Long-leaved Thyme Thd.-moss
. Dotted Thyme Thread-moss
. Swan's-neck Thyme Thd.-moss
. Pointed-leaved Thyme Th. -moss e
. Common Apple-moss
. Fountain Apple-moss
. Leafless Buxbaumia
. Squirrel- tail Leucodon
Pendulous Anomodon
. Cylindrical Anomodon
. Lateral Daltonia ...
. Greater Water-moss
. Shining Hookeria ...
. Blunt Fern-like Feather-moss
. Flat Feather-moss
. Short beaked Water Feather-m,
. Sharp Fern-like Feather-moss
. Tender Awl-leaved Feather-m.
. CreepingWhite-veiledFeather-m.e
. Straw-lilie Feather-moss
. Neat Meadow Feather-moss
. Hair-pointed Feather-moss
. Rusty Feather-moss
. Silky Feather-moss
Rough-stalked Yellow Feather-m.
. Sliining Featlier-moss
.. Whitish Feather-moss
,. Fox-tail Feather-moss
,. Tree-hke Feather-moss ...
, . Curved Feather-moss
. Ghttering Feather-moss ...
. Prohferous Feather-moss
. Very long Feather-moss
Com. Rough-stalked Feather-m.
.. Velvet Feather-moss
. . Long-beaked Water Feather-m.
,. Com. Striated Feather-moss
,. Clustered Feather-moss ...
. . Pointed Bog Feather-moss
.. Heart-leaved Feather-moss
.. Variable -leaved Feather-moss
. , Yellow Starry Feather- moss
.. Triquetrous Feather-moss
e.
nc.
sc.
—
e.
—
—
—
e.
e.
e.
—
—
w.
nc.
—
w.
—
nc.
—
—
e.
—
—
— '
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
—
e.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
e.
nc.
sc.
~~~
e.
e.
e.
nc.
—
—
—
sc.
—
e.
' —
—
—
e.
—
sc.
—
e.
nc.
sc.
—
e.
—
—
—
e.
e.
e.
nc.
—
—
—
sc.
—
e.
e.
e.
nc.
—
—
— .
sc.
—
e.
nc.
sc.
—
e,
e.
• nc.
-—
—
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
e.
e.
i.e
nc.
sc.
—
e.
e.
"
nc.
w.
e.
—
— •
—
e.
—
—
— -
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
c.
—
—
w.
—
—
w.
nc.
—
—
nc.
—
—
e.
—
sc.
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
—
c.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
—
—
—
e.
—
—
Ar-
e.
—
—
—
e.
—
—
—
e.
—
—
—
e.
. nc
. —
—
e.
—
—
—
e.
, nc.
sc.
—
e,
, nc,
, sc.
w.
jFLOWERLESS PLANTS.
93
Hypnum sqiiarrosiim
filicinum ...
palustre
adimcum ...
imcinatum
rugulosum
scorpioides
cupressiforme
moUuscum
Order
Riccia crystallma
fluitans
natans
Sphasrocarpus terrestris ...
Marchantia polymorplia ...
' conica
• hemisphferica
Jungermannia asplemoides
lanceolata ...
Sphagni
crenulata . . .
excisa
biciispidata
byssacea ...
connivens . . .
pusilla
• nemorosa . . .
undulata ...
resiipinata ...
complanata
anomala
scalaris
= — viticiilosa . . .
Trichomanis
bidentata . . .
obtusataf ...
Francisci . . .
reptans
' setacea
. platyphylla . . .
dilatata
Tamarisci ...
pingiiis
multifida . . .
epiphylla . . .
, . . Drooping-leaved Feather-moss
. . . Lesser GoldenFern Feather-m.
,.. Marsh Feather-moss
.. Claw-leaved Feather-moss
,.. Sickle-leaved Feather-moss
.. Yfiinkle -leaved Feather-moss
.. Scorpion Featlier-moss ...
.. Cypress-leaved Feather-moss
.. Plumy-crested Feather-moss
III. Hepatic.e, Liverworts.
.. Chrystalline Riccia
.. Narrow Floating Riccia ...
. . Broad Floating Riccia
.. Ground Sphaerocarpus
. . Polymorphous Marchantia
.. Conical Marchantia
Hemisphserical Marchantia
Spleenwort Jungermannia
Lance-leaved Jungermannia
Bog-moss Jungermannia ...
Crenulated Jungermannia
Small Ejaotched-leaved Jungerm.
Forked Jungermannia
Byssus-Uke Jungermannia
Forcipated Jungermannia
Dwarf Jungermannia
Wood Jungermannia
Wavy-leaved Juggermannia
Curled Jungermannia
Flat Jungermannia
Various-leaved Jungermannia
Ladder Jungermannia
Stragghng Flat Jungermannia
Fern Jungermannia
Triangular- sheathed Jimgerm.
Blunt Tri. -sheathed Jungerm.
Holt Jungermannia
Creeping Jungermannia ...
Bristly Jungermannia
Order
B^eomyces rufus
Calicium sessile
' microcephalum . .
tympanellum
ferrugineum
■■ clavellum ,
hyperellum
chrysocephalum
pheeocephalum ..
curtum
debile
Flat-leaved Jungermannia
Dilated Jungermannia
Tamarisk Jungermannia ...
Shppeiy Jungermannia ...
Many-lobed Jungermannia
SHppery Jungermannia ...
IV. Lichenes, Lichejis.
Brown Mushroom Bseomyces
Parasitic Sessile Calicium
Small-headed Short- Stalked C.
Sooty-fruited Calicium
Rusty Caliciimi
Gray-crusted Cahcium
Bright yellow Calicium ...
Gold-headed Cahcium
Brown-headed Cahcium ...
Short-stalked Calicium
Slejider Cahcium ...
e. nc. sc. —
e. nc. sc. w.
sc. —
e. nc. sc. —
e. nc. sc. w.
e. — sc. —
e. — sc. —
— nc.
e. — sc. —
e. nc. sc. w.
— nc. sc. —
— nc. sc. —
— nc. — —
e. nc. sc. —
e. nc. sc. —
— nc.
e. nc. sc. —
— nc.
e. nc. sc. —
— nc.
e. — — w.
e. nc.
e. nc.
— nc.
— nc.
e. — — w.
e. nc. sc. w.
e. nc. sc. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
— nc.
e. —
e.
nc.
nc.
— sc. —
— — w.
94
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Calicium spliseroceplialum
Opcgraplia lyncea ... ..
Opegraplia epipasta ...
rubella
rufescens ... .
atra
vulgata
— ' betulina
— varia ...
— saxatilis
scripta
Vernicaria niticla
piinctiformis
olivacea
gemmata ...
biformis
■ aplianes
■ leiicocephala
• viridula
muralis
— nigrescens ...
epigfea
Endocarpon Hedwigii
. sorediatum
— fuscellum
Pertusaria communis
fallax
Lepraria viridis
murorum ...
— ocliracea
flava
-alba
-virescens
-nigra...
Spiloma microscopiciun
murale
dispersum ...
nigrum
versicolorf
erubescensf
fuliginosum
decolorans
punctatum
gregarium
Variolaria Vitiligo
griseo-virens
conspurcata
discoidea ...
faginea
aspergilla ...
argena
^ — agelcea
Uroeolaria scruposa ...
calcarea ...
— cmerea
• Acliarii
rufescens
Lecidea fusco-atra
w.
w.
— w.
Round-lieaded Calicium ... — nc.
Gray-speckled Opegraplia... e. —
Small Dotted Opegraplia ... c. —
Heddisli Opegraplia ... e. —
Ptusty Opegrapba e. —
Black Opegraplia e. —
Common Opegraplia ... e. —
Bircli-bark Opegraplia ... e. —
Variable Opegraplia ... e. —
Stone Opegraplia e. —
Black-letter Opegraplia ... e. —
"Wax-like Bark Verrucaria o. —
Brownish Bark Vernicaria e. —
Olive-crusted Bark Verrucaria e. —
Large-fruited Bark Verrucaria e. —
Deceptive Bark Verrucaria e. —
Inconspicuous Bark Verrucaria e. —
Wlute-fruited Bark Verrucaria e. —
Mosaic Bock Verrucaria ... e. —
Wall Verrucaria ... ... e. —
Dark-stained llock Verrucaria e. —
Greenish Ground-lichen ... — nc. sc. —
Hedwigian Endocai*pon ... — nc.
Powdery-speclded Endocarpon sc. —
Dark-gray Endocarpon ... e. nc.
Common Pertusaria ... e. — — w.
Doubtful Pertusaria ... e. —
Common Green Lepraria ... e. —
Wall Lepraria ... ... e. —
Ochry Lepraria e. —
Bright-yellow Lepraria ... e. — —
White Lepraria ... ... e. — —
Dull- green Lepraria ... e. nc. —
Black Lexn'aria ... ... e. — —
Microscopic Spiloma ... e. — —
Wall Si^iloma e. — —
Dispersed Spiloma ... e. — —
Black Spiloma ... ... e. — —
Variegated Spiloma ... e.
Reddish Spiloma ... ... e.
Sooty-fruited Spiloma ... e.
Staining Spiloma ... ... e.
Dotted Spiloma ... ... e.
Red Clustered Spiloma ... e.
Leprous Variolaria ... e. —
Grayish- green Variolaria ... — nc.
Dusty Variolaria ... ... e. nc. sc. —
Insipid Zoned Variolaria ... e. — — w.
Bitter Zoned Variolaria ... e. — — w.
Sprinlded Variolaria ... e. —
Silvery Variolaria .. . ... e. —
Inelegant Variolaria ... e. —
Common Urceolaria ... e. —
Calcareous Urceolaria ... e. —
Gray Urceolaria ... ... e. —
Acharian Urceolaria ... e. —
Reddish Urceolaria ... e. —
Brownish-black Lecidea ... — nc. sc. —
w.
w.
w.
nc.
— — w.
FLOWERLESS PLANTS,
95
Leeidea lapicida
parasema
Leeidea pinicola
dubia
GriffitMi
aromatica
miisconim ...
scabrosa
iiliginosa ...
abietina... ...
albo-atra
■ saxicolaf
'■ quernea
'■ viridescens ...
sulpliiirea ...
expallens
quadricolor ...
coronata
escaroidesf ...
anomala
effusaf ... ...
rupestris
— vernalis
pineti
icmadopliila . . .
mamiorea ...
Ehrhartiana.,.
iilinicola
aurantiaca ...
Lecanora atra
exigua
coarctata ...
sophodes ...
subfusca ...
cEesio-rufa
Hsematomma
— carina
varia
— '■ albella
... Continuous- shielded Leeidea
... Common Blk.-shielded Leeidea
... Pine-bark Leeidea...
... Doubtful Board Leeidea ...
... Griffithian Leeidea
... Aromatic Leeidea ...
... Moss Leeidea
... Eugged- shielded Leeidea...
... Earthy Marsh Leeidea ...
... Spruce-bark Leeidea
... Black and wliite Leeidea ...
... Silvery-gray Leeidea
... Oak Leeidea
. . . Greenish Horny-tubereled Leeidea —
... Sulphureous Leeidea
... Pale Yellow-gi-een Leeidea
... Four- coloured Leeidea
... Crenate-shielded Leeidea...
... Coralline-crusted Leeidea...
... Tumid Brown-shielded Leeidea
... Spreading Green Leeidea...
... Rock Leeidea
... Vernal Leeidea
... Waxy-shielded Leeidea ...
... Heath Leeidea
... Salmon-coloured Leeidea...
... Ehrhartian Leeidea
... White and Yellow Leeidea
Saffron- coloured Leeidea . . .
... Black- shielded Lecanora ...
Diminutive Blk.-shielded Lecanora
Contracted Lecanora
... Obscure Blk.-shielded Lecanora
... Brown- shielded Lecanora...
... Gray and Red Lecanora ...
... Blood-specked Lecanora
... Waxy Lecanora ...
... Variable- shielded Lecanora
... Cream-coloured Lecanora
w.
nc.
ne.
nc.
nc.
ne.
ne.
tartarea Upsaliensisl...Upsal Lecanora
Turner!
eitrina
vitellina
Psora sealaris
Squamaria hypnorum
candelaria
polyearpaf
murorum
• c£esia
elseina ...
Placodium canescens
Parmelia caperata
' Borreri
saxatilis
perlata
olivacea
corrugata .,
— pulverulata
Mealy-flesh-eoloured Lecanora
Lemon- coloured Wall Lecanora
Yolk of Egg Lecanora
Ohve & Black Imbricated Psora
Spreading Ground Squamaria
Yellow Candle Squamaria
Yellow Many-fruited Squamaria
Yellow Wall Squamaria
Gray-warted Squamaria ...
Orbicular Olive Squamaria
Gray Tree Placodium
Wrinkled Sulphur Parmelia
Borrerian Parmelia
Gray Stone Parmelia
Pearly Parmeha ...
Olive -coloured ParmeHa
Wrinkle -shielded Parmeha
Green Powdery Parmelia
se. —
se. —
nc.
nc. —
nc,
ne.
— — w.
w.
nc.
nc.
nc.
— w.
— w.
se. —
nc.
— — w.
e. —
se. —
— w.
96
POTANY OF NORFOLK.
Parmelia pit.yrea
stellaris
■ cycloselis ..
virella...
aleiirites ..
. • parietina ..
^ pliysodes ..
Collema cristatuin ..
. palmatum ..
nigrescens ..
crispum
sinuatum
lacerum
subtile ..,
tenuissimiim
. Sclu-aderi .,
muscicola
Peltidea caiiina ... .
■ sjpuria ... .
. mfescens .
polydactyla
Cetraria juniperina .
sepincola
glauca ...
Borrera ciliaris ... .
tenella
furfuracea .
Evernia prunastri
Ramalina fraxinea .
fastigiata .
farinacea .
. pollinaria .
Usnea florida
Cornicularia aculeata
Isidium lutescens
coccodes
Cladonia tincialis
rangiferina .
-furcata
Scypliopliorus amomaBUS .
. endivifolius
. pyxidatus .
fimbriatus .
radiatus
— cornutus .
• digitatus .
cocciferus ,
Pycnothelia Papillaria
Chara translucens
flexilis
nidifica
prolifera ...
. vulgaris ...
hispida
Sargassum vulgare
. . Scurfy Imbricated Parmelia
Black- shielded Stellated Parmelia
,.. Orbicular Dusky Parmelia
Little Green Imbricated Parmelia
.. Mealy Spreading Parmelia
.. Yellow Wall Parmelia
,.. Inflated Parmelia
,.. Crested Collema
.. Palmatcd Collema
.. Bat's-wing Collema
,.. Curled Collema
.. Sinuate d Collema...
.. Jagged Collema
.. Fine-spun Collema
.. Fine-cut Collema
.. Scliraderian Collema
... Moss Collema
,.. Canine Peltidea ... ^ ...
... Imperfectly-veined Peltidea
... D ark- coloured Ground Peltidea
,.. Many-fingered Peltidea ...
,. Golden Cetraria
... Fence Cetraria
... Glaucous Cetraria
,.. Large Ciliated Borrera ...
... Lesser Ciliated Borrera ...
... Branny Borrera ...
. . . Ragged Hoary Evernia . . .
... Ash Ramahna
... Fastigiate Ramalina
... Narrow Mealy Ramalina ...
... Broad-leaved Mealy Ramalina
... Flowery Usnea
... Aculeated Corniculaiia
... Yellowish Isidium
... Granulated Isidium
... Short Perforated Cladonia
... Rein- deer Moss
... Forked Cladonia ...
... Brown Cup-lichen
Eudive-leaved Cup-lichen
Common Cup-lichen
Fringed Cup-hchen
Radiated Cup-lichen
Horny Cup-hchen
Fingered Cup-lichen
Scarlet Cup -lichen
Papillary Pycnotheha
Okder V. Chaeace/e. Ohar<^,
Translucent Chara
Flaccid Chara
Clustered Chara
Proliferous Chara ,
Common Chara
Hispid Chara
Order VI. Alg^e. Sea-weeds.
Common Sargassum
e.
e.
e.
—
sc.
—
—
so.
—
e.
e.
e.
—
■ —
—
—
—
w.
e.
e.
—
__
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
—
—
—
—
—
—
e.
e.
e.
nc.
sc.
—
e.
e.
...
__
w.
e.
—
—
—
e.
e.
__
.^—
w.
e.
e.
—
■"— *
__
—
nc.
—
—
e.
—
—
—
e.
e.
e.
—
—
—
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
e.
e.
e.
—
—
—
—
—
—
e.
—
—
—
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
—
—
—
sc.
—
e.
—
—
w.
e.
e.
e.
nc.
—
w.
nc.
—
—
e.
—
—
—
—
—
w.
e.
e.
—
-
w.
e.
_
e.
—
—
—
—
nc.
—
—
—
nc.
—
—
e.
—
—
w.
e.
—
—
—
FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
97
Cystoseira ericoides
granulata
bai'bata
fibrosa
Halidrys siliquosa
Fiicus vesiculosus
ceranoides
serratiis
nodosiis
caniculatus ... ...
Himantlialia lorea
Laminaria saccliaiina
latifoliaf
Phyllitis
Desmarestia ligulata
Dichloria viridis
Sporochnus pedunculatus . . .
villosus
Chordaria flagelliformis ...
Chorda Filiim
Punctaria plantaginea
latifolia
Dictyota dicliotoma
■ atomaria •..
Cutleria multifida
Furcellaria fastigiata
Polyides rotundus
Delesseria sangiiinea
sinuosa
Hypoglossum ...
ruscifolia
Nitophyllum Gmelini
laceratiim . . .
iincinatumf . . .
Rhodomenia bifida
■ ciliataf
laciniata
Palmetta
ciliata
palmata
Plocamium coccineuin
Rliodomela Lycopodioides
subfusca
scorpioides
Bonnemaisonia asparagoides
Laurencia pinnatifida
— dasyphylla
Chylocladia clavellosa
ovalis
kaliformis
articulata
Gigartina purpurescens ...
confervoides
plicata
Chondrus crispus
■ membrardfolius . . .
Phyllopbora mbens
Gelidium corneiim
Heath-like Cystoseira
Granulated Cystoseu'a
Bearded Cystoseu-a
Fibrous Cystoseu-a
Podded Halidiys ...
Bladdered Fucus
Homed Fucus
Serrated Fucus
ICnotted Fucus
Channelled Fucus
Strap-shaped Himanthaha
Sugary Laminaria...
Broad-leaved Laminaria ...
Thin-leaved Laminaria ...
Ligulate Desmarestia
Green Dicliloria ...
Pedunculated Sporochnus
Hairy Sporochnus
Common Sea "\\Tiip-cord ...
Common Sea Whip-lash ...
Plantain-leaved Punctaria
Broad-leaved Punctaria ...
Dichotomous Dictyota
Sprinkled Dictyota
Multifid Cutleria
Fastigiate Furcellaria
Cylindrical Polyides
Oak-leaved Delesseria
Sinuous-leaved Delesseria
Proliferous Delesseria
Ruscus-leaved Delesseria
Marginal-fruited Nitophyllum
Lacerated Nitophyllum . . .
Hooked Nitophyllum
Bifid PJiodomenia...
Bristly Rdodomenia
Laciniated Ehodomenia ...
Small Palmated Rhodomenia
Cihated Pthodomenia
Larger Palmated Ehodomenia
Scaiiet Plocamium
Club-moss Rhodomela
Brownish Bhodomela
Scorpion's-tail Pthodomela
Asparagus-like Bonnemaisonia
Pinnatifid Laurencia
Thick-leaved Laurencia ...
Clavellated Chylocladia ...
Oval-leaved Chylocladia ...
Salsola-Hke Chylocladia ...
Ai'ticulated Chylocladia ...
Purplish Gigartina
Conferva-hke Gigartina ...
Entangled Gigartina
Curled Chondrus
Membranous-leaved Chondrus
Red Phyllophora ...
Horny Gelidium
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. no.
e. nc.
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. nc.
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. nc.
e. —
e
e. —
e. nc.
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. nc.
e. —
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e. nc.
e, —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. —
e. nc.
e. —
e. —
e. —
— nc.
G
W.
W.
W.
w.
w.
— w.
nc.
w.
w.
— w.
w.
— w.
— w.
98
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Gclidium crinalc^
Chfctogpora Wiggii
Halymcnia ligiilata
— — : f urcellata
Porpliyra laciniata ... ...
vulgaris
Ulva latissima
Lactuca
Linza
.Tetraspora lubrica
Enteromorplia Coriuicopiae
■ — -- intestinalis
■ ; — — compressa ...
Bryopsis plumosa
Vaucheria dichotoma
■_ Dillwynii
— : — : terrestris
ornitliocepliala
geminata
cosspitosa
Cladosteplius verticillatus
. — -— — spongiosus ...
Spliacelaria scoparia
cirrliosa
— velutina
Ectocarpus littoralis
siliciilosus
tomentosus . . .
Mertensii
——: bracliiatus
Polysiplionia stricta
— . urceolata . . .
■ atro-rubescens
. nigrescens ...
■ . fiircellata . . .
-fastigiata
-elongata
-byssoides
Dasya coccinea
Ceramhim rubrum ...
— diaplianiim
GrifFithsia equisetifolia
— — — setacea
Calitliamiiion Plumnla
Turneri
roseum
tetricum . . .
fasciculatiim
Borreri
• thuyoides . . .
• Botliii
reiDens
Bulbocliaete. setigera
Conferva ericetorum . . .
bombycina . . .
zonata
rivul aris . . .
-— ' : — capillaris . . .
Crinitc Horny Gclidium
AVigg's Cli.Ttospora _ ...
Strap -sbaped Halymenia ...
Forked Halymenia
Laciniated Purple Lavcr ...
Common Purple Laver ...
Broad Green Laver
Lettuce Green Laver
Ribband Green Lavcr
Lubricous Tetraspora
Cornucopia-like Enteromorpha
Intestinal Enteromorpha ...
Compressed Enteromorpha
Feathered Bryopsis ... _
Large Dichotomous Vaucheria
Dillwyn's Vaucheria
Ground Vaucheria
Bird's-head Vaucheria
Twin-fruited Vaucheria . . .
Tufted Vaucheria
Whorled Milfoil Cladosteplius
Spougc-likc Cladostephus
Broom-like Spliacelaria ...
Small Pinnate Spliacelaria
Velvct-hke Spliacelaria ...
Common Ectocarpus
Pod-fruited Ectocarpus ...
Prostrate Ectocarpus
Merten's Ectocarpus
Brachiate Ectocarpus
Straight Polysiplionia
Pitcher-fruited Polysiplionia
Dark- red Polysiplionia . . .
D ark Polysiplionia
Forked Polysiplionia
Fastigiate Polysiplionia ...
Lobster-horn Polysiplionia
Byssoid Polysiphonia
Scarlet Dasj^a
Pted Ceramium
Variegated Ceramium
Embricated Griffithsia
Setaceous Griffithsia
Pectinated Calithamnion ...
Turner's Calithamnion
Rosy Calithamnion
Rope-like Calithamnion ...
Tufted Calitliamnion
Borrer's Calithamnion
Ai-bor-vitee Calithamnion...
Roth's Calithamnion
Creeping Calithamnion ...
Setigerous Bulboch?ete ...
Moor Conferva
Silky Conferva
Banded Conferva ...
Ptiver Conferva
Capillary Conferva
— no.
c. —
c. nc.
c. nc.
e. —
0. —
c. —
c. —
e. —
— nc.
e. —
e. —
e. —
c.
c.
e.
e.
c.
e.
c.
e.
e.
0.
G.
e.
e.
e.
c.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
c.
e.
e.
e.
e.
c.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
e.
w.
w.
nc. —
nc. —
w.
w.
w.
w.
nc,
PLOWERLESS PLANTS.
99
Conferva Liuum
crassa
tortiiosa
— £erea ...
— collabens
— Yoimgana
— flacca ...
— fucicola
— scutulata
— flavescens
— fracta
— flexuosaf
— glomerata
— X)eUucida
— rupestris
— albida
~ lanosa
— arcta ...
riparia
Hydroclictyon utriculatum
Mougeotia genuflexa
Tyndaridea cruciata
pectinata
Z Ygnema nitidum
deciininum
quininum
Oalothrix confer vicola
scopulosum
distorta
Lyngbya muralis
OsciUatoria cbthonoplastes
limosa
tenuis
decorticans ...
nigra
fontinalis^
autumnalis ...
ochracea
Flax-like Conferva
Tliick Conferva
Twisted Conferva
Harsh Verdigris Conferva
Flaccid Verdigi'is Conferva
Young's Conferva
Small Flaccid Conferva
Lai'ge Parasitic Conferva
Target Conferva ...
Yellowish-branched Conferva
Broken-fruited Conferva
Green Zigzag-branched Conf.
Green-clustered Conferva
Pellucid Thi'ee-branched Conf.
Green Rock Conferva
"WTiitish Cottony Conferva
Woolly Green Conferva
Close Green ConfeiTa
Entangled Shore Conferva
Common Water-net
Knee-bent Mougeotia
Cross-like Tyndaridea
Comb-like Tyndaridea
Shining Zygnema
Two-spired Zygnema
One-spired Zygnema
Glaucous Parasitical Calothrix
Simple Rock Calothrix ...
Lai'ge Yerdigiis Calothrix
Wall Lyngbya
Sheathing Oscillatoria
Great Mud Oscillatoria ...
Lesser Mud Oscillatoria ...
Ribband Oscillatoria
Blackish Oscillatoria
Fountain Oscillatoria
Autumnal Wall Oscillatoria
Fragile Oscillatoria
Parasitical Chroolepus
Parasitical Protonema
Chroolepus lichenicolus
Protonema Orthotrichi
Batrachospermum moniliforme.. .MoniliformBatrachospermum
Draparnaldia plumosa
^-glomerata
tenuis ...
Rivularia atra
angulosa ...
Palmella cruenta
NostoG commune
sph^ericum ...
Meloseira nummuloides
Fragilaria pectinalis
Diatom a striatulum
flocculosum
Schizonema Dillwynii
' comoides
■ Smithii
Agaricus asper
Feathery Draparnaldia
Clustered Draparnaldia
Slender Draparnaldia
Black Rivularia
Plum-like Rivularia
Pui-ple Palmella ...
Comiidon Nostoc ...
Small Globous Nostoc
Oval -jointed Meloseira
Pectinated Fragilaria
Banded Diatoma ...
Flocculous Diatoma
Dillwyn's Schizonema
Tufted Schizonema
... Smith's Schizonema
Order VII. Fungi. Mushrooms.
Rough- warted Agaric
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
— -
e.
—
e.
nc
e.
nc
e.
nc
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
—
nc.
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
•—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
—
nc.
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
nc.
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
nc.
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
—
e.
nc.
e.
nc.
—
nc.
e.
sc. —
— — w.
nc.
q2
100
BOTANY OF NORFOLK.
Agaricus liypotliejus
• ■ rutilaus
• deliciosus
■ subdulcis
virgmeus ...
laccatus
peronatiis ...
galericulatus
setosus
pyxidatus ...
dryiniTS
mastrucatus
bulbosus ...
cucumis
variabilis ...
campestris ...
semiglobatus
— radians
glutinosiis ...
rutiliis
Merulius lacrymans ... ,
pulverulentiis .
Schizophyllum commune.
Deedalea betiilina ... .
■ nnicolor
Pol3T3orus perennis
giganteus ...
sulphureus
betiilimis ...
' ■ versicolor...
fraxineus ...
Boletus luteus
scaber
Hydnum compactiim
auriscalpium
coralloides
Clavaria stricta
Spatliularia flavida ...
Mitrula x^aludosa
Morcbella esculenta
Helvella lacunosa
Peziza onotica
coccmea
scutellata
cj^atboeidea ... .
Tremella ferruginea
Sclerotium durum ... ,
Pballus impudicus ...
Nidularia campanulata
crucibulum
SpliJBria entomoniiiza
capitata
opbioglossoides
• alutacea
' stercoraria
Rbytisma Acerinum
Batarrea Phalloides
Geaster coliformis
no.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
nc.
sc. —
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
sc.
w.
w.
Yellow Slimy Agaric ... — nc.
Crimson-red Downy Agaric e. nc.
Orange-milked Agaric ,.. — nc.
Subacrid Rufus Agaric ... — —
"White Field Agaric ...
Lake Agaric ... ...
Spatterdash Agaric . . e. —
Helmet Agaric ... ...
Bristly Pin-head Agaric ... —
Box-like Agaric ... ... —
Oak Agaric... ... ... e.
Furred Agaric ... ... —
Bulbous Agaric ... ... —
Cucumber- scented Agaiic... —
Variable Sessile Agaric ... —
Mushroom c.
Hemisphaerical Agaric ... —
Radiating Wall Agaric ... —
Glutinous Agaric ... ... e.
Purplish-red Agaric ... —
Dry-rot ... ... ... e
Pulverulent Merulius ... e.
Common Schizophyllum ... —
Pale Straight-gilled D^edalea —
Self-coloured Dsedalea ... —
Perennial Cinnamon Polyporus — nc.
Giant Polyporus ... ... — w.
Sulphur- coloured Polyporus — w.
Birch-tree Pol}^orus ... — nc.
Party-coloured Polyporus... — w.
Ash-tree Polyporus ... — w.
Dingy Yellow Boletus ... — w.
Scurfy Boletus ... ... — w.
Thick-fleshed Hydnum ... e. —
Hairy- stalked Hydnum ... — w.
Coral Hydnum • — w.
StraigTit-branched Clavaria — w.
Common Spathularia ... — nc.
Marsh Mitrula — w.
Common Morell ... ... — w.
Cinereous Helvella ... e. nc. — w.
Ear-shaped Peziza ... — nc.
Carmine Peziza
Shield-Hke Peziza
Cup-like Peziza
Plated Rusty Tremella ...
Common Black Sclerotium
Common Stinkhorn
Bell-shaped Bird's-nest Nid.
Cylindrical Bird's-nest Nidularia-
Round-headed Insect Sphseria -
Yellow-stemmed Sphssria
Adder's-tongue Sphferia ...
Pale Tan- col cured Sph£i3ria
Simple Dung Sphaeria
Sycamore Rhytisma ... —
Pliallus-lilie Batarrea ... e. nc. —
Cullender Starry Puff ball e. — —
— w.
— w.
— w.
sc. —
— nc.
— nc.
— nc.
— nc.
— nc.
e. —
e.
e.
nc.
sc.
—
—
—
w.
e.
uc.
—
—
e.
—
—
w.
w.
w.
—
—
—
—
—
—
w.
w.
w.
nc.
—
e.
e.
nc.
sc.
w.
PLOWERLESS PLANTS. 101
Geaster fornicatus Turreted Starry Puff ball
striatus minorf ... Lesser Grooved StaiTy Puff ball
mammosus Mamniillaiy Starry Puff ball
rufescens Reddish-brown Starry Puff ball
Lycoperdon gemmatum ... Studded Puff ball
echinatuml' ... Spinous Studded Puff ball
Scleroderma vemicosum ... Warty Scleroderma
Lycogala Epidendrum ... Scarlet Lycogala ...
Arcyria punicaea Splendid iVrcyria ...
Sporendonema Casei Red Cheese-mould ,
Podisoma Juniperi-Sabin^e Savine Podisoma ...
.^cidium Ari Wake-robin ^cidium
Uredo effusa Vermilion Uredo ...
Etymology of Norfolk Names of Places. — Flegg Hundreds. — Most of
the parishes in these hundreds have names terminating in hij ; b. proof of
thek Danish origin — " hij" in Danish signifying a village. Of 24 parishes
and hamlets in Flegg, foui-teen have this termination. Two others, Repps
(which signifies a parish or district) and Bastwick are likewise undoubtedly
Scandinavian. Martham and Runham should probably be Martholm and
Runholm — " Mart" being the Icelandic " Mord" a ram, and " Run" the Ice-
landic "runn," or "hrunn," a bush; "holm" signifying an island or low flat
ground surrounded by water. A part of Martham is still called " the holms."
Runhall andRunton in this county may take their names from "ruim." And
perhaps Runnymede, where the Palladium of our Uberties Magna Charta
was granted, may simply signify " the bushy meadow." The initial sylla-
bles of the names ending in "by" cannot always be accounted for so satisfac-
torily. Ashby probably took its name from some large ash tree — a remark-
able object in a district swept by the sea breezes — as Thume might from a
thorn. Billockby may come from the Danish " bilag," an enclosure, or from
some word connected with the Anglo-Saxon form " baelg," a bulging or belly.
Rollesby may be from "Hrolf" or RoUo, the celebrated Norse king ; Thrigby,
from " Tryggve," the father or son of King Clave the Saint ; Crmesby from
" Gorm," the Danish Idng — the Guthrum of our Enghsh histories — or from
the Danish "Orm," a worm or serpent, a common name of a Viking's ship.
The word Stoke has been a subject of much discussion, some think it
signifies the same as Stow, a place, others a stockade, while Ihre, the great
Swedish lexicogi-apher, says that it signifies a ferry. Caister is from the
Latin "castrum," a camp, while Bui'gh in Anglo-Saxon like^vise signifies a
place of defence. The name Flegg is probably from the Dutch " Vlak" or
" Vlakke," flat.
Acle.— Anglo-Saxon. — "Ac" an oak and "lea" a field or plain. Cld-fashioned
people till recently called it Cakley, and its woods, with some very fine oaks,
have been much reduced in the last few years. Smithdon-hundi-ed, for-
merly Smethdun is from the word "smeeth," stiU retained in the Norfolk
dialect to signify a place or a tableland, from the same root as smooth
It contains some elevated plains of great extent.
Humbleyard, from an old word humble, or hmnle, (Humulus) the hop, a
hop-garden. There are places called Hiimble-toft in East Dereham and
South Bui-hngham. In Swedish, Humlegaard is a hop garden.
Weyland, perhaps from the Dutch " VN^eiland," pasture; but more probably
from Weland or Weyland, the Vulcan of Northern mythology. Indeed the
Scandinavian mythology has given us Grimshoe (" hoe" meaning hill, a
sepulchral tumulus, or one used for judicial meetings) and Grimston
Thui'sford, Thurton, &c., from the God Thor, from whom the fifth day of
the week is named. Aylesham (anciently yEglesham) is perhaps from iEgel
or Eigil, the brother of Weland. Palgrave, Kemble derives from Phal, who
was the same asBaldur, the favoiuite son of Odin, who may also have given
I
102 ETYMOLOGY OF NORFOLK NAMES.
his name to Palling ("■ ing" signifying a meadow in ancient Danish) . Horning,
from "horn," "hyrn," or "hunn," an angular projectmg piece of land, and
Snoring, probably from "Snorri," a Scandinavian personal name, have
their terminal syllable from the word " ing," a meadow, as liliewise have
Blickling Seething, Hiclding, Honing, although the meaning of their first
syllables be not so obvious ; 'While for Beaming, we can find nothing but
" skarn," dirt, or mud. Clavering-hundred may be clover-meadow. Hap-
ping-hundred may take its first syllable from the Swedish "hap," a sepa-
rated or isolated piece of land, from whence also Happisburgh and Hap ton.
From the Latin we have two Caisters ("castrum"), two Strattons, and
Stradsett ("stratum" a street). Colney ("colonia" a iurm or village), and
Tacolnestone. The syllable " Sco," in Sco Ruston and Haddisco, is the
Danish " Skew" or " Skogr," (pronounced "sko"), a shaw or coppice. In Run-
ham and some other villages, are fields called Scow-fields, beyond doubt the
sites of former thickets, and strongly confirming the derivation before given
of Runham.
Carbrooke and Carrow, (anciently Carhow or Carhoej from the word
" Car," an osier car or alder car, a bog where osiers or alders grow (Isl. " kaer
palus"). Haveringland and Halvergate (properly pronounced Havergate) ,
from "Haver," the old name for oats. The Rocklands may have taken their
names from boulders, as between Mertou and Threxton a very large one is
still to be seen, or from "roke" vapour, which prevails in those wet lands.
In the Rotuli Hundredorum, the name is spelt Rokelaud. Mr. Haigh thinks
that Fincham takes its name from " Fin," the Frisian king, commemorated
in the ancient poem of Beowulf, while Hilborough takes its name from
" Hildeburg," his wife, and Hockham, Hockwold, and Hockering, from her
father, " Hoce," and Gooderstone from " Guthere," one of the heroes of the
expedition.
Heights of Places above the Level of the Sea. — The Geological
survey by the Ordnance ofiicers has not been extended to Norfolk, and con-
sequently the elevations of but few places have been correctly ascertained.
But these measurements have been made along the road from Yarmouth,
through Norwich, East Dereham, and Swafi'ham, &c.,to Lynn ; and, by the
coast road from Yarmouth through Horsey, Happisburgh, Cromer, Hunstan-
ton, &c., to Lynn. As these elevations are of considerable use (for reducing
barometrical observations, &c.,) and otherwise interesting, we give some of
the elevations marked on public buildings, churches, &c., along these lines
with those on some lateral deviations. The " bolt" is a broad arrow, with a
plug of lead at the apex, the arrow cliis elled in the masonry.
and a hole about half an inch in diame
ter filled with lead.
lead) are cut on pri-
we give only a very
"Marks" (the broad arrow without the /
vate property and less important places— X
few of these latter. In the following list, B. means bolt, M. mark, C. "^Church,
T. Tower. Thus N. E. of Honingham C. T. means, North-east of Honing-
ham Church Tower. Thus the bolt in the west angle of Acle Church
tower is 2 feet 1 inch above the surface of the ground, and 33 feet 9 inches
above the level of the sea.
Road from Yarmouth by Norwich to Lynn.
Ab. Surf. Lev. of Sea.
Great Yarmouth, bolt in south-west angle, at south side ft. in. ft. in.
of door of St. George's Chapel 2 2 ... 20 9
Acle Church, bolt in west angle of the tower 2 1 ... 33 9
Nelson Inn, Beighton, mark on north-^vest angle ... 2 4 .,. 91 1
Halvergate Church, bolt in south-west angle of tower 3 7 ... 54 2
Burlingham, St. Peter, bolt in south-west angle of tower 3 ... 93 8
Burlingham, St. Andrew, bolt in south-west angle of T. 3 8 ... 92 4
Blofield Church, bolt in west angle of tower 2 10 ... 44 5
HEIGHTS OF PLACES IN NORFOLK.
103
Ab. Surf,
ft. in.
Witton Churcli, bolt in west angle of tower ... 1 2
Postwick Chui-ch, bolt in north-west angle of tower ... 1 9
Thorpe Lunatic Asylum, B. in corner of ofiicers' quarters 2 6
Thorpe Church, bolt in south-east angle of tower ... 2 10
St. Matthew's Church, Thorpe Hamlet, B. in S.E. angle 2 C
Norwich Cathedral, bolt in north side of pier, north side
of door at west entrance ... ... ... ... 3 9
Norwich Castle, bolt in angle of wall at west side of door
43 inches from south entrance...
Lakenham New Church, B. in stone jamb of N. door of T.
Trowse Newton Cliurch, bolt in north-east angle of tower
Easton Church, bolt in south-west angle
Honingham Church, bolt in S.W. angle of tower
Hockering Chui*ch, l3olt in south-east angle of toWer ...
East Tuddenham Church, bolt in S.E. angle of tower
North Tuddenham Church, bolt in S.AV. angle of tower
East Dereham Churcli, bolt in N.E. angle of detached T.
Scarning Grammar School, bolt in porch at south side
Seaming Church, bolt in S.W. angle of tower
Wendling Church, bolt hi north-east angle of tower ...
Necton Church, bolt in north-west angle of tower
Swaifham Church, bolt in S. side of N. entrance
Narborough Church, bolt in nortli angle of tower
West Bilney Church, bolt in south-west angle of tower
East Winch Church, bolt in south-west angle
Middleton Church, bolt in south angle of tower
North iluncton Churcli, bolt in S.W. angle of tower
King's Lynn Old Tower, bolt in S. side of arch in W. face
West Lynn Church, bolt in north-west corner of tower
Clenchwarton Chui'ch, bolt in west corner of tower ...
Terrington St. Clement's Church, bolt in front of tower
Cross Keys public house, bolt in gable at S. side of road
Walpole Highway New Church, bolt in N.W. corner
Walsoken Church, bolt in north-west corner of tower
Tilney, St. Lawi'ence Ch., B. in buttress at S.W. corner
St. John's Church, St. John'sHighway Tillage, bolt in
centre of south face of tower ...
Tilney All Saints' Church, bolt near window of stair-
case at north-west corner
Tilney-cum-IsUngton Church, bolt in buttress at north-
west corner ...
Coast Line from Yarmouth to Lynn
Caistor Church, mark on south-west corner of tower
Hemsby Churcli, bolt in north-east corner of tower
Winterton Church, bolt m south-west corner of tower
Wmterton Lighthouse, mark on south-west side
East Somerton Church, mark on north-east corner ...
Horsey Church, mark on south-west corner
Waxham Chiu'ch, mark on north-west corner of tower
Palhng Chiu'ch, bolt in north-east corner of tower
Hempstead Church, mark on north-west corner of tower
Lessingham Church, mark on south-east comer
Happisburgh Church, bolt in south-west corner of tower
Happisburgh High Lighthouse, mark on south-Vv^est side
Happisburgh Low Lighthouse, mark on N.W. side ...
Walcot Church, bolt on north-west corner of tower ...
7
4
5
4
4
2
11
5
10
6
5
10
2
10
4
7
7
11
o
11
G
11
4 9
2 9
i G
1 11
2 6
C
1 4
9
2 3
3
7
8
7
8
Lev. cf Sea.
ft. m.
68
47 3
29 7
15 5
46 10
28 2
111 5
126 4
10 9
139
103
103
139
143 5
165 7
169 5
217 10
187 3
172 6
238 7
50 3
54 4
73 9
117 11
73
16 2
20 5
15 5
16 6
15 6
9 5
13 5
11 2
12 6
18 5
14 4
33 2
20 7
22 G
62
62 6
8 11
14 8
17 9
26 4
21 11
70 6
66 2
43
40 2
104 HEIGHTS OP PLACES IN NORFOLK.
Ab. Sarf. Lev. of Sea.
Paston Church, mark on north-west corner of tower ...
Mundesley Church, mark on west side of entrance
Trimingham Church, bolt in north-west corner of tower
Sidestrand Church, mark on south-west corner
Overstrand Church, mark on south-west corner of tower
Cromer Church, bolt in south-west corner of tower ...
Cromer Lighthouse, mark on end of step at entrance
West Runton Church, bolt in west corner of tower ...
Beeston Regis Church, mark on south-west corner
Weybourn Church, bolt in south-west corner of tower
Kelhng Church, mark on south-east corner of tower ...
Salthouse Church, bolt in south-west corner of tower ...
Cley Church, bolt in north-east corner of tower
Wiveton Chiu'ch, bolt in south-west corner of tower ...
Blakeney Church, bolt in north-west corner of tower
Morston Church, mark on west side of north entrance
Stiff key Church, mark on north-east comer of tower ...
Warham All Saints Church, mark on north-east corner
Warham St. Mary's Church, mark on S.W. corner of T.
Wells Church, bolt in south-west corner of tower
Holkliam Church, bolt in south-west corner of tower ...
Burnham Overy Church, mark on south-east corner ...
Burnham Norton Church, mark on west side of entrance
Burnham Deepdale Chui'ch, bolt in south-west corner
Brancaster Church, mark on south-west corner of tower
Titchwell Church, mark on south east corner ...
Thornliam Church, bolt in south-west corner of tower
Holme Church, bolt in south-west corner of tower
Hunstanton National School, mark on angle of wall ...
Hunstanton Church, bolt in north-west corner of tower
Hunstanton Lighthouse, mark on W. pillar at entrance
Heacham Church, bolt in north-west corner ...
Snettisham Grammar School, mark on S.E. corner ...
Snettisham Church, mark on north- v>^est corner
Ingoldisthorpe Church, mark on north-east corner of T.
Dersingham Church, mark on north-west comer of T.
Castle Rising Church, M. on east-side of north entrance
North Wootton Church, bolt in north-west corner of T.
South Wootton Church, mark on north-east corner of T.
Gaywood Church, bolt in north-west comer of tower
Elng's Lynn St. John's Church, M on south-west corner
ling's Lynn St. Margaret's Church, bolt in south-east
corner of east tower 3 ... 24 4
Sanitary Condition.— The following table taken and simplified from the
IGth Annual Report of the Registrar- General, discloses the melancholy fact
that 1,700 lives are lost annually in the county from defective sanitary
arrangements ; for no reason can be assigned why many of the districts
should necessarily be more unhealthy than the Henstead district, or why
even in that, the mortahty should not be reduced if attention was paid to
the most obvious sanitary laws : and it has been amply proved by the
experience gained from the admirable works executed in the city of Ely and
elsewhere, that by efficient pipe drainage and constant water supply, small
towns may be rendered even more healthy than the surrounding villages,
where the most vigilant inspector can frequently not discover a nuisance till
it has produced disease : —
ft.
in.
ft. ill.
1
... 75
1
2
... 115 1
1
3
... 195 10
2
3
... 201 10
3
... 137 5
4
... 08 G
7
... 248 10
3
... 104 1
3
C
... 102 8
1
... 41 8
9
... 174
1
... G8 1
1
5
... 33 9
3
... 36 1
10
... 115 5
11
... 20 9
2
4
... 40 10
1
11
... 58 3
3
... 68 8
2
... 24
1
11
... 94 10
4
... 33 9
9
... 63 7
2
... 21 10
10
... 35
1
G
... 27 8
9
... 29 9
1
3
... 25 9
2
3
... 50 3
1
G
... 30 9
6
... 75 5
1
9
... 55 4
1
7
... 75 9
2
9
... 93 6
3
G
... 96 4
3
2
... 56 10
1
... 74 1
7
... 33 10
2
4
... 39 9
3
... 25 10
1
1
... 16 4
SANITAKY CONDITION OF NORFOLK.
105
SUPKRINTENDENT EeGISTRARS'
DlSTBICTS.
Density.
Annual
Mortality.
Excess in the Number
of Deaths over those that
would Lave happened if
the Mortalitj' had been 17
in 1000 living.
Acres to
lOOpopu
lation.
Deaths to
1000 living.
Annually
to 1000
living.
In the 10 years.
1811. 1851.
Yarmouth ....•••..
6
360
403
343
340
412
7
279
378
399
402
280
361
438
364
408
577
603
3
416
593
644
310
23
20
20
20
21
20
24
21
17
20
18
20
21
19
20
21
20
18
23
22
19
21
21
6
3
3
3
4
3
7
4
3
1
3
4
2
3
4
3
1
6
5
2
4
4
1529
Flegg
243
TuDstead ••..
406
Erpingbam
633
Avlsham ••.••«......•
801
St. Faith'a
352
Norwich
4551
Forehoe
542
Henstead
Blofield
332
lioddon • •
148
Depwade
780
Guiltcross
494
Wayland .■•.
233
Mitford ,
863
857
DcckiDg
526
131
Kin" 's lijun • >•
1113
1005
S w£ff iiain
274
732
Norfolk
16777
In endeavouring to ascertain the cause of tliis excessive mortalit}-, Tre are
at once struck with the fact that density of population has apparently hut
little to do -ftith it. Blofield and Henstead, with nearly the same acreage
per 100, having 20 and 17 deaths per annum per thousand, respectively.
Probably the great cause will be found in the neglect of arterial dramage.
The mortahty in the parishes in the Loddon district bordeiing on the
Waveney, is far greater than in those in the central parts, or in those border-
ing on the Yare in the same district. And similarly the parishes in Blofield
district, bordering on the Bure, are far more unliealthy than those on the
Yare. This is explained by the fact that the Haven and Pier Commis-
sioners of Yarmouth have effected gi-eat improvements in the Yare, by
dredging shoals, setting back ferries, &c., v>^h]le they strenuously refuse to
do anything for the other rivers. Hence the valleys of the Y/avene}' and
Bure, and of the streams tributary to the latter, are fi-equently flooded, and
the district through which they wind their sluggish courses, are subject to
the miasma fi-om the w^ater-sodden marshes, which judicious drainage mea-
sures would render healthy pastures. In the upper parts of thek coiu-ses
these rivers, together with the Wensum, are made very pestilential by the
water-mills, which hold up the water to obtain power to turn their wheels, .
and thus destroy the di-ainage which the small but gradual fall of the streams
would give. The town of Fakenham, we beUeve on good authority, to be
rendered very unhealthy by the water-mills immediately below and above
the town. The same thing we have observed in other parts of England —
the city of Winchester we would especially point out as suffering much loss
of life from the same obstacle to its natural drainage — viz., a water-mill im-
mediately below the city. We subjoin some quaint remarks on this subject,
made by Captain Walter Blyth, an ancestor of many eminent Norfolk
agriculturists, some two hundred years ago, merely observing that the inven-
tion of the steam engine has strengthened Ms iDosition, as regards the finding
a substitute for water-power, and that, if the opportunity be takeu of pur-
lOG SANITARY CONDITION OF NORFOLK.
cliasing tlie mill and mill site when the former requires extensive repairs or
rehuilcling, compensation could be made to the mill-owner by a very trifling
rate comparatively on the lands so benefited : —
" The eighth prejudice may be the many watermills, which destroy
abundance of gallant land, by pounding up the water to that height, even
to the very top of the ground, and above the naturall height, that it lyeth
swelling and soaking and spewing, that it turneth very much land to a
bogg, or to mire, or else to flagg or rush, or mareblab, which otherwise was
as gallant land naturally as could be. I am confident many a thousand a
year are thus destroyed. Some mills Vv^orth about 10 or 12 pounds per an.
destroy lands worth 20, 30, or 40 per an. I know it of my own knowledge.
I had, some few years since, a mill-dam in my land, which destroyed one
half of a gallant meadov/; means were used that it was removed, and tliat
very land is returned to his perfect purenesse again."
The health of the Flegg disti-ict is most injuriously affected by the ex-
halations from the " Broads," as the chain of lakes is called. They have
a very bad outfall through the crooked and narrow " Muckfleet," and con-
sequenih^ the " rands" or margins of the Broads are constantly under
water during the winter and early spring. And when the waters are re-
duced to their proper level, the miasma wliich exhales fi'om the rotten
rands is blown upon some devoted village, according to the direction of the
wind, and fever, rheumatism, neuralgia, and in the autumn diarrhoea and
cholera are the results. We fear that little can be done for the sanitary
improvement of this district till this prime source of corrupted air be re-
moved by an efficient drainage, for many of the houses in Burgh, Filby,
Hemsby, and Ormesby, being but a few feet above the level of the Broads,
must, till then, remain damp and unhealthy.
The state of the cottages is very bad, not worse than in other parts of
England; but overcrowded cottages, with their attendant evils, j)hysicaland
moral, are too common everywhere, and Mr. Clarke, the energetic Inspector
of Nuisances at Norvrich, has recently shown that Norfolk has at least its
share of them. We cannot at all account for the apathy which exists
on this subject, for we know of overcrowded cottages in a wretched
state of repair belonging to some of the wealthiest landowners; while,
on the other hand, we know yeomen and even small cottage proprietors
who keep their cottages in a far better sanitary state ; though we must
confess that this is extremely rare xdth. the last-mentioned class.
Of course some part of the evil rests with the cottagers themselves,
few of them being sufficiently ar\'ake to the necessity of pure air and
pure water. Most commonlj^ a small hole a foot or two deep, and about
a square yard in area, is excavated near their doors. Into this " pulk
hole," as it is called, all the hqmd refuse of the house is thrown,
and a detestable stench, the evidence of foul gas emitted, rises from it, and
fills the cottage with noxious effluvium. And in those cases where cottages
are provided v\'itli windows which open, one may go through a whole village
on a mild spring day without finding any use made of them. The compe-
tition for cottages is very great, more especially in those parishes which
have charities or fuel allotments, made under the local Act for inclosing
the commons. Any cottage, hovrever ruinous or inconvenient, is eagerly
hired where the favoured inliabitant obtains the dole of money or coals.
The whole advantage of the ciiarity is lost in the increased rent x^aid to the
cottage proprietor, and the first step in sanitary reform must be to drain
away the charity, if, as we fear, it cannot be applied in a way which does
not bring sucli evils in its train.
The water supply of many cottages is dreadful. The inhabitants have to
go a quarter of a mile or more in some parishes, to the nearest well, or obtain
their water from some stagnant pond half full of mud and decaj^ed vegetation.
This is chiefly the case in villages on a clay subsoil, or where wells are
SANITAEY CONDITION OF NORFOLK. l07
deep, and therefore expensive to sink ; but it is not uncommon in cases
where spring water could be had at but little expense. Some cottagers in
j)arishes favourably situated for pasture, keep a cow, and others a pfo-, and
we wish tlieir number was multiplied. But, in many cases, the benefit is
neutralised, or even turned to a positive injmy by the cowyard orjpigstye
being close upon the cottage, and the stench from it filling the latter to the
prejudice of the health of the inmates. Indeed, on many old fann premises
the " par yard," as the cowyard is called, comes close under the windows,
and we ai-e not therefore surprised that notwithstanding the apparent
healthiness of their calling, the Registrar- General states that more farmers
die at a comparatively early age than men of most other occupations.^j ^We
would, in conclusion, merely point out tlie common error, of looking to the
longevity of some of its inhabitants as a test of the healthiness of a place.
The ti'ue test is the mortality of infants under five years of age. ^^^lere
this is large the place is unhealthy, however many persons over four score
years of age may be in it ; and if it be small, the place is healthy, even if
there be none of such advanced age. The subject of PubKc Health ought
to be interesting to the ratepayers and to the managers of Benefit Societies,
as tlie one may save his purse — and the otlier diminish the claims upon
the sick fund, by inculcating its maxims among their ueighboui's. We
only wish we could name soine good tract or tracts which discussed it
in reference to open villages and countiy places.
Geology. — The County of Norfolk is nearly an oval, of which Yaiinouth
at the east and Marshland on the west are the two exti'emities. It is
bounded on the north side of the oval by the German Ocean and the Lymi
and Wisbeach Washes ; and, on the south, by the Yare, the Waveney, and
the Little Ouse, a few feet of the watershed at Lopham, from which the two
latter take their rise, and by an irregular line, as marked upon the Ord-
nance map, which, from its smuosities, appears to represent some ancient
streams. Portions of these streams are now remaining, as the old Welney
river and the Nen ; and other portions are diverted by new cuts from thek
ancient beds, which still form the boundaiy of the county. Were such an-
cient streams in existence, the county would be insulated, T\ith the exception
of a few feet of the Lopham Fen. The strata of the county consist of part of
the Oolite, viz. : — the Kimmeridge clay, the entire Cretaceous series, and the
Norwich crag, with the Submarine forest. They crop out in succession
from the west, and are more or less overspread by tlie upper boulder clay
and other marine deposits ; but in the valleys, the area of which has been
estimated at more than half the county, the more modern deposits of fresh-
water and peat overlie all other foi-mations. The strata are tilted up at a
slight angle h-om west to east ; but the denuding and scorning power of
water has been exerted to such an extent that the streams, wliich would
have flowed eastward down an inclined jAime, flow from the watershed
to the vrest, as well as to the east ; and on the slopes and gorges of the sides
to the north and to the south.
In conformity with tliis arrangement, the Waveney and the Little
Ouse, as already mentioned, rise at Lopham Fen, and run east and
west; the one into the Yare, the otlier into the Ouse, on its way
through the Bedford level to the Lynn Wash. The Wissey, or Stoke
river, rising near Bradenham and Scoidton Mere, flows west into the Ouse ;
and the Nar, rising near Mileham and Litcham, runs nearly in the same
direction to join the Ouse at Lynn. The Gay wood river from Grimston,
the Babmgley stream from Fiitcham, the Fleacham stream fi'om Fring,
and the Ingold from Snettisham, all run westerly into the Lynn Wash.
To the north, the Stifikey from Fakenham and Fulmodeston, and the
Glaven from the north of Melton Constable and Whin Common fall into
the German Ocean. To the east, the Bure from the south of Melton Con-
stable, Edgefield, and East Beckham, togetlier mtli its tributaries, the An
108
GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK.
and the Thiirnc, flows into the Yare ; and the Yare, rising near Shipdham,
with its tributaries, the Wensum, which rises at East Kudham, and the
Tese, flows into the sea at Yarmouth. On the south, the Thet, and many-
smaller streams, run into the Waveney and the Little Ouse. An irregular
line drawn from Lopham to Brancaster, near the sources of the principal
rivers, will mark the direction and extent of the watershed ; the highest
parts of which are about 250 feet above the level of the sea. Both in
Marshland and East Norfolk there is a perfect level ; so much so, that in
Marshland the flow of the waters is chiefly tidal ; and in East Norfolk
the Tliurne is so sluggish that it seems undecided whether to run into the
sea at Horsey, or into the Bure. The rivers are navigable upwards of 30
miles, without any locks ; and it is stated on the authority of a mihtary
engineer of high repute, that if a sufiicient number of hands were employed
to open the Horsey Gat, the entire level of the valleys of the Waveney, the
Yare, and the Bure, with those of their tributaries, might be inundated in
24 hours, for the purpose of defence against the attack of an invading force.
Such is the superficial distribution and arrangement of the strata, the
rivers and the valleys, by means of which the drainage of the county is ad-
mirably eff'ected, and extensive districts of barren sand and chalk are
rendered fertile by the overspread of the boulder-formations and sedimentary
deposits of clay.
The following tabular series of geological formations shews their order of
super-position, and their chronological relation where they are not sux^er-
imposed. Intermediate strata, which occur elsewhere in their usual
order of sequence, but are missing in Norfolk, are printed in italics.
(
Historic.
Prehistoric.
Glacial Series.
Newer Pliocene.
Older Pliocene.
Recent.
^ ^
)■ Kainozoi'c.
> .1-1
u
H
Marram hills
Peat formations
Lacustrine, " Flaviatile"
Estnarine deposits
Valley-formations
Mundesley river bed
Upper boulder clay
Contorted and stratified sands. . .
Lower boulder clay
Laminated beds
Forest bed
Norwich crag
Red crag
Coralline crag ,
Upper & Lower Miocene
London clay Upper^ Middle, & Lower Eocene..
Upper wbite cbalk ..-^
Lower white clialk, or hard chalk
Chalk marl
Upper green-sand c
Gaalt >
Lower green-sand
Wealden
PurhecTi beds
Portland stone
Kimmeridge clay
Great facflities are offered for the study of the geology of Norfolk by the
coast-section, which, with few interruptions to its continuity, is exposed
from Hunstanton to Yarmouth, a distance of about 70 miles. By the action
of the sea and land springs a new face is, from time to^time, given to the cliff's,
with fresh and varying features for observation ; so that, by making excur-
sions along the beach, and occasionally inland to well-borings, gravel, sand,
brick, and marl pits, an acquaintance with the phenomena, and with many
interesting but difficult geological problems may be readily gained. The
Cretaceous Formation.
Wealden,
Jurassic or Oolitic.
w.
Mesozoic.
GEOLOGY OP NORFOLK. 109
route may be from Yarmouth to Hunstanton, and thence to Lynn and
Marshland, i. e. from recent to ancient stratifications, or the reverse. The
former has the advantage of affording instruction by observation of T\'hat is
now passing on the surface of the eai-th ; the latter exhibits better the rela-
tion between cause and effect, by tracing the formations in their natural
order and sequence. For our present piu'pose the latter is preferred.
The most useful Guide books are the following : — A treatise on " The Geo-
logy of East Norfolk," containing a section of the Cliff at Hunstanton, and
other valuable sections, by Richard C. Taylor, F.G.S., 1827, vide Philoso-
phical Magazine, February, 1823. An " Outhne of the Geology of Norfolk,"
by the late Samuel AYoodward, 1833. Tliis work contains excellent illustra-
tions of the organic remains, and much original matter. A " Sketch of the
Geology of West Norfolk," by C. B. Rose, F.G.S., London and Edin-
hurgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, January, 1836. A
treatise "On the Cretaceous Group in Norfolk," by tlie same author.
Geologists' Association, November 8, 1862. A treatise on " The Geology of
Norfolk," as illustrating the Laws of the Distribution of Soils, by
Joshua Trimmer, F.G.S., London, 1847 ; and also various papers in the
Quarterly Journals of the Geological Society, by the same author. A
"Manual of Mollusca, Recent and Fossil," 1853—1856, by S. P. Y/ood-
ward, F.G.S., of tlie British Museum, an excellent " vade mecum," for
geologists in the field ; and the splendid " Monogi-aph of the Crag Mol-
lusca," &c., by Searles V. Wood, F.G.S., adapted for reference at home.
London, 1848. These are some of the most useful general treatises ; others
on particular strata, or limited objects, will be pointed out when the sub-
jects are referred to.
I. The Jueassic or Oolitic Formation.
The oldest stratum in Norfolk is the Kimmeridge Clay. With reference to
this it is deshable to notice a discrepancy among the above-mentioned writers,
otherwise our readers might be perplexed. Mr. Rose was led, by the re-
markable admixture of mollusca in the Kimmeridge clay, to infer the i)resence
of the Oxford clay in this county ; and in this view he was supported by
Mr. Joshua Trimmer; but subsequent researches have caused him to
change [his opinion, and, in concurrence mth the honoiu'ed Father of
English Geology, Mr. William Smith, and the late Mr. Samuel Woodward,
to regard Kimmeridge clay (marked Oak-tree clay in Mr. Smith's Geological
Map of Norfolk,) as the sole representative of the Oolite in the count}'.
The Kimmeridge cla}' forms the substratum of Marshland; and it may be
seen on the beach at Hunstanton, beneath the lov»'er green-sand. It was
exposed at the Denver Sluice, and in sinking a well at Mr. Allen's brewery
at Lynn. The following are the sections : —
Denver Sluice.
feet
1. Light brown sandv Icam 14
2. Peat .' 2
3. Blue clay, enclosing roots and
small nortions of peat, similar
toNo/2 ; 2
4. Peat, similar to No. 2 3
feet
5. Similar to No. 1, but somewhat
more argillaceous, (a coin of
Charles Il.found on the surface) 2
6. Dark ferruginous sand 3
7. Kimmeridge clay, containing
Ammonites decipiens 5 1
Mr. Allen's Well.
1. Vegetable soil 7
2. Loam, used for bricks 7
3. Peat 2 to 2|
4. Blue clay 8
5. Peat, with alder and hazel . . 2 to 3
6. Blue clay, with marine silt, con-
taining testaceous exuvifc ; and
blue clay enclosing nodnies of
chalk 80
8. Kimmeridge clay with Septaria ;
and, from the lower bed?, Am-
monites decipiens, Ammonites
escavatus, and another very small
species, undetermined ; Belem-
nites abbreviatus, Gryphaea-bul-
lata alias dUatata, Serpula tri-
carinata, attached to Gryphaoa,
Mya depressa, Venus? a fine
cast in pyrites, with the impres-
sion of a Pecten upon it, and mu-
ricated spines of an Echinus . . 63Q
110 GEOLOGY 01' NORFOLK.
The Kimmeridgo clay was exposed also at Gaywood, near Lynn, in sinking
a well fifty feet in depth. The first 18 feet were sand, succeeded by 14 inches
of blue clay. Then follovrcd the Kimmerid,i^o clay, laminated, and containing
septaria. In a brickyard in Soutliery, near Downhani, on the removal of I'S feet
of brick earth, there appeared a floor of shale, which burnt readily, like cannel
coal, and contained impressions between its lamince of an Ammonite, and a
small Tellina. This corresponds with the descriptions given of the Kim-
meridgo clay in other places. Sir C. Lycll (" Manual," page 200,) says
that it consists of a " bituminous shale, sometimes formhig an impure coal,
several hundi-ed feet in thickness. In same places in Wiltshii'e it much
resembles peat ; and the bituminous matter may have been, in part at least,
derived from the decomposition of vegetables. But, as impressions of plants
are rare in these shales, which contain ammonites, oysters, and other
marine shells, the bitumen may be of animal origin." The animal
origin of the bitumen seems to be borne out in Norfolk, where no vegetable
remains have at present been found in the Kunmeridge clay ; but, from the
brick ground near Downham, Mr. Hose lias in liis collection the following
organic remains, — Vertobrre of Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus, and Teleosaurus;
nearly an entire skeleton of Pliosaurus ; Asteracanthus ornatissimus ;
Ostrea leviuscula and deltoidea; Ammonites biplex; and a large Belemnite.
II. Cretaceous Formation.
1. The Lower Green-sand.
This formation, in tlie absence of the IVvi-tland stone of the Upper oolite
and of the Wealden group, overlies the Kimmeridge clay. It consists of
alternating beds of dark ferruginous sand, sandstone, and white sand. In the
lower beds exposed in the Hunstanton cliff, quartzoze pebljles are sufficiently
large to give it the character of breccia. The loose beds occasionally enclose
thin strata of fullers' earth, and a tenacious green clay, which derives its
colouring from the silicate of iron. It occupies the high ground between
the Kimmeridge clay and the chalk-range ; and extends from Hunstanton
on the north, to Hilgay on the south, which is the course of the strike. Its
surface-width averages" nearly three miles. In some parts of its course it
rises into hills of about the same height as those of the lower chalk, and is
about 70 feet in thickness. Considerable areas are occupied by this sand,
as at Dersingham heath, Castle Rising, Bawsey, Ashwicken, Black-
borough in Middle ton, and Shouldham vx-arren ; and it supplies a valuable
building material, locally called carstone, the upper part of which (the shell
or shale carstone) Ues in tabular and frngnientary masses, and comes to
hand readily. The lower is extensively quarried at Dersingham and Castle
Rising common ; the white sand, which is nearly pure silica, is shipped in
large quantities for the manufacture of glass. In many parts of this sand-
stone-range springs of water occur with a chalybeate impregnation. Such
is the case at Gaywood, where a Spa has been estabHshed. The water
appears to resemble that of Tunbridge-weils, but the fame of its medicinal
virtues has not at present extended far beyond its immediate vicinity. In
many other places, as at Blackborough pit, Middleton, and Shouldham
warren, this formation may be studied vdih advantage, and several interest-
ing peculiarities are pointed out by Mr. Rose in his sketch of West Norfolk,
to which the reader is referred. In a fine quarry at West Bilney fossil
w^ood is found in a very pulverulent state. A specimen of the " Zamiostrobus
Fittoni" has been obtained by Mr. Rose, indicative of an approach
to the tropical flora of the Purbeck beds in which the Zamia abounds ;
and a link is thus furnished between the Lower green-sand and the
AVealden group, which latter is missmg in this county. The Nautilus radiatus
from Dersingham; Ammonites furcatus from Middleton; Ammonites
Deshayesi from Hunstanton; Thelis minor from Dersingham; andTrigonia
clavellata and alseformis from Downham, are in Mr. Rose's collection.
GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK.
Ill
■Z. The Gault.
This formation succeeds the lo\Yer green-sand and reposes upon it. It
occupies, with the lowest beds of the chalk above, the valley between the
ranges of chalk and gi-een-sand, emerging from beneath the western edge of
the chalk. This valley is nearly continuous, and extends from Wretton,
through West Dereham, Shouldham, Marham, Pentney, Bilnej^ Gay ton,
Grimston, Congham, and West Newton. The colour of the gault, which
is usually blue, begins at Leziate to be tinged with red, most likely by
per-oxide of kon. It is vaiiable as far as West Newton, and from that
place to Hunstanton a biilliant red. It was exposed in a pit near San-
dringham HaU, and in a field adjoining the road to West Newton. At
Hunstanton it contains many dark -green siHcious pebbles, and is divided
into two beds ; the uppermost of which is about seven inches in thickness,
and abounds in organic remains. It is intersected throughout by a ramose
zoophyte — a Syphonia. Characteristic species of belemnites are in great
abundance. Terebratula biplicata and Inocerami are numerous, and a
species of nautilus occurs. The lower bed is three feet five inches in tliick-
ness, and contains less of the zoophyte and fewer fossils than the upper. A
seam of dark red argillaceous matter, two or three inches thick, separates
these beds from the superincumbent v/hite beds of challi marl. This seam,
upon analysis, proves to be of the nature of fullers'-earth, so liighly coloured
with the oxide of iron, that a pigment is made of it. Such is the descrip-
tion of tliis beautiful band of red chalk, as it appears in the i)icturesque
and abnoiTQal section at Hunstanton. Professor Sedgwick was among the
first to recognize and establish its identity with the blue gault on the only
dependable basis, namely — its fossil contents ; and its correspondence with
the gault of Lincolnshire is shown in an interesting paper by the Rev.
Thomas Wiltshire, F.G.S., (Geologists' Association, April, 1859). The red
gault on the south side, and the blue gault on the north side, appear to
have been dissevered by the scooping out of the intervening estuary. But,
in the examination of the organic remains, another fact is brought to light
with reference to the next formation, v.diich usually overlies the gaidt,
namely — •
3. The Upper Green-sand.
This bed which, in the Isle of Wight, is 100 feet in thickness, is in a very
abnormal state in this count}'. In the boring of Messrs. Colman's well, at
Norwich, it is no more than six feet in depth ; and at Hunstanton it has
no separate and independent exsistence, but is so interblended with the
gault that it is only distinguishable by its characteristic fossils. This
formation may be said generally to graduate into an argillaceous limestone
called
4. The Challi Marl
This may be regarded as the lowest bed of the chalk. The following
sections have been obtained by well-boring at Diss, and at Nor^\ich : —
At Diss.
feet
1. Bonlder clay 50
2. Sand 50
3. Chalk without fliats (probably
reconstructed) 100
4. Chalk, with flints 330
feet
60
5. Grey chalk, without flints. . . .
6. Light bright blue chalk ap-
proaching to clay, with chalk
stones , 20
7. Lower green-sand , . . . 5
feet
1. Alluviam 16
2. Chalk with flints , . . 1050
3. Chalk without flints 102
4. Upper green sand 6
At Messes. Colman's, Norwich.
feet
5. Gault, containing small Belem-
nites, Ammonites lautus, A. sym-
metricus, and fragments of Ino-
ceramus 24
112 GEOLOGY OF NOEFOLK.
Section of Chalk at Hunstanton.
By Mr. E. Taylor, Phil. Mag. vol. 61.
feet
1. Vegetable soil 2
2. Hard chalk without flints, (very
few traces of organic remains) 36
3. Chalk marl 3
4. White chalk, with a ramose zoo-
phyte (the equivalent of the
upper green-sand) Ij
This section represents the greatest thickness attained by individual strata
measured separately in different places.
Tlie following section is given by Mr. Kose of the strata in their true
position : —
feet
5. Gault or red chalk, containing
the same ramose zoophyte. .. . 4^
6. Yellow sandy masa 10
Dark brown 40
Nearly black 22
Lower green sand — 72
feet inches
5. Red zoophytic limestone,
in two beds (the equiva-
lent of the gault) ... - 3 10
6. & 7. Lower green-sand and
carstone 8 9
8. Sandy breccia 14
feet inches
1. Vegetable soil and alluvium —
2. Lower chalk o .... 28
3. Chalk marl 3
4. White zoophytic bed .... 1 4-6
A thin seam of argillaceous
matter occurs in this
place 2-3
59
The animal remains of the chalk marl, upper green- sand and gault are
singularly intermixed at Hunstanton. Mr. Kose has in his collection, Tur-
rilites tuberculatus, and Pectin Beaveri, from the clialli marl. It may be
seen to advantage in a large quarry at Stoke Ferry ; and also at West Dere-
ham, in a pit between the Grange farm-house and the church. It does not
appear to have been recognized at Mr. Coleman's well at Norwich,-.'' pro-
bably on account of the shells being broken by the boring implements ; nor
at the w^ell at Diss. The chalk marl, with its associated beds in the south
of England, is thus described by Sir Charles Lyell, in the descending order.
{Manual, page 218) : — " The lower chalk wuthout flints passes gradually
downv/ards into an argillaceous limestone (the chalk marl) in which ammo-
nites and other cephalopoda, so rare in the higher j)arts of the series, apx)ear.
This marly deposit passes, in its turn, into beds containing green particles
of a chloritic mineral, called the upper green-sand." In the beautiful but
abnormal section, however, of the Hunstanton Cliff, these several beds,
with their respective fossils, are still more confusedly intermixed.
These strata are still further complicated by the elaborate researches of
Mr. Harry Seeley,-j- who has discovered the ordinary fossils of the gault
in the lower green- sand, and in the red limestone of Hunstanton a larger
proportion of the fossils of the upper green-sand than of the gault. From
this it may be inferred that the gault is principally represented in the
lower green-sand, and the upper green-sand in the red limestone. But,
how^ever complicated the stratifications may be, the mollusca are arranged
according to the ordinary laws of nature, by which such forms of life
gradually pass into each other, as will appear in the Crag-serise ; while some
die out, others are continued, and new forms make their appearance in suc-
ceeding strata, adapted to the changes of climate and other circumstances.
5. The Louver Chalk.
The chalk without flints next iDresents itself. It is extensively used in
buildings, and for carved and monumental work, and is appropriately called
by the late Mr. Woodward " hard challi." It may be traced from Hockwold,
* Paper read by the Rev. J. Crompton at the British Association at Cambridge,
1863, + Annals and Magazine of Natural History for April, 1861.
GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK. 113
thi'ougli Methwold, to Hunstanton ClifT. At Stoke Ferry, it hag been
quarried largely, and also at Whittington, where the Holaster trecensis
abounds, and several ammonites have been obtained. One of the species
peramplus, two feet in diameter, is in Mr. Rose's collection. Also the
Ammonites Austenii, of the same extraordinary size, Nautilus from
Hunstanton, and the jaws and teeth of a large Saurian from the same
place. This bed of lower or hard chalk averages 50 feet in tliiclmess. Its
hai-dness is considered to be due to its consondation, before any arrange-
ment or aggregation of the silicious particles took place, which are generally
distributed thi-ough a homogenous mass, of which about 12 per cent, is
silica.
6. Upper Chalk tvith flints (Medial).
In this division of the chall^ the separation of the silex and chalk forms
a distinctive characteristic. The late Mr. Woodward divided the upper
chalk into "upper" and "medial," a division which is justified by the organic
remains ; for the uppermost bed at Norwich contains fossils, which are not
found in the medial chalk ; for instance, the Inocerami, very rai-e in the
Norwich crag, are abundant in this deposit. Belemnites, which are very
rare in this medial chalk, are very abundant in the upper at Norwich. The
medial chalk may be ti'aced from Thetford, thi'ough Weeting, Hilborough,
Saham Toney, Swaffham, Castleacre, Litcham, Great-Massingham, and
Dorking, to Wells on the coast. Its escai-pment may be said to form the
Downs of Norfolk, the great sheep-walks of the western division of the
county. This bed of chalk, although not so hard as that beneath it, is
occasionally used for building purposes, and it is harder than the division of
the upper chalk, which next presents itseK.
7. The Upper ChalTc with Flints.
This division of the chalk has more and larger horizontal layers of flint
nodules than the medial ; and the paramoudra, or potstones, which are rai'e in
the medial, are very abundant in the upper bed. They are placed one upon
another in vertical lines, presenting the appearance, in some instances, of
columns supporting the horizontal layers or bands of nodules. These para-
moudrahavebeensupposedby sometobe fossilised sponges, called "Neptune's
cups ;" but the lower part of them is formed with rounded edges, like the
upper part, and without indication of any mode of attachment. They
envelop, moreover, other organic remains common to the chalk, which is
scarcely reconcileable with their being organized bodies themselves ; and,
whenever they come in contact with the horizontal layers of nodules, they
are found to throw out side branches, and to assimilate in form with
the nodules; and, again, as their vertical lines rise above the horizontal
layers, they re-assume their ordinary form. The origin of these singular
bodies, whether due to chemical or mechanical causes, or to some phases
of animal or vegetable life, is still a mystery. Another very remarkable
phenomenon in the chalk consists of funnel-shaped holes of various
dimensions, from one to forty feet in width, for the most part filled with
sand and clay washed down from the supeiincumbent beds. They are both
chemically and mechanically formed by the erosion of rain water, acting
upon the carbonate of lime — a process continued from the earliest period
of the original deposits to the present time. One consequence of this is that
chalk is by no means a secure foundation for buildings ; and there are
numerous instances on record of their sudden fall, and of their being par-
tially engulphed by the caving in of the upper soil. Another result is, that
the surface of the chalk is by no means level, but channelled and furrowed ;
and the late Mr. Joshua Trimmer availed himself of this in the Keythorpe
system of draining, by employing these natural channels to caiTy off super-
fluous water from the soil above ; and, by boring through impervious clays,
to let the water pass away by these self-formed water-courses.
H
114 GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK.
The strike, or course, of this upper chalk in Norfolk is from Bungay,
across the county, through Norwich, on its way to the sea coast, where it
may be seen in a highly disturbed state at Trimingham, Cromer, and
Sherringham. At Trimingham there are three bluffs or masses of chalk
upon the beach, apparently resting upon the fundamental bed of chalk with
flints, which forms the beach for about a mile in extent. A question
has arisen as to whether they are detached boulders, or part of the
solid bed below. If the latter, they are mere shells, or remnants of
chalk hills, which are nearly washed away by the sea. But, whether they
be boulders or not, they contain fossil sponges and tuberculated flints, such
as are not common in the chalk below them, but abound in the upper beds
of gravel in East Norfolk ; and these beds of gravel indicate that vast por-
tions of the chalk have been denuded, from which they have been
derived. The depths of the several beds of chalk may be seen by reference
to the above sections. They may be considered portions of the outcrop of
the range of chalk in this country, fi'om Yorkshire to Devonshire, and of the
western margin of the great chalk-basin of Europe. The chalk may be
traced, at intervals, from the north of Ireland to the Crimea, a distance
of about 1140 geographical miles ; and from the south of Sweden to the south
of Bordeaux, about 840 miles. In Southern Russia it is in some places
600 feet thick ; and in all these districts it is of the same mineral charac-
ter, with the same fossils, including Inoceramus Cuvieri, Belemnites muc-
ronatus, and Ostrea vesicularis.
With respect to the origin of chalk, it appears to be composed of a soft
white mud, which has passed through the bodies of worms and the intestines
of fishes. The stony masses of Coral reefs are known to be bored by worms ;
" and certain gregarious fishes of the genus Sparus are visible through the clear
water, browsing quietly in great numbers on living corals, hke grazing herds
of graminivorous quadi'upeds." Mr. Darwin found their intestines to be filled
with impure chalk.* It is evident from this, that Norfolk, during the for-
mation of the chalk, must have been submerged beneath a tropical sea.
The MoUusca and organic remains are too numerous for insertion. Mr.
Robert Fitch, F.G.S., of Norwich, possesses a very fine collection of fossils
from the chalk and Norwich crag, and also of flint implements, and imple-
ments of the stone and bronze period. Mr. J.I^ing, of Norwich, has a good col-
lection of fossils from the chalk. Mr. Rose als3, of the chalk and entire
cretaceous series, and Kimmeridge clay from West Norfolk, and some
good specimens of Elephantine, Cervine and Bovine remains from the forest
and upper beds.
III. Eocene Fokmation.
The London Clay.
The next stratum in order of succession, which, with the Woolwich and
Reading series, overhes the chalk, is the London clay. Although not visible
upon the surface, it was brought to light by an attempt made, in 1840, by
Messrs. Clark of Tottenham, to bore an Artesian well at Sir E. H. K.
Lacon & Co.'s brewery, at Yarmouth. A shaft was dug to the depth of 22
feet, next about 50 feet of blown sand and shingle, 120 feet of recent
estuarine deposits, 310 feet of London clay, 46 feet of the Woolwich and
Reading series, and 57 feet of chalk were bored through ; when, from the
obstruction caused by large flints, no further progress could be made, and
the undertaking was abandoned. The labourers employed were of opinion
that London clay was brought up by the boring apparatus, as they had been
engaged in a similar work in that deposit ; but their opinion was disregarded,
as this clay was not supposed to extend beyond Aldborough. Twenty years
had passed over when >i< Mr. Prestwich examined the details on the spot ;
* See LyelVs Elements, chapter svii.
GEOLOGY OF NOEWICH. 115
and ascertained tliat the bore passed through London clay, and the lower ter-
tiaries, to the depth above named. He saw the true bearing of the discovery
— that this bed of London clay was not an outlying mass deposited in a hollow
of the estuary of the Yare ; but had a wider range than the present estuary,
(which, as will be seen when we come to describe the valley formations, is of
comparatively recent date,) and extends, probably, to Mundesley, where the
chalk begins to rise to the surface of the beach. This view is in accordance
with the fact that the anchorage off the coast at Bacton and other places is
(8 or 10 fathoms deep) a stiff, tenacious clay, which corresponds rather with
the London clay than with the forest bed. It would be superfluous to de-
scribe the Fauna and Flora of the London clay, which is here liidden under
land and sea; but it is important to bear in mind that they are of a tropical
character, because this fact serves as an index to the change of climate, which
is evidenced by the organic remains of subsequent formations.
rV. Newer Pliocene Formation.
1. Tlie Norwich Crag.
The Norwich, or mammahferous crag, as it was called by Mr. E. Charles-
worth, who first distinguished the several crags by their fossil remains, may
be presumed to rest upon the London clay, so far as that deposit extends ;
and, where it ceases, upon the chalk. The coralline crag and the red crag
have not been discovered in Norfolk — unless indeed the red and the Norwich
crags be identical ; for it is remarkable that no case of superposition has
been pointed out, notwithstanding that the Norwich crag is extensively de-
veloped in Suffolk ; and in some instances the one, and in some the other,
lie upon the Coralline crag. The beds of shells, called crag, lie in patches
at considerable intervals : one may travel several miles over strata of sand,
gravel and clay, which contain the same mammalian remains as the crag,
without meeting with any shells. At a pit in Horstead, they have lately
broken out in great force, v/here none had appeared before. On examining
these patches of shells, it is not uncommon to hear collectors observe that
some bear the character of the Red crag more than others ; and this favours
the opinion of their identity. The conclusion which we have come to is that
they are one continuous formation, occupying a long period of time, during
which the land has been gradually rising ; and that in the process of up-
heaval, they may possibly bear to each other the same relation as the upper
valley-gravels bear to the lower. The older would be the higher in position
without its over-lying the other ; and, as the refrigeration of the climate was
progressing, the differences that are observed between the mollusca in the
Red and Norwich crags, are such as might be expected, and the deviations
from preceding types are such as would occur under these circumstances
during long periods of time. The result is, that the red crag, from the
greater per centage of extinct mollusca which it contains, is placed by Sir
Charles Lyell in the older Pliocene, whilst the Norwich crag is placed in
the newer Pliocene.
Such is the geological position of the Norwich crag. With respect to its
geographical position, it first appears in the coast section in the cHff at
Weybourn, about 15 feet above the sea, resting upon the chalk. It continues
along the beach to Sherringham, and from that place to Cromer lies in
patches, interblended with the forest bed. The chalk and Norwich crag
then dip, at Cromer Jetty, beneath the beach, leaving the forest bed in sole
possession, as far as Trimingham, where the chalk again rises and forms
the beach for about half a mile. At Trimingham the Norwich crag was
found by an assiduous collector, the late Rev. Charles Green, of Bacton,
upon the isolated masses of chalk which rise above the beach. And, upon
* Quarterly Journal of Geological Societyy November, 1860.
H a
116 GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK.
these masses of clialk are layers of large flints, such as are invariably found
where the Norwich crag rests upon the chalk. Thus from Weybourn to
Trimingham, it occupies fourteen miles of tlic coast section, and forms an
ii-regular belt, as described by Mr, Woodward iu his Geological Map of
Norfolk; on the west, from We^ybourn, by Norwich, Saxlingham, and
Bungay, to the Suffolli coast at Thorpe-ness and Aldborough ; and on the
east side, from Trimingham, by Belaugh, near Wroxham, to Southwold.
Within this belt many other places may be mentioned where the Norwich
crag is exposed, as Salhouse, Wroxham, Horstead, and Marsham, in the
valley of the Bure ; and Postwick, Thorpe, Bramerton, Trowse, Whitling-
ham, and Kirby-Bedon, in the valley of the Yare. We are not to infer that
the crag has any connexion with the formation of these valleys because it is
found near them. It has been brought to light by their denudation ; and
the escarpments of the crag deposits, which once extended across the valleys,
may frequentl}^ be seen on their sides. The Norwich crag is flu vio -marine,
as appears from the admixture of fi-esh-water and marine shells. It varies
in height from two to twenty feet, and is sometimes found in successive
strata of clay, sand, and gravel, with shells peculiar to the several strata,
as at Weybourn, and sometimes in one homogeneous bed, as at Horstead
and Coltishall. A mass of large stones almost invariably caps the chalk in
the districts of the Norwich crag, and in this mass mammalian and other
organic remains are most abundantly found. The surface of the chalk is
occasionally bored by the Pholas, and much furrowed and eroded by currents
of water, during the long interval which prevailed between the clialk and
the deposition of the Norwich crag. Wood is frequently embedded in it,
but so decayed and pulverulent as to defy any attempts to make out of what
kind. Its Fauna consists of Mastodon arvernensis, Elephas meridionalis,
Elephas (not determined). Hippopotamus major, Rhinoceros leptorhinus,
Cervus of at least two species not determined, Equus, Bos, Sus, and Arvicola.
Besides these, Trogontherium Cuvieri, Lion, Otter, Roebuck, and Hyaena, (?)
are in the collections of Mr. R. Fitch, and Wild-cat, Fox, and Leopard, (?) in
the late Mr. Middleton's. With respect to the MoUusca it may be observed
that, as compared with those of the Coralline and Red Crags, some striking
results present themselves indicative of a gradual and progressive decrease
of temperature. From tabular* statements drawn up by Mr. S. P. Wood-
ward, it appears that the proportion of recent to extinct species is, in the
Coralline, 51 per cent; in the Red, 67; and in the Norwich, 85 ; the num-
bers being, in the
Coralline Crag Eecent 168 Extinct 159 Total 327
Red Crag 130 95 225
Norwich Crag 69 12 81
Of recent species, not now living in British seas, in the
Coralline Crag 2 are Northern, and 27 Southern
Eed Crag 8 16
Norwich Crag 12
Thus, a continued refrigeration of chmate is indicated from the commence-
ment to the close of the Crag series.
The following List of SheUs is furnished by Mr. S. P. Woodward, F.G.S.,
of the British Museum, and is a very valuable supplement to his Father's
work on the Geology of Norfolk.
Shells of the Newer Pliocene or Norwich Crag.
Including Bulchamp and Chillesford in Sufi"olk, and Bridlington, Yorkshire.!
Authorities.
G.N. Outline of the Geology of Norfolk, by S. Woodward, 8vo., Norwich, 1833.
* From Searles Wood's Monogi-aph of the Crag. MoUusca (Palfeont Society's Tran-
sactions) and published m the Supplement to Sir C. Lyell's "Manual of Geology."
t More recent than the N. Crag, as also the Mundesley Crag.
SHELLS OF THE NEWER PLIOCENE.
117
G.N. Lyell (Sir Charles), List of Shells of the Norwich Crag ; the species
determined by G. Sowerby and S. V. Wood. Mag. Nat. Hist
ser. 2, III. p. 313.
E.F. Edward Forbes, Catalogue of Shells of the Glacial Epoch, in
Memoirs of the Geological Survey. Vol. I. p. 406. 1846.
Prestwich (J.) on some Fossiliferous Beds overlying the Red Crag at
CliiUesford, near Orford, Suffolk. Geol. Journal, 1849, p. 345.
CM. Wood (Searles V.) Monograph of the Crag Mollusca, 2 vols. 4to.
published for the Palseontographical Society. 1847-1855.
R. Wigham's Collection, in the British Museum. (Norwich Crag)
Wm. Bean's Collection of Bridlington Shells, British Museum.
Collection of the late John Middleton, preserved in Norwich.
Capt. H. T. Alexander, F.G.S., (Crag of Bramerton, and Bulchamp,
near Southwold)
Mr. Fitch. W.K.B. Mr. Bridgman. T.G.B. Mr. Bayfield.
Catalogue of Shells from the Glacial Deposits, by Jas. Smith, F.R.S.,
" Researches in Newer Pliocene and Post Tertiary Geology."
8vo., 1862.
a, abundant ; c, common ; r, rare ; u, unique ; indicated by the Geology of
Norfolk.
R.W
W.B
J.M.
H.A.
R.F.
Pulmonifera.
Helix hispida ...
plebeia, Drap
arbustorum?...
Succinea putris ? ...
oblonga
Limnea palustris (tenuis? G.N.)
peregra
truncatula
Planorbis marginatus, Drap (com-
planatusC.M)
spu'orbis...
corneus ...
Conovulus pyramidalis ...
myosotis
PectinihrancJiiata .
Buccinum tenerum (cyaneum ?) ...
Fusus antiquus, (despectus, E.F.J
- var. pullus, G.N. (altus ?)
carinatus
contrarius ...
norvegicus
gracihs D.C. {Islandicus ?)
var. ventricosus
Spitzbergensis ?
Trophon scalariformis
-Gunneri? Loven
-clathratus L. {Bamffiiis)
Murex erinaceus
Purpura lapillus (imbricata)
var. elougata ...
vulgaris ...
incrassata
angulata ...
ThorpeT.G.B. (RW.)Bulchainp(H.A.)
Norwich (R.W.) Bulc. (F. Woodward)
Southwold (LyeU) Norwich (J.M.)
Bramerton (r.)
Bulchamp (CM.)
Bramerton; Bulchamp [wold.
Bramerton (R.W.)J.M.,T.G.B.,South-
Bramei-ton (R.W.) J.M.
Norwich (R.W.) J.M. Bulchamp.
Noi-wich (R.W.) Bulchamp.
Bulchamp (H.A.)
Norwich (r) ; Southwold ; Aldboro'.
Postwick (R.W.) Bramerton (H.A.)
Norwich (a) ; Southwold ; Chillesford.
Bramerton, Thorpe (r) ; Chillesford.
Thorpe, Postwick, and Bramerton (r).
Bramerton, Thorpe (r).
Bramerton ; many fi'agments ; perfect
examples rare and usually carinated.
Norwich (J. M., R. F., and Norwich
Museum).
Norwich (R.W.)
Bridlington.
Postwick (R.W.) ; series of all ages.
Norwich, (R.W.) Thorpe (J.M.) Brid-
lington.
Norwich (J.M.)
Bridhngton.
Bramerton (R.W.) ; the only example
lost (CM.)
Norwich (c.) Bulchamp.
Bramerton, Postwick (c.)
Thorpe (c.)
(r.)
(r.)
118
GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK.
Purpura tetragona
Nassa reticosa, var. elongata, Sby.
var. rugosa
incrassata (granulata E.F.)
sp. (slender, pointed) ...
Columbella sulcata
Mangelia mitrula
Bela im:Y\Gvl2i{Murexpimctatus, GN.)Bramerton ; Thorpe ; (r.)
Norwich (R.F.) ; in fresh condition.
Thorpe (u.) G.N. ; perfect condition
(R.F.)
Norwich (R.W.)
Norwich (R.W.)
Norwich (R.W.) ; examples in all col-
lections.
Bramerton (R.F.)
Norwich (R.W.)
Trevelliana
rufa
Defrancia linearis ?
Voluta Lamberti
Erato Isevis
?Cassidaria bicatenata
Cypreea Euroi3£ea ...
Ovulum Leathesii
Natica monilifera (catena, M.)
occlusa, S.V.W
Bowerbanldi, E.F
Natica helicoides
pusilla, G. (Groenlandica)
hemiclausa (nitida?)
■• — clausa
Velutina Isevigata, L ,
zonata, Gould
Trichotropis borealis
Cancellaria (Admete) viridula O.F.M. Norwich (R.W.) Bridlington
Bramerton (R.W.) Bridlington.
Norwich (R.W.) Thorpe (E.F.) Brid-
lington.
Norwich (R.W.) R.F.
Norwich (R.W.)
Norwich (R.W.)
Thorpe (r) ; fragments only (G.N.)
Thorpe (R.F.) ; one good specimen.
Bramerton (u) R.F.
Norwich (c) Bulchamp ; Cliillesford ;
Bridlington.
Bridlington.
Bridlington.
Norwich (S.W.) Bridlington.
Norwich (R.W.) Bridlington.
Norwich (R.W.) common.
Norwich (R.W.) com. ; Bridlington.
Thorpe (R.W.)
Bramerton (R.W.)
Bridlington.
Chemnitzia elegantissima ...
internodula, S.V.W.
Scalaria
Groenlandica
- foliacea ...
- Trevelliana
Norwich (R.W.) rare.
Norwich (R.W.) large.
Norwich (r) Cromer ; Southwold.
Norwich (R.W.) fragments.
Norwich (R.W.) " Two Crag speci-
mens dredged on the Norfolk coast
by Lieut. Thomas," (E.F.) Bul-
?clathratula (minuta, G.N.) Norwich (r) [champ (F.W.)
Cerithium punctatum Norwich (c) Bulchamp (F.W.)
reticulatum Norwich (R.W.) W.K.B.
Turritella communis ... ... Norwich (r) Bulchamp ; Chillesford.
incrassata Thorpe (R.W.) water- worn.
erosa Couth, (clathratula, CM.)... Bridlington.
Norwich (a) Bulchamp; Chillesford;
Bridlington.
(Varieties of growth, probably in-
fluenced by freshets ; some speci-
mens are quite discoidal.)
Litorina litorea
var. elongata
ventricosa
carinata ..
— - bicarinata
sulcata
rudis Norwich (c).
tenebrosa Norwich (R.W.) slender var.
Lacuna vincta ... ... ... Norwich (R.W.)
Rissoa inconspicua, Alder (semicostata? G.N.) ...Bramerton (r).
Hydrobia Ulvas, L Norwich (R.W.) rare.
ventrosa, Mont, (minuta, G.N. subumbihcata, CM.)... Norwich (c)
Paludina media, G.N. (parilis, CM.) Bramerton ; Thorpe ; Bulchamp (F W)
SHELLS OF THE NEW PLIOCENE. 119
Paludina media var. obsoleta, G.N Nonvicli (R.W.) Whirls quite flat.
Bithynia tentaculata, Mont Norwich ; Bramerton (R.W.) W.K.B . R.F.
Valvata piscinalis ... Bramerton (R.W.) W.K.B.
Pileopsis Hungaricus (Sigaretiis
similiSjQ.'N.J Bramerton (very rare) small (R.W.)
Calyptraea Sinensis finfundibulum clypeum, G.N.)...Postwick (r) small
Trochus zizyphinus Norwich (R.W.) R.F.
granulatus, BovnfsimiUs SbyJBrmrton. & Thorpe (r) GN. TGB. JM.
tumidus fniferts, G.N.J ... Bramerton; Thorpe
Mai-garita undiilata Norwich (R.W.) T.G.B. R.F.
elegantissima. Bean ... Bridhngton.
Cemoria Noachina ... ... ... Bridlington.
Patella vnlgata ? ... ... ... Norwich (R.W.) Small, thui variety.
parvula, G.N. ... ... BramertonfYoungofP. i'wZ^a^a.'CM.)
Acm?sa YU'ginea ? ... Norwich (R.W.) unique.
Dentahum Tarentimim (entale, C.M.)Bridlington.
Chiton sp. (octovalvis, G.N.J ... Thoi'pe (u).
Tectlhrancliiata.
Tornatellatornatihs(4c^f^o;2i\"(9^,GN)Postwick (r.) Bulchamp (F.W.)
subulata... Bramerton (u.) R.F.
Ringicula ventricosa ... ... Bramerton (r.)
Cyhchna cyhndracea, var. ... Norwich (R.W.) unique.
obtusa, Mont. (miwMi«, G.N.) Bramerton, Postwick (r.)
PallioljrancMata.
Rhynchonella psittacea .., Thorpe; Postwick (rarely with valves united;
Lamellihrancliiata.
Anomiaephippiumvar. sg'Ma??!?^?^?... Norwich. Bridlington
aculeata ... Norwich (R.W.)
Placunomia patelliformis Norwich (J.M.) T.G.B.
Ostrea edulis Norwich (T.G.B.) a single sml. valve.
(Thorpe, both valves in the IMiddleton
collection, " fi'agments abundant,"
(G.N.) R.F.
pusio Norwich, T.G.B.
opercularis fsulcatus <& r^con-Lakenliam, Thorpe, Bramerton, Bul-
ditus,S'hj.'> champ (F.W.) Chillesford (a)
Gerardi Bramerton, (R.F.) two pairs.
tigiinus Bramerton (R.W.) W.K.B. RF.
?Hinnites Dubuissoni, G.N. {Gortesyi, CM.)..." Thorpe (r.) fragments."
Pinna pectinata Mundesley, Rev. J. Gunn.
Mytilus edulis (aniigrworzort G.N.) Bramerton; Thoi-pe (forming a dis-
tinct layer, a).
— \QxalcefQrmis,Shj. ... Bulchamp (F.W.) Chillesford, Brid-
lington, Bramerton, & Thorpe (a)
Modiola modiolus Postwick (in paks, in a particular
layer J.M.), Bridlington.
Crenella discors ? (^?scr^j9«ws, Mnt Chillesford.
Pectunculiis glycimeris Thorpe (r) small, or imperfect. Brid-
lington
Nucula Cobboldiffi Thorpe, Bramerton, Postwick (r) , Bul-
champ ; Chillesford (a) Bridhngton.
tenuis Norwich (R.W.) ; Southwold (E.F.) ;
ChiUesford.
Leda lanceolata (oblonga, G.N.) ... Norwich (R.W.) very rare; Chilles-
ford (c) ; Saxlingham (fragments).
oblongoides, S.V.W.r7<2/»er&orm.^)... Postwick & Bramerton (r) ; Bul-
champ (F.W.); ChiUesford (c).
120
GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK.
Leda semistriata
Lucina borealis fmitisd antiquata, G
divaricata (undularia) ...
Kellia ambigua
Montacuta bidentata
Diplodonta dilatata
astartea
Corbicula fluminalis
Cyclas cornea
Pisidium amnicum, var sulcatum
Cardium ediile
— var obliquum G.N.
■ venustum?
• Parkinsoni G.N.
Groenlandicum ...
Cardita scalaris
corbis
analis? {borealis ?)
Astarte borealis {plana)
— var. semisulcata Leach
mutabilis
Omalii
Burtinii {pisiformis, Wood)
gracilis
compressa (angulata, G.N.)
striata ...
sulcata, var Danmoniensis
crebricostata ?
elliptica
Cyprina Islandica
Cytherea rudis
Artemis Hncta ?
Venus fasciata
Tapes virginea
aurea
Mactra stultorum (magna, G.N.) ...
■ arcuata
solida
ovalis (including dubiaj . . .
subtruncata (cuneata)
Scrobicularia piperata (Listeri, G.N
Syndosmya alba
obovalis, f tenuis? J ...
Donax anatinus
Tellina crassa {obtusa, G.N.)
obliqua {ovalis, G.N.j
Norwich (J.M.) single valve.
.N.) Postwick & Thorpe (c) Bramerton,
Chillesford.
Thorpe; Bramerton.
Chillesford.
Bridlington (E.F.)
Thorpe (J.M.) several valves.
Bramerton (R.W.) J.M.
Bramerton & Postwick, (J.M. &R.W.)
Bulchamp and Wangford (H.A.)
Normch (R.W.) ; Bulchamp (H.A.)
Thorpe (R.W.) ; Bulchamp (H.A.)
Bramerton, Postwick (c) Thoi-pe,
Cromer (r) ; Bulchamp (F.W.) Chil-
lesford.
Postwick (c).
Thorpe (R.W.)
Thorpe, in fragments. (R.F.)
Postwick (J.M. & R. W.) ChiUesford.
Norwich (R.W.) R.F. single valves.
Chillesford (single valve.)
Norwich (R.W.) single valve.
BridUngton.
Bramerton; Thorpe (r.) Postwick (in
pairs) Bridlington.
Bridlington.
BridUngton.
Bramerton (R.F.) single valve in good
condition.
Bramerton (R.W.) single valve.
Thorpe (R.F.) one valve.
Thorpe (r) Bridlington.
Norwich (R.W.) Bridlington.
Bramerton; Thorpe (r), young more
frequent. Bridlington.
Bridlington.
Bramerton (J.M.) Bridlington.
Norwich ; Bulchamp ; Chillesford ;
Bridlington.
Norwich (R.W.) unique.
Norwich (R.W.) imperfect.
Norwich (r).
Bramerton (R.W.)
Bramerton (R.W.)
Postwick ; Bramerton.
Postwick (r) R.F. large valve.
Thorite ; Bramerton.
Norwich (r) Chillesford.
Norwich (c) Bulchamp (a).
.)Bramerton (r) Cliillesford.
Thorpe (R.W.) Bulchamp (E.F.)
ChiUesford.
Norwich (R.W.) several valves (South-
wold E.F.)
Bramerton ; Postwick ; Bulchamp.
Thorpe and Postwick (r) Chillesford.
Norwich (a) Postwick, in pairs (J.M.)
Bulcliamp (a) Chillesford, in pairs.
SHELLS OF THE NEWER PLIOCENE.
121
Tellina lata {ovata, G.N.) ...
solidula, var. Balthica
praetenuis
fabula
Soleu siliqua
Corbula nucleus
var. oblong small.
Mya arenaria (lata, subovata)
truncata
Thracia inflata
Panopaea Norvegica
Saxicava arctica
var. suhtruncata)
Norwich (a) Bulchamp (a) Chillesford.
Postwick (top bed) Weyboume ; Brid-
lington.
Norwich (a) Bulchamp (a) Chillesford.
Bulchamp (H.A.) Norwich (R.W.)
Thoi-pe (r) fragments only; Bramer-
ton (E.F.)
Bramerton (R.W.)
Norwich (R.W.) many valves.
Norwich (a) Cromer; Bulchamp;
Bridlington.
Cliillesford (in pairs) Bridlington.
Bramerton.
Bramerton (R.F.)
Chillesford (in pairs) ; Bridliagton.
Bridlington.
Bramerton: Thoi-pe (small), Bridlgtn.
(Postwick, E.F.) Hasboro.' (Rev. J.
Layton) Bridlington, WhitHugham
(Mr. Clowes.)
Of the 172 species above enumerated, 15 are only found at BridHngton,
in Yorkshii'e ; 19 others are land and fresh- water shells ; and 28 are either
" extraneous fossils" derived from the Red and Coralline Crag, or else some
doubt attaches to them because they are unique, or have not been found a
second time.
Setting aside all these, there remain 110 marine shells, of which
3 ai-e common to the Coralline 80 species are still living in the
rugosa
Pholas crispata
crag only,
46 are common to the Red crag only,
32 are found in both Red and Cor-
alline crag,
29 are peculiar.
110
British seas,
13 are only found north of Britain,
2 occur on the north coast of
Spain,
15 are unknown as living shells.
110
These numbers are different from those given by the writer in the Supple-
ment to Sir Charles LyeU's " Manual of Geology," and repeated in the same
author's " Antiquity of Man ," but the modern and comparatively northern
character of this division of the Crag is still more sti'ongly shown by the
additional data now published.
2. The Forest Bed.
The Mastodon, which has been found in the Norwich crag, in neaily
equal numbers with the Elephant, disappears altogether in the forest-becl.
Hundreds of elephant's teeth have come to light from the latter, but not
one of the mastodon. Near Southwold, at the junction of the Norwich crag
and the forest-bed, two teeth of the mastodon have been picked up on the
beach ; and we may expect to find similar remains at the other extremity of
the forest-bed at Sherringham, or at Cromer, or wherever the Norwich crag
Hes upon the beach; but it is not probable that any will be found at interme-
diate places. The magnificence and profusion of the elephantine, cervine,
and other mammaUan remains are such as to render this deposit one of the
highest interest to geologists ; and the bed itself, from the remarkable changes
it has undergone, is scarcely less so. It consists of two materials : a blue
argillaceous sand, which constitutes the soil in which the trees grew ; and
an indurated gravel, which, from the quantity of elephantine remains found
in it, is called "the eleiDhant bed." This forest may be traced at intervals
from Easton-Bavent near Southwold, along the beach and coast section, to
122 GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK.
Sherringham, north-west of Cromer, about 50 miles. Its extent inland and
seaward has not been ascertained. It is evidently fluvio-marine, as appears
from its organic remains. It is supposed to have been deposited in an
estuary, into which, Mr. Woodward suggests, rivers from various directions
poured their contents, and which opened to the sea, as is proved by the
admixture of cetacean with the terrestial mammalian remains ; not neces-
sarily a deep sea, for such cetaceans are generally found to have been
stranded on shoals and in shallow waters. The substratum of the forest
was probably thus formed, and then gradually raised above the waters; first,
it may be presumed, where the Normch crag is visible, for the two appear
to be continuous fonnations, and at the points of junction are singularly
interblended. When the forest soil was raised to the surface and became
subaerial, the trees began to grow, except where the pan of indurated gravel
appears to have been too hard and barren to permit of their growth. No
stools or roots of trees are consequently found m situ in the gravel, but
only in the sandy clay, or where both are so blended as to admit of vege-
tation. Broken fragments of stems and branches are abundantly found
throughout both the gravel and clay ; and rounded nodules of clay, occa-
sionally containing embedded leaves, are very characteristic of these com-
ponent parts of the forest-bed. Animal remains also of the same description
are contained in both, but far more abundantly in the gravel. In both ahke
the bones are fractured in situ, with sharp angular edges, and are very
rarely waterworn. These facts appear to indicate the action of powerful
currents, by which the bed itself was partially broken up and nodules
formed, and the whole gradually raised above the surface. This may
be regarded as the second stage of this formation. Lakes, swamps, and
morasses remained in some parts for the hippopotamus, and rivers for the
trogontherium, or gigantic beaver. To judge by the depth of carbonized
wood, and the abundance and variety of the animal remains, the forest must
have flourished for ages, while this part of the earth was stationary. Then,
the third and last period of the forest ensued, when a subsidence com-
menced. The waters, marine and fresh, resumed their sway ; and they
have left behind them many traces of their erosive and denuding power.
After the northerly gales of Christmas, 1862, the shore was uncovered,
and the forest-bed laid bare. The cliffs were washed away to an unpre-
cedented extent, varying in some places from 2 to 20 yards. The forest-
bed was then disclosed in the condition in which it had been left by de-
nuding currents. The indurated gravel and occasionally the argillaceous
sand, hardened by the oxide of iron, were found to lie in low ridges, or undu-
lations, 5 or G feet above the ordinary level of the forest-bed, and at unequal
distances. The forest soil on the beach was seen to be twisted and con-
torted in the most remarkable manner, lying, in the space of twenty yards,
in every possible direction, and occasionally broken into fragmentary
masses. Such is the effect produced by powerful currents to which this
bed appears to have been subjected at different levels, and at different
periods of its formation. The fracture of some of the bones embedded, and
the leaving of others denuded upon the forest-bed, to be partly enveloped
in the next beds which are presented to our notice, seem due to this cause,
whether in the ascending or descending process. One singular result of
this very complex series is, that the oldest organic remains are to be found
in the highest levels of the forest-bed, which first emerged from the waters
of the Norwich crag period, as, for instance, at Trimingham, Cromer, and
Runton. Hence the adoption by many of the relative depths at which
specimens are found, as a criterion of their age, seems to be fallacious.
On examining the specimens, a marked difference is observable between
the teeth of the Elephas meridionalisfound in the older from those found
in the later portions of the deposit. The mastodontic character of the
ridges is diminished, and the enamel is thinner and less rugged. Another
THE FOREST BED. 123
species (considered by Dr. Falconer to be an old type of tlie Elephas pri-
migenius), is found together with the Elephas meridionalis throughout the
forest-bed. The enormous bones of the elephant in the Norwich Museum
and in the collection of the Rev. J. Gunn, of Irstead, are supposed to belonf^
to one or other of these two species. A magnificent tusk, dug out of the
beach at Runton, near Cromer, in 1862, now in the possession of Sir T. F.
Buxton, 9 ft. 7 in. in length, and 2 ft. 8 in. in girth, probably belongs to the
same species as the largest specimens in Mr. Gunn's collection ; and the
living animal, Dr. Falconer is of opinion, stood at least 16 or 17 ft. high. The
Elephas antiquus (Falconer) chiefly prevails at Happisburgh, and seems to
have been inti-oduced into the forest-bed at a later period than the former,
A tooth resembling those of the Elephas prisons, and two other varieties,
in the opinion of Mr. Lartet, as yet undetermined, are in Mr. Gunn's col-
lection also. Besides these elephants, the following list of fossil mam-
maha may be added : — Rhinocerus megarhinus and R. etruscus. Hippo-
potamus major, Equus fossilis. Bison prisons. Bos (rare), Sus, Ceiwus
martiaHs, C. dama Poligniacus, C. elephus, C. Sedgwickii, a magnificent
honi lately found at Bacton, with the antlers nearly perfect, and a fourth
antler obtained fi'om the same spot 20 years ago, probably belonged to the
same horn. When perfect, its dimensions were about 4 ft. 6 in. by 3 ft.
Fragments of antlers have, since the discovery of this specimen, been iden-
tified with it from various collections in England, in Paris, and Florence.
Six other species of Cervus (according to IMr. Lartet) unknown, Ursus arve-
nensis, Trogontherium Cuvieri, Mygale moschata, a lai'ge species of Shrew,
Mole, two species of ^Miales, Vertebrae of fish. Elytra of beetles of several
species, Scotch and spmce firs, yew, sloe, alder, oak, hazel, buckbean,
white water lily, yeUow water lily, seeds of the ceratophyllum demersum,
homwort, pondweed, rhizomes, and fronds of ferns.
The Norfolk and Norwich Museum has a magnificent collection of Ele-
phantine and other remains, principally from the collection of the late Miss
Gurney, of North Repps, and a valuable one of crag fossils and flint imple-
ments. The small Museums at the Priory and the Sailors' Home, at Yar-
mouth, contain some valuable specimens of elephant's tusks and rhinoceros's
teeth. The Rev. S. Y/. King, F.G.S., of SaxHngham Rectoiy, has an interest-
ing collection of the Mammalia, and of the Fauna and Flora generally of the
Norwich crag. Forest-bed, and other deposits. The Rev. J. Gunn, F.G.S.,
has a large general collection, but particularly of the Elephantine and
Cervine remains from the Forest-bed. Mr. Owles, chemist, of Yarmouth,
has some fine specimens of Mammalian remains from the forest-bed, and
obtained by dredging off the Yarmouth coast. ]\lr. Steward, chemist, of
Yarmouth, has a good collection of elephant's teeth ; and Mr. Nash, leather
cutter. Chapel street, has also some interesting specimens of Mammalian
remains.
3. The Laminated Beds.
These deposits, marked 3, in fig. 27 of "Antiquity of Man," and called
" Fluvio-marine Series," had previously obtained the name of " Laminated
beds," from the very fine and repeated laminations of clays and sands
which compose them, especially at Happisburgh. They form a striking
contrast to the water-worn suiiace of the forest-bed below, and the un-
stratified boulder-clay above, and appear to have been caused dui-ing the
gradual subsidence of the land, by the no less gradual gathering of water
upon it. They present a nearly continuous and extensive formation, from
Weybourn to Eastou Bavent, in Sufiblk, overlying both the Norwich crag
and the forest-bed, and varying in height from 20 feet, near Cromer, to 1 or
2 feet at Happisburgh. In the lowest part of them is the debris of the forest :
leaves, branches, and wood}^ fibres matted together. Large bones of mam-
malia are occasionally found here, which appear to have been washed out
of the denuded eleiDhaut-bed ; then a succession of fresh water and mai'ine
124 GEOLOGY OF NOKFOLK.
deposits occur : at Walcot, for instance, there is an extensive lacustrine bed,
containing elytra of beetles. At Mundesley there is a marine bed containing
the Cardium in close contact with broken fronds of ferns ; a black fresh-
water bed succeeds, with shells of the Unio, Cyclas, and Pisidium, similar
to a still larger bed at West Runton ; and above this are strata with sea-
shells. Very few teeth of the eleiDhant have been found in these beds. Only
one, of the Elephas antiquus, a rolled specimen, has come to our notice. The
Rev. S. W. King has obtained from them remains of the narwhal and walrus,
very indicative of the commencement of the glacial series ; but, before we
proceed to it, we vnll endeavour to reply to certain questions which are
asked by nearly every person who sees the magnificent organic remains
of the f(Drest-bed, viz. : — How could such animals as now inhabit warmer
countries have lived in this ? and, How can the changes of climate be
accounted for ? It is very difficult to assign a satisfactory cause for so high
a temperature as prevailed during the cretaceous series, and the London and
plastic clays, but the elevation of mountain ranges and the consequent
glaciers, ice-bergs, and shore-ice account for the refrigeration of the tem-
perature, and the gradual destruction of the mammalia.
V. Glacial Series.
The Loiver Boulder-Clay or Till.
When the waters attained a sufficient depth, icebergs, charged with
granitic and other boulders, drifted hither, and dropped their muddy and
unstratified cargos upon the level surface of the laminated beds. Thus,
the lower boulder bed, called the Till, was formed. The discovery of the
origin of the Till, and its identification with similar beds in northerly lati-
tudes, is due to Sir Charles Lyell, and may be regarded as one of the most
important benefits conferred by him on the science of geology. The boulders
are frequently scratched and striated by the action of glaciers, which, de-
scending from their native heights into the sea, became icebergs, and tran-
sported rocks to the Norfolk coast ; the chalk and flint also are found
scratched by masses of ice, which have passed over them, or were stranded
upon them. As nearly every description of rock may be collected from the
lower boulder-clay ; it is not worth while to specify any. The larger por-
tions of them are trap ; generally supposed to have been transported from
Scandinavian districts, from which circumstance the till is called the
Northern drift. It is mostly a greyish blue, but occasionally of a reddish
tinge, and is composed of tlie debris of the Lias, Kimmeridge and Oxford
clay, and contains the Gryphoea incurva, fragments of belemnites and of
shells of a northern character. It is an extensive formation in Norfolk,
and may be traced at intervals from Weybourne into Suifollc, and inland
beyond Norwich. It is impossible to ascertain to what height it may have
been raised, as its surface has been denuded. At Walcot it is altogether
removed, and at Bacton it is partially and faintly represented; whereas
at Mundesley and at Cromer, it reaches in places nearly to the sum-
mit of the clifis, and within a few hundred yards of its greatest eleva-
tion, it is worn down by currents, and left in bluffs upon the beach to the
north-west of Cromer jetty. The beds beneath are also much disturbed or
washed avs^ay on this spot, which, from the disarrangement and contortions
of the ui^per beds, as well as of those below, demands the study of the
geologist more, i^erhaps, than any ip the entire coast section. At the old
Hythe, Sherringham, large masses of boulder clay are so altered in their
position, that vertical layers of shells quite perfect and unbroken, together
with layers of sand, all of which were once horizontal, are placed between
them. These masses of clay appear to liave been shifted very quietly, other-
wise the layers ^ of shells and sand must have been disturbed. But these
belong to a series of beds above the lower boulder clay, which are next
presented to our notice.
GEOLOGY OF NOEFOLK. 125
2. Stratified Clays, with Sands and Gravel
intermixed, lie upon tlie denuded surface of tlie Till, generally with a thin
layer of beach-shingle intervening. The strata of clay first, and then of
sand or gravel, but sometunes reversed, vary from a few feet to 100 feet in
thickness. They are, in many places, especially to the north-west of the
town of Cromer, twisted in the most fantastic manner. A good section of
these contorted strata is given in Mr. Eichard C. Taylor's " Geology of East
Norfolk," to which excellent w^ork the reader is referred, and also to the
description of them in Sir C. Lyell's " Princii^les " and the -'Elements of
Geology," and " Antiquity of Man." The contortions in part are due to
the deposition of the clay and sand on uneven surfaces, and in gorges of the
lower beds, and to huge masses and pumacles of boujdered chalk embedded
in the strata. The agency of sti'ong currents and of lateral pressure is also
evident; and a most ingenious mode of accounting for then* contortions,
where they occur in connection with horizontal stratifications, is suggested
by Mr. Joshua Trimmer, ^;= namely, a subsidence of alternate layers of sand
and clay, occasioned by the melting of masses of ice, which were imbedded
in the strata. With respect to the height to wliich these deposits of sand
may have been raised, it is impossible to fonn a right conjecture ; but Mr.
Trimmer shows that they once extended fi-om the summit of Beeston hill to
that of the Beacon hill, south-east of Cromer, and that they have since been
denuded, or entu-ely removed. Upon these strata rests in some places an
upper bed of unstratified boulder-clay.
3. Upper Boulder Clay.
It contains chiefly oolitic boulders, flint, and chalk, together with more
ancient rocks. All of these are frequently scratched and grooved. At
Merton, there is a boulder of the oolitic series 14 feet in length, which Sir
R. Mm-chison considers may probably have been transported from theorem
district of Sutherland. The glacial sea seems to have attained its greatest
depth during the deposition of this upper boulder- clay, for it caps the high-
est hills in Norfolk. It may be seen to advantage throughout the Flegg
hundreds, in the Hemsby CHfl", and near Cromer, in the coast section, and
in pits at Castle Rising Common, where an immense boulder of chalk, 20
yards in length, is imbedded ; and at South V/ooton, and HilHngton. It is
developed also near North Walsham, and at Witton, near B acton, where a
fine upper molar of the Elephas primigenius was found in a pocket or cavity
of the bouldered chalk. It is possible and probable, that there may have
been a partial alternation of dry land and water between the deposition of
the lower and upper boulder-clays, for wood is found in the intermediate
sands, and in the lignite bed in the contorted sands, near Cromer. But we
will pass on to the undoubted return of vegetation, and the subsidence of
the glacial sea, which are evidenced in the
4. Mundesley Fluvio -lacustrine Bed.
This interesting deposit is described by Mr. Prestwich, in a paper read
before the British Association at Oxford in 1860,f and by Sir Chas. LyeU,
" Antiquity of Man," p. 224. An old vaUey a^jpears to have been scooped
out through the sands, the lower boulder-clay and the laminated beds, down
to the forest-bed below. This valley is lined throughout with an underlay er
of gravel, and filled with a succession of black and bro^oi peaty beds and
sands. It contains an abundance of fi-esh-water shells, aU recent, scales and
teeth offish, elytra of beetles, bones of Arvicola, and seed vessels of the cerato-
XDhylluru demersum. Occasionally bones of the Elephas antiquus and ox
and entu-e fish are found in it ; pike and perch have been recognised. Cappin g
* Quarterly Journal of Geological Society, Vol. VII. pp. 22, 30, and Geology of NorfolTi,
p, 24. t Geological Magazine, No. 38.
126 GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK.
this river bed is a layer of gravel, which meets the underlying hed of gravel, de-
fining the extent of the river, and continued beyond it, as described in Mr.
Prestwich's section. This is an important fact, as it proves the antiquity of
the Mundesley river bed, and its remarkable correspondence with the celebra-
ted Hoxne brick-pits ; for tliis upper layer of gravel is the remains of the
upper-level gravel of the adjacent valley, through which at the present time
a little rivulet flows — the representative of the once larger stream which
scooped out the valley. We shall perceive the relation of these phenomena
to each other in reviewing
5. The Valley -formations.
At the outset we took a slight view of the river-valleys. It now remains
for us to examine the mode of their formation, and their fossil contents. It
had been supposed that the glacial period termmated with the boulder- clays;
but the result of Mr. Prestwich's searching analysis of the valley-formations
in this country and upon the Continent, has proved that, notwithstanding
the abatement of the extreme cold, and the return from a glacial sea to dry
land, with an abundant vegetation, ice-action continued, and the climate
was intermediate between that of the boulder-clay period and of the present
day. But, before we examine their fossil contents, it is advisable to ascer-
tain the process by which the valleys have been formed. The late Mr.
Samuel Woodward considered them to be valleys of elevation, and this was,
no doubt, correct so far as regards the primary directions given to the cur-
rents which formed the greater valleys. The subsequent process by which
those valleys were reduced to their present form and condition, was brought
to light by Mr. Prestwich.>:' We will endeavour to describe that process as
well as we can, without the aid of a diagram. Suppose a major valley, or
plain of denudation, about three miles in width ; the cm-rent of waters leaves
a deposit of gravel called the high-level gravel; the river becomes contracted
to a mile in width, and works its way through the high-level gravel to a
lower stage, leaving a second deposit called the low level- gravel ; the
river then becomes contracted to its present width of 100 yards, scoops
its channel through the low-level gravel, and covers its base and its sides
with recent alluvium. The results are singular, and have long been a puzzle
to geologists. The high-level gi-avel, -with its truncated edges, correspond-
ing on either side of the valley, is more ancient than the low-level gravel,
and the low-level gravel than the alluvium. We cannot expect to find the
series always complete, because it varies under different conditions; for
instance, where the river valley is wider than the original major valley or plain
of denudation, the upper -level gravel will have been entirely removed; but
such has been the manner in which the valleys have been formed.
The deposit of loess adds still further to the complication, but when the
process of its formation is unfolded, it becomes equally obvious and plain.
Rivers in icy regions are subject to great rises of water, occasioned by the
melting of winter-snow, the fall of rain while the ground is still frozen, and
other causes ; and, in all rivers subject to floods, three forms of sediment
will be deposited — first, the gravel and shingle in the more direct channel ;
secondly, sand in more sheltered places ; thirdly, fine silt, where the flood-
waters are out of the direct channel. The fine silt, or loess, like the high and
low-level gravels, is always connected with river- valleys, although it extends
much beyond the limits of these beds, and rises to higher levels. It is found
at the bottom of valleys, and sometimes from one to three hundred feet higher,
which may be accounted for on the supposition that the rise of the water took
place successively, when the valleys were at difierent levels. This explanation
is necessary to render the extensive deposit of clays in East Norfolk, which,
* Transactions of Royal Society, 1860.
THE VALLEY-FORMATIONS. 127
are most probably a sedimentary deposit or loess, intelligible. Such is the
manner in which the gravel and loess of various levels have been formed ;
at the same time Mr. Prestwich doubts whether the effects in question could
have been produced without the upheaval of the land ; a slow elevation of
which would increase the velocity and erosive power of the rivers. This
combined action has formed the valleys through which so many rivers flow
in this county ; as, for instance, the valleys of the Yare, the Wensum, and
the Bure, on the opposite sides of which the escarpments of strata, which
were once spread from side to side, may now be traced.
The fauna of the several deposits is of great interest. All the species of
mollusca are of forms that still exist here, and are common species, except the
Cyren afluminahs of the Nile. They do not, therefore, afford any very appre-
ciable evidence of climate, but, as Mr. Prestwich observes, the tendency of
development of the group is rather in a northern than a southern direction.
The evidence, however, of chmatal conditions furnished by the mammalia,
although slight, is more definite than that obtained from the mollusca,
and tends to show that the climate of these latitudes was colder then than
at the present day. The Elephas premiginius. Rhinoceros tichorinus,
Cervus tarandus or reindeer, C. elephus or red deer, 0. dama or fallow
deer. Goat, Bison prisons. Bos primigenius, Horse, Wolf, Badger, and other
animals, are found in these deposits. Mr. Prestwich is of opinion that
the British Channel had been formed prior to the high-level gravel period,
and that most of the animals had immigrated to this country from the con-
tinent, before the disruption, but that some might have crossed since, when
the channel was bridged over by ice. But the most interesting memorials
discovered in the high-level gravels are the first works of man that are
known — viz.. The Flint Implements. The most ordinary shapes of these
are in the high-level gravels ; the large lance-headed form, either witli a sharp
point, or a flat rounded one, and with a butt- end, sometimes blunt, and at
other times chipped to an edge. It is conjectured that some of these were
used for making holes in the ice, as the Chippewayan Indians and Esquimaux
do at the present day with their ice chisels, when in winter the usually
abundant supphes of reindeer fail, and they resort to fishing in the frozen
rivers, and make and keep open water-holes for that purpose. Similar state-
ments are made by Wrangel, in liis history of Siberia, the chmate of which
country approaches to that of the high-level gravel period. It is re-
markable that these flint implements with massive butt-ends, are most
common where the evidence of ice is greatest. They almost disappear in
the low-level gravels, and are there succeeded by others of an ovoid form,
or by mere flakes, a change which indicates a difference in the pursuits and
occupations of the primitive natives by whom they were used. Such pur-
suits, Mr. Prestwich justly shows, are necessarily and primarily influenced
by the chmate and lite of the period. Such is the picture of Esquimaux
life, which this distinguished geologist so graphically brings before us as
probably prevaihng at the period when the vestiges of man are first trace-
able in this country ; and he places, as it were, a thermometer of the cli-
mate in our hands during the high-level gravel period, which corresponded
probably with that of Canada at the present day. The localities in Norfolk,
where such flint-implements have actually been found are very limited.
At present only a few of the low-level gravel type have been discovered,
one, by the Rev. S. W. King, from the railway cutting near Bungay, which
was, we are informed, associated with remains of the Elephas primigenius ;
another, by Mr. Pengelly (a doubtful specimen) , lying upon a heap of gathered
stones by the road side, at Lakenham, near Norwich. Several have
been recently brought to light in excavating the unbroken strata of gravel on
the banks of the Thet,near Thetford. Such is the meagre list of flint imple-
ments at present found. It may, however, be expected that the lance-keaded
ones of the upper-gravel period will be obtained on the Norfolk side of the
128 GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK.
banks oftlio Wavency, opposite to Hoxue, and in the gravel pits neai* Harlc-
stou. In the valley of the Nar the remains of the Elephas primigenius have
been found by Mr. Dalton, at Bilney, and Mr. Rose has pointed out in that
parish a brick pit containing similar freshwater shells to those in the
Hoxne bed, together with the bones of the horse and ox. On the high
land of South VVootton, and many other places bordering on the Lynn
Wash, the valley of the Wensum, and most of the river- valleys, there are
remains of both the high and the low-level gravels, which may reward a
patient search with the discovery of such implements. In the low-level
gravel skirting Barton-Broad, and in the parish of Smallbiu'gh, the bones of
the deer and ox have been found. Off this coast, about forty miles from
Yarmouth, and near the Dutch coast, abundant remains are obtained by
dredging, of the Elephas primigenius. Rhinoceros tichorinus, Hippotamus
major, Cervus tarandus, and C. megaceros, together with other mammals
usually found associated with these early vestiges of man. Probably, such
flint implements and the remains of the men who made them, ^vill be brought
to light from this and similar formations. A large collection of these fossil
bones has been made by Mr. Rose, wdio described them in a paper read by
him at the meeting of the British Association, at Cambridge, in 1862, and
also by Mr. Owles and the Rev. John Gunn.
The Recent Formations, Prehistoric and Historic.
The Estuarinc, Fluviatilc, and Lacustrine Deposits
appear in many places in an excursion along the coast, e.g., — the Holme
and Thornham scalphs, with their magnificent submerged forest, the tur-
baries and forests at Palling, near Waxham, on the beach ; and inland in
the valleys of the Yare, the Bure, the Wensum, the Ant, and the Thurne
At some remote period the sea rolled its tide up these extensive river- valleys,
and left unmistakable evidence of its course by the marine shells, which
are imbedded in the blue clay of this flu vio -marine deposit, and extensive
flats are covered with a muddy sediment. As far as the organic remains
admit it, we v/ill endeavour to bring them under the notice of the reader in
their order of succession.
In all these formations one very decided change in the fauna is observable,
namely, the disappearance of the Elephas primigenius. Rhinoceros tichori-
nus, the Hippopotamus major, and the reindeer, and the appearance of the
remains of man and liis works, and of animals still living on the surface
of the earth, as the horse, the ox, the red and fallow deer, the wild boar,
the wolf, tlie badger, and others. One of the most ancient relics of
man brought to light in this country was a human skull exhumed in
sinking for the locks on the Dilham canal at Partridge's mill, in North
Walsham. It was found lying beneath the peat upon the gravel, about 14
feet below the surface, together with two specimens of the os frontis of the
Bos primigenius. The skull (that of a young man) had a hole pierced in it,
from which it was conjectured by the lal5t)urers that he had been gored to
death by one of the oxen, and by others that he was Idlled in battle at tlie
narrow passage of the river in this place. But what we desire to record rests
upon the authority of the late Rev. Wm. Tylney Spurdens, of North Walsham,
namely, that the skull was submitted to Sir Everard Home and to Mr.
De Vnie, the celebrated phrenologist, who concurred in opinion that it was
remarkable in its form, and resembled the skull of a red Indian. It was,
there can be no doubt, the remains of one of the early inhabitants, who pre-
ceded the Celtic and British colonists. It is to be regretted that this
relic is lost ; the remains of the ox are in the Norfolk and Norwich Museum.
At the Holme and Thornham Scalphs, near Hunstanton, are the remains of
a remarkable forest. No human bones have been discovered there, but
a polished Celt, of the stone period, was found in the Holme Scalphs, stick-
ing in the trunk of a tree, by the Rev. George Munford, Rector of East
GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK. 129
Winch, and it is now placed in the Nonvdch Museum. The horns and
bones of the deer have been taken from the forest-bed, and from the muddy
sediment near the Thornham sluice-gate. The trees are the ordinary trees
of the neighbourhood, then- stools are in situ, of great size, and the wood
turned black, but so sound as to be used for carpenters' work. Human
remains have frequently been dug up in the Peat formations, together with
those of the red and fallow deer, and of the ox, mth a large quantity of hazel
nuts. At Kidlington, the skeleton of a man was found in throwing out a
ditch, lying beneath a trunk of a tree. At Wayford bridge, near Small-
burgh, in making a staith-ditch, several human skulls and bones were dis-
covered about six feet deep in the peat. One skull belonging to the skeleton
from Ridlington, and one of a female from Wayford, are considered by JNIr.
Busk to be very fine specimens of early British, and are placed in the
Museum of the London University.
The formation of turbaries is very interesting and important for the
determination of the age of the remains embedded in them, and the re-
mains frequently reflect light upon the age of the turbary. The discovery
of several coins in digging turf in Catfield, near Ludham, the latest of
which was of the reign of Edward VI., proves that there was water when
the coins were sunk, and the peat has grown up since, and become a soHd
tui-f-ground. It is formed by the annual growth and decay of several marsh
plants, as the Typha latifolia and angustifoha, Scirpus lacustris, Cladium
mariscus, »fec., and is estimated at the rapid growth of a foot in twenty
years. The broads or lakes in Norfolk are foimd in some instances to grow
up very rapidly by a singular process, which throws hght upon the form-
ation of ancient turf- grounds and marshes. The water-plants which fix
thek roots in the mud, if not cut down regularly, lose their hold, and
rise to the surface, forming floating islands. These islands become massed
and compacted together, and in time form marshy ground, leaving only a
channel for the flow of water to pass through. In some places where
boats could sail fifty years ago, people may now walk ; and, where there
were swamps and treacherous ground, heavy cattle are now grazing.
By such a natural process extensive tracts of marshes have been formed ;
but where the turf or peat is of considerable depth, and where trunks
of trees are embedded, which once grew upon the clay beneath, it is
di£S.cult to explain how the peat could have been formed. A change of level
by a gradual subsidence seems to ofi'er the only solution, diuing which the
peat grew up by successive growths, as it were, and again the re-eleva-
tion of the land appears to be the most satisfactory mode of accounting
for peat-formations which rise above the present level of the water.
The frequent mention made of earthquakes in the history of Norfolk, espe-
cially in the Chronicles of John of Oxnead, from the earliest records to the
17th century, accords with this view. Another very powerful agent which
will account for the overthrow of trees, is the violence of winds and storms
such as we have experienced of late years. The incursions of the sea are
also frequently mentioned by this chronicler. In 1287, he records that
" In the month of December, the seventh of the Kalends of January, the
8th day of the moon — the sea, in dense darkness, began to be agitated by the
violence of the wind, and in its agitation to burst through its accustomed
limits, occupying towns, fields, and other places adjacent to the coast, and
inundating parts which no age in past times had recorded to have seen
watered with sea-water. For, issuing forth about the middle of the night,
it suffocated or drowned men and women sleeping in their beds, with infants
in their cradles, and all kinds of cattle and the fresh-water fishes ; and it tore
up houses from then' foundations, with all they contained, and carried them
away, and threw them into the sea with irrecoverable damage. Many, when
surrounded by the waters, sought a place of refuge by mounting into trees ;
butj benumbed by the cold, they were overtaken by the water and fell into it
I
130 GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK.
and were drowned. Whereby it happened that m the town of H3''ckelingge
(Hiclding) nine score of different sexes and ages perished in the aforesaid in-
undation. In the priory of Canons in the same town, the aforesaid inundation
rose to the height of a foot and more over their high altar ; all the canons,
except two left behind, made their escape in boats ; which two saved as
many others as they could snatch from the waters in their dormitory, which
was vaulted. And not only in the aforesaid town, but in the other towns ad-
jacent to the sea, there was great risk of men's lives, seeing that the afore-
said inundation happened in the deej) darkness of the night."
Such incursions of the sea form one of the most active elements of
geological changes. Twice every 24 hours, and at certain times and seasons,
with increased violence, the sea beating on the shore and cliffs, reduces the
loftiest hills and the hardest rocks to a common level. Proofs of its power
have been afforded within the historical period by the destruction of several
parishes, or such portions of them, as to leave scarcely more than their
names as Little Waxham, Whimpwell, adjoining Happisburgh ; Shipden,
near Cromer ; and Keswick, adjoining Bacton. Eccles, near Hempstead, has
suffered such depredations from time to time that in 1614, lUth Charles
I., only 100 acres remained out of 2000. The tower of the ruined church
stood enveloped in il/arrrtj/i hills till Christmas, 1862, when a strong and long
continued northerly wind on the 8th day of the moon, (during a neap tide,
when least expected), caused one of the highest and most destructive tides
upon record. Along the line of the coast, from 2 to 20 yards, as already
mentioned, were washed away, in proportion as the materials of the cliffs were
capable of offering resistance. The sand hills around Eccles tower could
offer but little. They were carried away about 20 yards inland, and the
ploughed fields, with their fences, and tracks of cart wheels and im-
pressions of horseshoes of the period, just as they had been left many years
before, were exposed. In the early part of tliis century the sea broke over
at Eccles and Horsey, and the entire level of marshes to Beccles, Norwich,
Horstead and North Walsham, was threatened with inundation. The cele-
brated Wilham Smith was called in, and the breaches were ingeniously
repaked by sloping the embankments to the sea at such an angle that the
waves would roll uj) and back harmlessly. The principle was, no doubt,
sound ; but in order to carry it out effectually, it is necessary to have a
series of groins placed at certain distances so as to stay the shingle and
sand, and prevent the sea taking the cliffs and embankments on the flank.
These groins have been tried at Cromer with success, and the town has
escaped uninjured by the late storms. The same effect is produced at
Yarmouth by the extension of the piers of the haven seaward, and by other
works. The marram hills,* formed by the psamma arenaria, either growing
naturally or planted, and raised as the i)lant grows, by blown sand, which
is stayed by it, attract our attention as important barriers against the en-
croachments of the sea. Commencing at Happisburgh they extend to Yar-
mouth ; at Palling and Wanham attaining the height of 40 or 50 feet, and at
Yarmouth represented by low dunes and hillocks. The high tides at
Christmas, 1862, in a few hours cut some of these hills in two, carry-
ing haK into the ocean and leaving the remainder with regular
stratifications, as if they had been deposited by water, and with the
helix and the solen intermixed, wafted by the wind from the land and from
the beach. It is very difficult to obtain j)recise and accurate information
respecting the amount of land washed away in a given number of years.
We, therefore, gladly avail ourselves of a communication on the subject by
a very intelligent, as well as interested observer, Mr. William Cubitt, of the
Bacton Priory Farm. He states that, at Bacton, where he and his prede-
cessors have carried on the business of coal merchants during the last
thirty-five years, he has seen four coal-yards successively, a small farm-
house with a barn, out-houses and garden used as a bowling green, washed
GEOLOGY OF NORFOLK. 131
away, measuring at least ninety yards to the present cliff; and that vessels
can now sail at high-water where the land was then cultivated. Such
observations are valuable, not only in a geological, but in a commercia
point of view. Mr. Cubitt remarks: — "It is serious to contemplate what
may be the effects of two or three more such tides as we experienced in
January, 1863. It is not improbable, with the present low state of the
beach, and the much diminished sand-banks, that we may live to see some
tens of thousands of acres of the finest land in our county suddenly over-
flowed. No man practically conversant with the matter can visit that part
of the coast without seeing the immediate necessity for providing against
such a calamity, by the formation of groins or breakwaters at right angles
to the cliffs, or sandbanks, extending to extreme low-water mark. Every-
one who has resided for any length of years upon this coast, must be aware
that the sea is gradually, but surely, encroaching upon us. It is serious
enough to see so much fine land swept away, but it would be an unmitigated
calamity to see a vast portion of our county buried beneath the sea." This
is one of the most effective elements of destruction, by which a few feet of
land are annually washed away, till the centre ridge of high land which
interposed between the sea and the adjoining valley is removed, and then
the sea takes possession of the valley, and begins without delay to batter
against the opposite side. There is, however, a principle of compensation
going on meanwhile, by which the materials carried away are being rede-
posited in the form of sand and mud-banks out at sea, to be elevated above
the surface by subterranean force at some future time. A new edition of
terra firma may then be presented to geologists, illustrated by the medals
and memorials of the present day. Such is the alternate process of destruc-
tion and renovation which has been going on for ages ; and it may be ex-
pected to continue, except so far as it is arrested by the ingeniuty and
labour of man, to the end of time. We conclude this brief description of
the small part of the crust of the earth which is exposed in this county, with
an earnest recommendation that precautionary measures should be taken
to resist the encroachments of the sea on the eastern coast.
0E^:ITH0L0Gy. — The reputation which this county has always maintained
as being one of the richest OiTdthological districts in the United Kingdom,
is quite unaffected by those local causes which have of late years altered
the habits of many of our resident species. Not only is its bold projecting
coast-line, extending fi*om Yaimouth on the extreme eastern point to Hun-
stanton and Lynn on the north-west, peculiarly favourable for the advent
of all migratory species, but the variety of attractions presented by the
diversity of the soil and sudden transitions from one formation to another,
are such, perhaps, as can be nowhere equalled in the same extent of
country. On the coast itself we find a sti-ange alternation of sand and
shingly beaches, salt marsh, cultivated land, and low sandy hills, or lofty
chffs, with rich grassy summits and thick woods, in close vicinity to the
sea. Besides which, to a very large proportion of our migratoiy visitants,
the tidal channels of Breydon, Blakeney, and Lynn present, at low water,
from their wide extent of mud banks, an inexhaustible supply of food ; and,
more inland, the shallow waters and reedy margins of the " Broads," sur-
rounded by large tracts of luxiuiant marshes, form the natural resort, both
in winter and summer, of many of the aquatic tribes. To the natural ad-
vantages, therefore, of the locality itself, the fact, that the number of species
included in the avi-fauna of Norfolk has increased rather than diminished
of late years, is mainly attributable. Messrs. Gurney and Fisher, in their
" Account of the Bu'ds found in Norfolk," pubhshed in the " Zoologist"
for 1846, give the total number of species at that time as 277; and even
omitting one or two birds, hitherto included on insufficient authority, the
total number at the present time amounts to 293. It is, however, in the
i3
132 ORNITHOLOGY OF NORFOLK.
nesting habits of many residents, and the absence during the summer
months of others, which formerly remained to breed in tliis county, that we
really find the changes which have been effected by local causes during the
last 20 or 30 years.
Civilization and cultivation go hand-in-hand, and as the necessities of
our largely-increased population demand still greater exertions to supply the
required food, the wild denizens of the marsh recede before the rapid in-
roads of the plough, drainage on all sides narrows their boundaries, and as
surely as the waving corn crops succeed the feathery reedstems, the call of
the Partridge takes the place of the Redshank's whistle and the drumming
noise of the Snipe. Salt marshes reclaimed, no longer afford feeding
grounds for the various wild fowl; and the very repairs necessary to
prevent the encroachments of the sea, are a constant source of disturb-
ance to such species as formerly bred in the vicinity of the coast. The
general enclosure of commons and waste lands has likewise in its turn,
affected other classes of birds, as well as the thinning of hedgerows and
other farming operations resulting of late years from an improved system of
agriculture. To the latter cause may, in some degree, be attributed the
much to be regretted extinction of the Great Bustard in Norfolk, its last
abiding place in the whole kingdom. The adoption of horse-hoeing, un-
doubtedly, facilitated the discovery of its nests and eggs amongst the spring
corn, (most of them being found in fields of rye,) and the high price given
for tlie eggs, which, for the most part, were placed under hens and hatched,
with the hope of rearing the young birds, caused them to be taken whenever
met with. The last Bustard killed in tliis county was a female obtained at
Lexham, near Swaffham, in 1838, the remnant of a small flock of hens,
which had for some years frequented that neighbourhood; but no male
birds then existing, their eggs were dropped about at random during the
breeding season, and thus the whole race became entirely extinct. As an
accidental migrant, can it alone be included in the " Norfolk List " at the
present time, specimens having occurred here, as in other counties, which
may fairly be 'considered as migratory visitants. Drainage and cultivation,
however, but shai'e "uith other causes a common result; the great. increase
of gunners, 0"wing to the cheapness of firearms, and the ready means of
transit by rail to almost all parts of the county, (the iron road itself travers-
ing between Norwich and Yarmouth, some of the finest snipe marshes of
former days), have done much towards completing that exterminating system
which years of indiscriminate egging was fast effecting by itself. Bather
may we wonder that so much still remains to the sportsman and naturalist
than that so many familiar forms have ceased to appear except as temporary
sojourners on their migratory course.
There is one group of birds, however, which demands a somewhat sepa-
rate notice, its persecutions arising from a very different cause. No Falcon,
Hawk, Harrier, or Buzzard can long expect to escape the doom of its race in
a strictly game preserving district like the county of Norfolk ; and scarcely
can it be said that any birds of this class but the Kestrel and Sparrow-hawk
are still resident amongst us, although the nests of all three of the Harriers
are occasionally found in the neighbourhood of the Broads. The Tawny
and Barn Owls are both far less common than they used to be, and the
Short-eared Owl, though a regular autumnal migrant, has ceased almost
entirely to nest in our fens, so many of its former haunts no longer exist-
ing in their normal state. The Long-eared Owl, on the contrary, at one time
scarce, has, through the great increase in our fir plantations, become a
pretty numerous resident amongst us, in spite of its nests being syste-
matically plundered. But if the Raptores have suffered at the hands of
the gamekeeper (and included alike in his list of " feathered vermin " are
the Raven, the Magpie, and the Carrion Crow), the smaller insessorial birds,
OENITHOLOGY OF NORFOLK. ISB'
more especially the warblers that visit us in summer, are benefited gi'eatly
through the care of the game. The dense woods afford both food and shel-
ter, and their own Httle nests are safe from prjdng eyes, since no intruding
footstep is allowed to scare the sitting Pheasants. This is perhaps the only
class which can really be said to have benefited by recent changes, for if the
marked decrease in our birds of prey has caused a corresponding increase
amongst the Finches, Buntings, and Larks, the barbarous and um-easoning
system of slaughter so recently adopted, by means of poisoned wheat, bid
fair to effect at onetime the same, lamentable state of tilings that now exists
in France. The warning, however, received fi'om that country has roused
the friends of the " little bird" amongst us, and the various appeals in its
favour that have appeared in our metropohtan and provincial journals
have been happily supplemented by legislative enactments tending to the
preservation of the feathered tribes. " Man cannot do without the bird" as
an insect eater, and although, when undiminished in the natural way, their
numbers become a serious tax upon the farmers' corn, there are and always
have been legitimate and effectual means for thinning then- ranks without
involving in one general massacre the useful and the mischievous — the Rook
and the Sparrow, and often, though quite unintentionally, the Partridge
as well.
The arrangement and nomenclature of Yarrell's, " British birds," has been
adopted, with but one or two shght exceptions (indicated by a *) in the fol-
lowing list of th.eBi7'ds of Norfolk ; and the initial letters, &c., placed after
the Enghsh names of each species, will be readily understood by reference
to the subjoined table,
ace. — Accidental, — very rare, or such as have occurred but a few times
irregularly.
a. w. m.— Autumn and winter migrants, amongst which are included most
of the Gulls, but although some bkds of this tribe are seen on the coast
nearly all the year round, they do not (with the exception of the Black-
headed Gull) breed here, and cannot therefore be classed as residents.
sp. a. m. — Spring and autumn migrants.
sp. a. m. occ. — Occasional spring and autumn migrants.
sp. a. m. occ. b. — Spring & autumn migrants occasionally remaining to breed.
s. m. — Summer migrants.
s. m. b. — Summer migrants breeding here.
s. m. occ. b. — Summer migrants breeding here occasionally.
r. — Resident all the year and breeding here.
r. m. — Residents receiving migratory additions in autumn and winter.
r. m. occ. — Residents occasionally receiving additions.
irr. m. — Irregular migrants apparing at various seasons.
w. m. — Winter migrants.
w. m. irr. — Irregular winter migrants.
w. m. occ. b. — Winter migrants occasionally remaining to breed.
Haliaeetus albicilla
Pandion haliaeetus
H^Falco greenlandicus ...
peregrinus ... _
subbuteo ... Hobby ... ... s. m. occ. b. —
rufipes ...
sesalon
tinnunculus
Astur palumbarius ... Goshawk ... ... sp. a. m. occ. —
Accipiter nisus ... ,
Milvus vulgaris
Buteo vulgaris
lagopus ,.
Peraia apivorus ,,. Honey Buzzard ... sp. a. m. occ. —
White-tailed Eagle ...
a.
w.
m.
Osprey
sp.
a.
m.
Greenland Falcon
ace.
—
—
Peregrine Falcon
sp.
a.
m.
Hobby
s.
m.
occ.
Red-footed Falcon
ace.
—
—
Merlin
sp.
a.
m.
Kestrel
r.
m.
—
Goshawk
sp.
a.
m.
Sparrowhawk
r.
m.
—
Kite
ace.
—
—
Common Buzzard
sp.
a.
m.
Rough-legged Buzzard
sp.
a.
m.
Honey Buzzard
sp.
a.
m.
134
BIRDS OF NORFOLK.
Circus ceruginosiis
cyaneus
montagui
Scops aldrovandi
asio
Otus VTilgaris
• brachyotos
Strix flammea
Syrnium stridula
Surnia nyctea
Noctua passerina
— tengmalm
Lanius excubitor
coUurio
rutilus
Muscicapa grisola ...
atricapilla ...
Cinclus aquaticus
Turdus viscivorus
pilaris ...
musicus
• iliacua
— " — merula
— — — torquatus
Oriola galbula
Accentor modularis
Erytliaca rubecula
^Motacilla suecica (Linn)
ruticilla . . .
titliys
Saxicola rubicola
• rubetra
genantbe
Salicaria locustella
pbragmitis ...
luscinoides . . .
arundinacea ...
Philomela luscinia
Curruca atricapilla
hortensis
cinerea
sylviella
Sylvia sylvicola
trochilus
* rufa
Marsh Harrier
Hen Harrier
Montague's Harrier , . .
Scop's Eared Owl
American Mottled Owl
Long-eared Owl
Short-eared Owl
Barn Owl ..
Tawny Owl
Snowy Owl
Little Owl ...
Tengmalm's Owl
Great Grey Shrilce ...
Red-backed Shrike ...
Woodchat Shrike
Spotted Flycatcher
Pied Flycatcher
Common Dipper
Missel Thrush
Fieldfare
Song Thrush
Redwing
Blackbird ...
Ring Ouzel ...
Golden Oriole
Hedge Sparrow
Redbreast ...
Blue-throated Warbler
Redstart
Black Redstart
Stonecliat
Wliinchat ... ...
Wheatear
Grasshopper Warbler...
Sedge Warbler
Savi's Warbler
Reed Warbler
Nightingale
Blackcap Warbler
Garden Warbler
Common Whitethroat ...
Lesser Wliitethroat ...
Wood Warbler
Willow Yv^arbler
Chiffchaff
MeUzophilus dartfordiensis— Dartford Warbler
Regains cristatus
ignicapillus .
Parus major
coeruleus
■ ater
palustris
caudatus
Calamophilus biarmicus
Bombycilla garrula
Motacilla yarrellii
■ boarula
neglecta
flava
Golden-crested Regulus
Fire-crested Regulus . . .
Great Tit ...
Blue Tit ...
Cole Tit
Marsh Tit ...
Long-tailed Tit
Bearded Tit
Bohemian Waxwing ...
Pied Wagtail
Grey Wagtail .
Grey-headed Wagtail
Ray's Wagtail
r. m.
sp. a.
sp. a.
ace. —
ace. —
r, m.
sp. a.
r. —
r. —
ace. —
ace. —
ace. —
irr. m.
s. m,
ace. —
s. m.
sp. a.
ace. - —
r. m.
w. m.
r. m.
w. m.
r. m.
sp. a.
ace. —
r. —
r. —
ace. —
s. m.
ace. —
s. m.
s. m.
s. m.
s. m.
s. m.
ace. —
s. m.
s. m.
s. m.
s. m.
s. m.
s. ni.
s. m.
s. m.
s. m.
ace. —
r. m.
ace. —
r. m.
r. —
r. —
r.
r. —
r. —
w. m.
r. m.
w. m.
ace. —
s. m.
m. occ.
m. occ.
b.
b.
m. occ. b.?
b. —
m. occ.
b.
m. occ. b.
m. — — —
occ.
b. —
BIRDS OF NORFOLK.
135
Antlius arboreus
prateusis
petrosus
' ricardi
alpestris
arvensis
arborea
Plecti'opbanes lapponica
nivalis ...
Emberjza miliaria
■ — scboeniclus ...
citrinella
ciiius
■_ — hortulana ...
Fringilla coelebs
montifringilla
Passer montanus
domesticus
Coccothraustes cliloris
— vulgaris
Carduelis elegans
spinus
Linota cannabina
canescens
— \ liaaria
montiiim
Pyrrliula vulgaris
enucleator
Tree Pipit ...
Meadow Pipit
Rock Pipit ...
Hicbard's Pipit
Sbore Lark ...
Skylark
Wood Lark „
Lapland Buntiug
Snow Bunting
Common Bunting
Black-beaded Bunting
Yellow Bunting
Cirl Bunting
Ortolan Bunting
Cbaffinch ...
Bramling
Tree Sparrow
House Sparrow
Greenfincb ..
Hawfinch
Goldfinch ...
Siskin
Common Linnet
Mealy Redpole
Lesser Bedpole
Twite
Bullfinch ...
Pine Grosbeak
Common Crossbill
Parrot Crossbill
Loxia curvirostra
pityopsittacus
bifasciata... European TvTiite -winged Crossbill
Agelaius phoeniceus
^i'Sturnella ludoviciana
vulgari s
Pastor roseus
Corvus corax
corone
comix
frugiligus
monedula
Pica caudata
gl andariu s
Nucifraga caryocatactes
Picus martins ... ...
viridis
major
minor
Yunx torquilla
Certhia familiaris
Troglodytes vulgaris ...
Upupa epops
Sitta europEea
Cuculus canorus
Coracias garrula
Merops apiaster
Alcedo ispida ...
Hu'undo rustica
urbica
Redwinged Starhng
American Meadow Starhng
Common Starling
Rose-coloured Pastor
Raven
Can-ion Crow
Hooded Crow
Rook
Jackdaw
Magpie
Jay
Nutcracker
Great Black Woodpecker
Green Woodpecker . . .
Great Spotted Woodpecker
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker
Wryneck
Common Creeper
Wren
Hoopoe
Nuthatch
Cuckoo
Roller
Bee-eater
Kincffisher
Swallow
House Martin
m.
m.
m.
m.
s.
r.
w. m
ace. —
ace. —
r.
s.
ace. — —
a. w. m.
r. m.? —
r. — —
r. m. —
ace. — —
ace. — —
r. m. —
w.
b. — —
b. — —
a.
r.
r,
r,
a.
r.
w.
m.
a. w.
r. m.
m. — —
m. oee. b.
m. — —
w. m. —
r. m.
a. w.
m. — —
r. m. — —
ace. m. ? — —
w. m. occ. —
ace. — — —
ace. — — —
ace. — — —
ace. — — —
sp.
r.
r.
m.
m.
m.y
a.
m.
m.
a. w.
r. —
r. —
r.
r.
ace.
ace.
r.
r.
r.
s.
r.
r.
sp.
s. m.
ace. —
ace. —
r. m.
s. m.
s. m.
m. oce. —
m. — —
m. —
m.? —
m. b.
a. m. —
b. —
b.
b.
136
BIRDS OF NORFOLK.
Hirundo riparia
Cypselus apus
. — alpinus
Caprimulgus europaeiis
Columba palumbus
seuas
turtur
Phasianus colchicus ...
Tetrao tetrix
-V- Syrraptes p aradoxus
Perdix cinerea
rufa
Coturnix vulgaris
Otis tarda
tetrax
CEdicnemus crepitans ...
Glareola torquata
Charadrius pliivialis ...
morinellus ...
hiaticiila
— cantianus ...
Squatarola cinerea
Vanellus cristatus
Strepsilas interpres . . .
Calidrs arenaria
Hoematopns ostraligus
Grus cinerea
Ardea cinerea
purpurea
alba
garzetta
comata ...
Botaurus minutus
stellaris
Nycticorax garden!
Ciconia alba
Platalea leucorodia
Ibis falcinellus
Numenius arquata
phceopus
Totanus fuscus
calidris
ocliropus
glareola
hypoleucos
glottis
Sand Martin..,,
Common Swift
Alpine Swift
Nightjar
Ringdove
Stock Dove ...
Turtle Dove ...
Common Pheasant
Black Grouse
Sand Grouse
Common Partridge
Red-legged Partridge
Common Quail
Great Bustard
Little Bustard
Great Plover...
Collared Pratincole
Golden Plover
Common Dotterel
Ring Dotterel
Kentish Plover
Gray Plover ...
Peewit
Turnstone
Sanderling ...
Oyster Catcher
Common Crane
Common Heron
Purple Heron
Great Wliite Heron
Little Egi-et
Squacco Heron
Little Bittern
Common Bittern
Night Heron...
^Vhite Stork...
"White Spoonbill
Glossy Ibis ...
Common Curlew
Whimbrel ...
Spotted Redshank
Common Redshank
Green Sandpiper
Wood Sandpiper
Common Sandpiper
Greenshank
Avocet
Recurvirostra avocetta
Himantopus melanopterus — Black- winged Stilt
Limosa melanura
rufa
Machetes pugnax
Scolopax rusticola
maj or
1- gallinago
■ gallinula
sabina
Macrorhamphus griseus
Tringa subarquata
Black-tailed Godwit
Bar-tailed Godwit
Ruff
Woodcock ...
Great Snipe ...
Common Snij)e
Jack Snipe ...
Sabine's Snipe
Brown Snipe...
Curlew Sandpiper
s. m.
s. m.
ace. —
s. m.
r. m.
r. —
s. m.
r. —
r. —
ace. —
r. —
r. m.
s. m.
ace. —
ace. —
s. m.
ace. —
sp. a.
sp.
r.
sp.
sp.
a.
m.
a.
a.
r. m.
sp. a.
sp. a.
r. m.
ace. —
r. —
ace. —
ace. —
ace. —
ace. —
ace. —
a. w.
ace. —
sp. a.
sp. a.
ace. —
sp. a.
a.
a.
m.
a.
a.
a.
a.
sp.
sp.
r.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
ace
ace
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
r.
sp.
ace. —
ace. —
sp. a
b. — —
b. — —
b. — —
b. —
b. — —
b. —
m. —
m. —
m. oec.
m. —
m. —
m. —
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
m.
a.
m. — —
m. oec. —
m. oec. —
m. — —
m. — —
m. — —
m. — ' —
m. — —
m. — —
m. — —
m. oec.
m. —
m. oec.
m. oec.
m. —
m. — — ■
m. oec.
BIRDS OP NORFOLK.
137
Tringa canntus
rufescens
platyrhyncha ...
minuta
Temminckii
pectoralis
► variabilis
maritima
Crex pratensis
porzana
pucilla
baillordi
Rallns aquaticus
Gallinula chloropus
Fulica atra
Plialaropus lobatus
hyperboreus
Anser ferns
segetum
brachyrbyncbus
albifrons
leucopsis
torquatus
ruficollis
egyptiacus
canadensis
Cygnusolor
ferns
bewicMi
immutabilis
Tadoma vulpanser
Anas strepera
clypeata
acuta
boscbas
querquedula
crecca
panelope
Somateria mollissima
dispar
spectabilis
Oidemia fusca
nigra
Fuligula rufina
ferina
nii'oka
-marila
-cristata
-glacialis
-bistrionica
-clangula
-albeola
Mergus albellus
cucullatus
serrator
merganser
Podiceps cristatus
rubricollis
Knot
Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Broad-billed Sandpiper
Little Stint ...
Temminck's Stint
Pectoral Sandpiper
Dunlin
Purple Sandpiper
Landrail
Spotted Crake
Little Crake
Baillons Crake
Water Rail
Moorben
Coot
Grey Pbalarope
Red-necked Pbalarope
Grey-legged Goose
Bean Goose
Pink-footed Goose
Wbitefronted Goose ...
Bernicle Goose
Brent Goose
Red-breasted Goose ...
Egyptian Goose
Canada Goose
Mute Swan
Hooper
Bewick Swan
Polisb Swan
Sbeldi'ake ...
Gadwall
Sboveller
Pintail
Wild Duck
Garganey ...
Teal
Wigeon
Eider Duck
Stellar's Western Duck
King Duck
Velvet scoter
Common Scoter
Red- crested Whistling Duck
Pocbard
Ferrugenous Duck ...
Scaup Duck
Tufted Duck
Long-tailed Duck
Harlequin Duck
Golden Eye
Buffel-beaded Duck ,..
Smew
Hooded Merganser ...
Red-breasted Merganser
Goosander ...
Great Crested Grebe
R^d-necked Grebe
a. m. — —
sp.
ace. — —
ace. — —
sp.
sp.
ace.
sp.
sp.
s.
s.
ace.
ace.
r.
r.
r.
a.
a.
ace.
a.
a.
w.
w.
w.
ace.
ace.
ace.
r.
w.
w.
ace.
r.
a.
r.
a.
r.
s.
r.
a.
ace.
ace.
ace.
a.
a.
ace.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
ace.
a.
ace.
a.
ace.
a.
a.
r.
sp.
a.
a.
a.
a.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
b.
b.
occ.
m. — — —
w. m.
w. m.
m.
m.
w.
w.
m.
m.
m.
m. —
m. occ.
occ.
occ.
occ. —
m.
w.
m.
w.
m.
m.
m.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
m. — —
m.
b. — —
m. — —
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
occ. —
occ.
w. m.
v\'. m.
w. m.
w. m.
m.? —
a. m.
138
BIRDS OF NORFOLK.
Podiceps coniutus
auritus
•minor
Colymbus glacialis
arcticiis
septentrionalis
Uria troile
nngvia
Mergulus alle
Fratercula arctica
Alca torda
Phalacrocorax carbo ..
graculus
Sula alba
Sterna Caspia
boysii
dougalii
hirundo
. anglica
— arctica
leiicopareia
• miniita
fissipes
■ — leucoptera
Larus minutus
ridibundus
tridactylus
oburneus
-carnis
— leucopterus
— fuscus ...
-argentatus
-marinus...
-glauciis ...
Lestris catarractes
■ pomarinus
richardsonii
parasiticus
Procellaria glacialis
■ hoesitata
Puffinus anglorum
— major ...
obscurus
Tlialassidroma Wilsoni
. leacliii...
pelagica
a.
a.
m.
w.
w.
w.
a.
w.
w.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
m. — —
m. — —
m. — —
m. ■ — —
m. — —
m. — —
m. — —
m. occ. —
m. — —
m. occ. —
m. occ. —
m. occ. —
m. b. —
m. — —
m. b. —
m. occ. b.
Sclavonian Grebe ... sp.
Eared Grebe ... sp.
Little Grebe ... r.
Great Northern Diver a.
Black-tliroated Diver a.
Red-throated Diver ... a.
Common Guillemot ... sp.
Ringed Guillemot ... ace.
Little Auk .;. ... a.
Puffin • ... ... a.
Razorbill ... ... sp.
Cormorant ... ... sp.
Shag ... ... ace.
Gannet ... ... sp.
Caspian Tern ... ace.
Sandwich Tern ... sp.
Roseate Tern ... ace
Common Tern ... sp.
Gull-billed Tern ... ace.
Arctic Tern ... ... sp.
Whiskered Tern ... ace.
Lesser Tern ... sp.
Black Tern ... ... sp.
White-winged Black Tern ace. — — — —
Little Gull ... sp. a. m. occ. —
Black-headed Gull ... r. m. — — —
Kittiwake Gull ... a. w. m. — —
Ivory Gull ... ... ace. — — — —
Common Gull ... a. w. m. — —
Iceland Gull ... ace. — — — —
Lesser Black-backed Gull a. w. m. — —
Herring Gull ... a. w. m. — —
Great Black-backed Gull a. w. m. — —
Glaucus Gull ... a. w. m. occ. —
Common Skua ... a. w. m. occ. —
Pomarine Skua .. a. w. m. occ. —
Richardson's Skua ... a. w. m. occ. —
Buffon's Skua ... a. w. m. occ. —
Fulmar Petrel ... a. w. m. occ, —
Capped Petrel ... ace — ■ • — —
Manx Shearwater ... a. w. m. occ. —
Great Shearwater ... ace. — — — —
Dusky Petrel ... ace. — — — —
Wilson's Petrel ... ace. — — — —
Fork- tailed Petrel ... ace. — — — —
Storm Petrel ... a. w. m. occ. —
HISTORY
OF THE
CITY AND COUNTY OF THE CITY
OF
NOEWICH.
Norwich, the capital of Norfolk, and tlie See of an extensive Bishopric,
is the largest city on the eastern side of Englaaid, and forms, witli its pre-
cincts, a countj^ of itself, containing about 76,000 inJiabitants, 35 parisheSf
10 hamlets, and G,630 acres of land. It has long been celebrated for its
manufactures, for its venerable antiquities, and for the memorable events
of which it has been the scene. From its numerous gardens, shrubberies,
and shady trees, it has been emphatically called " a city hi an orchard;"
and though many of these sylvan ornaments have given place, duiing
the X)i'esent century, to new sti'eets and modem erections, it still retains
much of its former rural aspect. It is pleasantly seated on the sloping
banks of the river Wensum, which, at a short distance to the south-
east, empties itself into the Yare, after having, by several abrupt sinu-
osities, intersected and partly encompassed this populous city, which
is distant 108 miles N.E. by N. of London ; 4-3 miles N. of Ipswdch ;
42 miles E. by S. of Lynn-Regis; 49 miles N.E. of Newmarket; 19
miles W. of Yarmouth; 25 miles W.N.W. of Lowestoft; 72 miles N.E.
by E. of Cambridge; 99 miles E.S.E. of Lincoln; and about 380 miles S.E.
by S. of Edinburgh ; being in 52 deg. 35 min. north latitude, and in 1 deg.
20 min. east longitnde firom the meridian of Greenwich. The Wensum and
the Yare ai'e navigable only for small craft fi'om Yarmouth ; but the shal-
lows near the mouth of the latter river are now avoided by a ship canal cut
across the marshes, fi'om Reedham to Lowestoft, and opened in 1833, so
that Norwich is now B^port for sea-borne vessels ; and by the Oreat Eastern
Railway, and its various branches, it is connected with all the great lines
of railway now traversing the kingdom. Norwich is one of the largest seats
of the u-eaving trade, and is noted for its manufactui'es of crape, gauze, chahs,
fillover shawls, silk shawls, bandannas, camlet, mohair, paramatta, mouseUn-
de-laine, poplin, barege, glove cloth, sewing cotton, coach lace, horse hau-,
sacking, brashes, boots and shoes, &c., &c., and for its extensive wool and
yam mills, agricultural implement and galvanised-ii'on works, founcMes,
icoach-building establishments, rope waU^s, ai'tificial manui'e works, breweries,
tanneries, dye-works, soap and tallow works, starch and mustai'd mills, and
patent concrete stone works. Being screened fi'om the keen easterly winds
by the hills of Household Heath ; and the soil being a light loam, resting
on beds of chalk, gi'avel, and sand, the ah- of Norrdch is diy, mild, and
salubrious, and the water of its numerous springs is of the purest quahty.
Among its inhabitants at the time of taking the census in 1861 were 304
above 80 years of age, 132 above 85, 33 above 90, 3 above 95, and 1 above
100. Among other instances of longevity may be mentioned Mrs. Lang,
who died in 1820, aged 104 ; Mary Herring, who died in 1813, aged 100 ;
and John Smith, who died in 1843, aged 102 years.
The city of Norwich is said to occupy a larger space of ground, compara-
tively with its population, than any other in the kingdom; many of its
140 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
buildings being interspersed with gardens and other private enclosures,
which contribute much to the general appearance of tlie place, and also to
the free circulation of air, which would otherwise be somewhat impaired by
the narrowness of many of the streets, some of which, however, have been
widened during the present century, by the removal of the projecting fronts,
and over-hanging gables of many of the antique half-timbered houses. The
plan or shape of the city, as marked by its ancient boundaries, approaches
that of a cornucopia, or bent cone, extending more than a mile and a half in
length from north to south, on both sides of the river, and one mile and a
quarter in its greatest breadth from east to west; but these admeasurements
are now considerably extended by modern erections in the suburbs. It was
formerly surrounded by a strong flint Wall, flanked with forty Towers, and
having a broad ditch and twelve Oates ; except on its south-eastern side,
and a small portion of its northern extremity, where it is bounded by the
river Wensum ; but having fallen into decay, and being considered impedi-
ments to the growth and improvement of the city, the whole of the gates and
several large portions of the wall have been removed at various periods, and
their sites occupied by many of the new streets and buildings, which have
sprung into existence since the year 1816, in this ancient city and its
hamlets ; — the latter of which surround, and most of them form populous,
handsome, and contiguous suburbs of the city, from which they were for-
merly separated by green fields and frowning fortifications ; of which latter,
enough still remains to show their ancient strength, especially on the castle
hill, which holds a central situation, and though only of a moderate altitude,
commands an extensive and beautiful view of the city and neighbourhood,
and was once a formidable citadel, as will be seen at a subsequent page.
The late Mr. James Origor, who published, in 1841, a valuable work,
illustrated by fifty etchings of remarkable trees, entitled " The Eastern
Arboretum," lamented that Norwich, so rich in sylvan beauties as to have
been styled " the city of gardens," or " the city in an orchard," should still
be without a pubUc Botanical Garden, where the productions of all parts of
the globe might be scientifically cultivated, and a stimulus given to Norfolk,
for the general introduction of a variety of ornamental trees, shrubs, and
flowers, now unknown, or rarely to be seen in the county. He considered
that the best site for such an institution is Chapel field, which was planted
in 1746 by Su* Thomas Churchman, and is still a pubUc promenade. This
field is already full of the elements of every thing that gives dignity and
grace to garden landscape, having a good soil, some noble specimens of old
trees, and several hundred yards of rock-work-waU, admirably adapted for
Alpine plants. The fine lime trees in the Upper and Lower Close, were
planted in the l7th century. In the grounds of Sir Samuel Bignold, in
Surrey street, is a fine collection of large hawthorns ; at the seat of G-. L.
Coleman, Esq., in Heigham, are some magnificent specimens of the horse
chestnut ; and at the Grove, in Ipswich road, is a fine mulberry tree and some
uncommonly large shady heech trees. In the Town Close are many tower-
ing elms of great height, a noble specimen of the snowdrop tree, and a shady
avenue of heech, ninety yards in length ; and in the garden of Captain Ives,
at St. Catherine's Hill, is a strawberry tree, twenty feet high, and a large
wide-spreading plane. Near Ber street gates is the Wilderness, the most
romantic seat about Norwich. Bracondale Lodge, the seat of Miss Mar-
tineau, has in its sylvan pleasure grounds several temples and other orna-
mental buildings, and some of its elms are from 11 to 12 feet in girth. Earl-
ham Hall, the residence of the Rev. W. N. Ripley, was the seat of the late
J. J. Gurney, Esq. It has a heronry, and its grounds are full of sylvan
magnificence. The Village of Thorpe, which has been called the " Rich-
mond of Norfolk," has many handsome villas, with delightful gardens and
pleasure grounds sloping to the river, but lies just without the boundaries
of the county of the city, beyond Thorpe Hamlet, which has also many
HISTORY OF NORWICH.
141
picturesque beauties and neat houses, as also liave Bracondale, Carrow, and
some of the other suburban hamlets. At Crown Point, among other large
trees, is a hollow pollard oak, 19 ft. 9 in. in girth. In the Great Hospital
garden is difig tree more than 200 years old; and in the Hospital meadow
is a venerable elder tree, 8 ft. 6 in. in girth, and 40 ft. high.
The Population of Norwich, which is the best criterion of its growing
prosperity, has increased since the year 1811, from 37,313 to about 76,000
souls, notwithstanding the occasional depressions and revolutions to which
the ancient staple trade of the city has been subjected during the last fifty
years. The following Table shews an enumeration of the Parishes and
tiamlets of the City and County of the City, with tiie number of inhabitants
in each, at nine dififerent periods, from 1693 to 1861.
CITY OF NORWICH
PARISHES.
All Saints
St. Andrew
St. Augnstine
St. Benedict
St. Clement
St. Edmund
St. Etheldred
St. George Colegate..
St. George Tombland
St. Giles
St. Gregory
St. Helen
St. James §
St. John Maddermarkt.
St. John Sepulchre ..
St. John Timberhill . .
St. Julian
St. Lawrence
St. Ma'-garet ........
St. Martin-at-Oak .. ..
St. Martinat- Palace . .
St. Alary Coslany ....
St Mary inthe-Mareh.
St. Michael Cosleny ..
St. Michael-at-Piea ..
St. Michael-at-Tborn...
St. Paul
St. Peter Hungate.. ..
St. Peter Mancroft .
St. Peter Mountergate.
St, Peter Southgate ..
St. Saviour
St. Simon and St. Jade
St. Stephen
St. Swithin
HAMLETS.
Earlbam
Eaton
Heigham*
Hellesden (part of)+ . .
Lakenham
Pockthorpe§
Thorpe (part of)| . . . .
TrowseMiUgate.Car- )
row, & Bracondale J )
TownClosel!
POPULATION IN A.D.
1693 1752 I80I 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861
425
935
860
652
593
370
243
1154
722
910
772
838
416
657
781
668
593
66S
664
1243
819
949
650
1026
479
865
983
267
1953
1376
470
701
362
1769
496
50
158
644
65
221
732
69
258
578
1334
1226
715
816
520
247
1295
737
961
1202
356
696
1107
1004
890
695
952
85 P
1698
1083
1178
700
1046
482
1127
1461
341
2288
1480
425
810
420
2314
751
68
226
653
70
165
1116
36
386
701
1868
1232
830
853
446
252
1132
750
1076
1057
393
520
1698
1144
888
662
899
662
1747
936
1018
616
1031
446
1198
1395
371
2120
1360
378
984
333
2211
603
95
278
854
155
428
979
74
853
Total 28 881 36,441 36,906 37,313 60,288 61,364 62.246
657
1396
1394
925
933
492
261
1379
739
1043
1126
371
565
827
1233
918
677
992
797
1857
978
1097
608
947
601
1450
1583
398
2137
1291
389
990
898
2198
591
84
294
842
184
441
1029
67
346
741
1518
1627
1125
2364
677
273
1610
797
1422
1244
425
1268
957
1599
1101
932
1092
938
2477
1202
1521
583
1340
389
1750
2160
611
2671
1789
630
1266
447
2927
750
118
419
1503
248
1876
1313
284
505
692
1297
2022
1424
2767
762
627
1613
"710
1695
1104
521
1299
814
1832
1056
1069
1008
868
2524
1217
1361
611
1202
357
2048
2407
622
2901
1975
627
1486
446
4110
870
103
629
5396
382
3810
1669
1211
607
14
676
1295
2053
1319
2836
727
308
1440
778
1546
1107
487
1311
738
1847
1108
1098
974
865
2589
1320
1402
498
1298
395
1860
2783
428
2976
2025
465
1419
360
4212
763
107
621
6060
324
4006
1878
1166
788
18
689
1266
2111
1379
3229
890
395
1580
794
1611
1116
625
1538
708
2014
1284
1296
1024
840
2678
1317
1566
518
1347
423
2094
2741
477
2992
2297
493
1457
353
4361
802
131
786
7745
371
667
978
1890
1381
3961
753
614
1607
687
1586
934
507
1353
537
2219
1302
1361
877
664
2546
1086
1498
461
1365
379
2121
2907
399
2575
2868
457
1532
283
4191
699
195
930
13894
393
4776 4866
2070, 2055
1811 2388
724!
106:
687
249
^,713 76.025
+ 1 § II * For notes, see next page^
14^
HISTORY OF NORWICH.
The County of the City of Norwich was separated from the county
of Norfolk by Henry IV. in 1403, and placed under the exclusive jurisdic-
tion of the corporation. It comprises about 6630 acres of land, being nearly
14 nailes in circumference, and extending from the Guildhall, in the Mar-
ket-place, If mile to ]\Iile-cross, on the north ; 1^ mile to Thorpe St. An-
drew, on the east; 2j miles to Harford bridges, on the south; and 2^
miles to the outer bounds of Earlham, on the west. It is encompassed by
the Hundreds of Humbleyard, Henstead, Blofield, Taverham, and Forehoe.
The river Yare bounds it on the west and south, and, with the Wensuvi
nearly insulates the greater part of it ; but it extends beyond the north,
east side of the latter river, to Thorpe, Mousehold Heath, Hellesden, and
the confines of Catton and Sprowston ; and on the Costessey road, its
boundary is an imaginary line near the two-mile-stone, drawn between the
Wensum and Yare, which here approach within a mile of each other, and
after following many circuitous windings, unite their streams at Trowse
Eye, a little below the city. The Wensum, in its sinuous course through
Norwich, is crossed by ten bridges, three of which are modern structures of
cast iron, and several of them are fine specimens of ancient masonry. The
Castle hill, though in the heart of the city, belongs to the county of Nor-
follf, being now the site of the Gaol and Shire Hall, and vested in the
High Sheriff and Justices of the Peace, by an act passed in 1806. The
Cathedral Close and its precincts, and the precincts of the Castle and Shire
Hall, were added to the Parliamentary and Municipal Borough of Norwich,
by the Reform Acts of 1832 and 1835, together with all extra-parochial
places lying within the outer boundary of the " City and County of the
City," which comprises 35 parishes, parts of four other parishes, commonly
called " hamlets," and 4S) parochial churches, exclusive of the cathedral, and
tliree district churches, or chapels of ease. Here were anciently about
twenty other parishes, but they were consolidated with the above, and their
churches desecrated or taken down many years ago. All the present
I)arishes and hamlets are united for the maintenance of the poor, under
\ Thorpe extends into Blofield Hundred. The entire parisli contains 3841 inhabitants.
Those in the Norwich portion of the parish use St, Helen's Church. Troivse Millgate,
Carrow, and Bracondale, are in Trowse Newton parish, which ia partly in Henstead Hun-
dred, and comprises 1104 inhabitants.
^ Pochthorpe Hamlet is in St. James' parish, vvhich comprises altogether 3408 souls.
f Hellesden parish extends into Taverbam Hundred, beyond the jurisdiction of the
County of the City. The entire parish contains 496 souls.
II Town Close is an estete of 113 acres, (without St. Stephen's gate) belonging to the
Corporation, and on which the citizens had formerly commonage ; but in lieu of thatright,
the resident freemen (nearly 2400) each receive about 6s. yearly out of the rents of the
estate, which now amount to more than ^700 per annum, part of it being let on build-
ing leases,
* The great increase in the population of Hcigham, ia 1861, was occasioned by the
erection of the new City JForkhouse and more than 1800 houses in that pleasant suburb
during the preceding ten years.
^^Institutions. — The parochial returns in 1861 included as follows, viz. — St.
Clement's parish, 96 in Pauper Lunatic Asylum; St. Helen's, 176 in Great Hospital;
Pockthorpe, 309 in Cavalry Barracks ; St. Paol's. 41 in Blind Hospital, and 20 in Stanley
Home; St. John Timberbill, 111 in Castle Gaol; St. Peter Mountergate, 75 in Boys'
Home; St. Stephens, 149 in Norfolk and Norwich Hospital; St. Peter Mancroft, 90 in
Bethel Hospital; Heioham, 635 in Workhouse, 105 in City Gaol, 71 in Heigham Hall
Asylum, and 35 in GirW Home ; St. Margaret'?, 19 in Jenny Lind Infirmary, and 24 in the
Orphans' Home; and St. L3,wrence, 9 in the Eys Infirmary.
Of the 74,891 inhabitants in 1861,-33,862 were ma Zes, and 4.1 ,028 females ; living in
17,122 houses; besides Vi'bich there were in the city 735 empty houses, and 102 building,
when the census was taken. The total number of houses in the City and County of the
City was 7,131, in 1752; 8,336, in 1811; 11,031, in 1821; 14,367, in 1831; 14,906, in
1841; 15,611 in 1851, and 17,959, in 1861. It will be seen in the foregoing table, that
the parishes which have most rapidly increased in buildings and population, during the
last fifty years, are Heigham, Lakenham, St. Clement's, and St. Stephen's. The annual
value of the land and buildings in the City Incorporated parishes, at the present time as
assessed to the poor rates, is 2X56,000.
HISTOEY OP NORWICH. 143
an Act of Parliament passed in 1863. In municipal affairs they are now
divided into eight wards; but before the passing of the Reform Act of 1835,
they were divided mio four great icards, viz., Mancroft, Wymer, Conisford,
and the Great Northern Ward, each of which was sub-divided into three small
wards, with two Aldermen each. As numerous charities have been be-
queathed for distribution among the poor of these old wards, their names
are still preserved for almonry purposes, and the following shows the
parishes and hamlets comprised in each : —
Mancroft Great Ward includes the tlu^ee parishes of St. Stephen, St.
Peter Mancroft, and St. Giles, each forming a small Ward.
Wymer Great Ward is divided into the three small Wards of West'
Middle, and East Wymer: — West Wymer contains the parishes of St.
Benedict, St. Swithin, St. Margaret, St. Lawrence, and St. Gregory ; —
Middle Wymer has the parishes of St. John Maddermarket and St. Andrew,
with most of the parish of St. Michael-at-Plea;— 5'«s^ Wymer comprises
the parishes of St. Peter, Hungate, St. Simon and St. Jude, St. Martin-at-
Palace, St. Helen, and the chief part of St. George Tombland.
Conisford Great Ward is subdivided into the tlu'ee small Wards of
North and South Conisford, and Ber Street : —A^o;t7i Conisford compre-
hends the parish of St. Peter-per-Mountergate, two small portions of St.
George Tombland, and St. Michael-at-Plea : — South Conisford has the
three parishes of St. JuUan, St. Etheldred, and St. Peter Southgate ; — Ber-
street Ward contains the paiishes of St. Jolin Sepulchre, St. Michael-at-
Thorne, St. John TimberhiU, and All Saints. Conisford Street which gave
the name to this great Word, is now called King street.
Great Northern Ward, or Ward beyond the Water, is divided into the
small Wards of Coslany, Colegate, and Fye-Bridge : — Coslany Ward in-
cludes the three parishes of St. Michael Coslany, St. Mary, and St. Martin-
at-Oak: — Colegate Ward comprises St. George Colegate and St. Augustine :
— Fye Bridge Ward includes the five parishes of St. Clement, St. Edmund,
St. Saviour, St. Paul, and St. James.
The Hamlets enjoy all the privileges of the City Wards, and are annexed
to them as follows, viz. :—Lakenham, mth Trowse, C arrow, and Bracon-
dale to South Conisford and Ber street Wards ; Eaton, to St. Stephen's Ward ;
Earlham, to St. Peter Mancroft and West Wymer Wards ; Heigham and
HeUesden, to West Wymer Ward ; Pockthorpe, to Fye-Bridge Ward ; and
Thorpe, to East Wymer Ward.
Norwich Union, — All the parishes and hamlets of the city, except St.
Mary's in the Marsh, were united for the support of the poor, under an Act
of Parhament, passed in 1712, vesting the management in a Court of Guar-
dians, empowered to assess to the poor rates, all lands, houses, tenements,
tithes, stocks, and personal estates. The assessment of the two latter created
great dissatisfaction, and the mismanagement of the guardians, together
with depressions of trade, and increased population, having augmented the
poor rates from twenty to fifty thousand pounds in 1826, a new act was
obtained in 1827, which abolished the assessment of stocks and personal
estates, and considerably altered the constitution of the Court of Guardians.
This act was further amended by another passed in 1831, under which the
Court consisted of 68 Guardians ; but, in consequence of the inequahty of
rating, and the vast expenditure of the Incorporation, which averaged more
than ,£'30,000 a-year, a new act was appHed for and received the royal assent,
July 29th, 1863, by which all the parishes, hamlets, preciucts, limits and
liberties within the city and county of Norwich were formed into a Union,
and the management vested in a Board of Guardians, consisting of 42
members, annually elected, of whom 14 form a quorum. The union is sub-
divided into 16 districts, of which one returns five guardians, seven return
three, and eight two each. Persons rated at ^10 and under ^£25 have one
Tote; ^625 and under ^'50 two votes; ^50 and under £75 three votes; £75
144 NOEWICH UNION.
and under ^100 four votes ; aSlOO and under ^9150 five votes ; and ^8150
and upwards six votes. By this act the previous act of 1831 was entirely
repealed, as also was the " Norwich Small Tenements Act " of 1847 ; and
the provisions of the General Poor Law Act of 1834 came into operation.
The act also divides the hamlet of Heigham into two distinct hamlets called
North and South Heigham, the boundary line being the Earlliam road ; and
authorises the Board of Guardians to axDpoint " special overseers" for the
liberty of the Town Close, and the hamlets of South Heigham, HeUesden,
Pockthorpe, Thorpe, and Trowse Millgate, Carrow, and Bracondale, so long
as there are no lawfully appointed churchwardens or overseers for those
respective places. The Worhliouse is in Heigham, and was erected in
1858-9, at a cost of .633,000, exclusive of ^680 paid for about nine acres of
land, which are cultivated by the inmates. It is an extensive brick building
of Tudor architecture, having room for about 1,000 paupers, though it has
seldom so many. The average weekly number of paupers in the half year
ending 31st December, 1862, was 74, including 63 boys and 34 girls in the
Boys' and Girls' Homes ; and the number of out-poor was 3,700. There
were 635 inmates in 1861 when the census was taken. Previously to the
completion of the present buildings, the Workliouse occupied part of the
remains of the monastery of the Black Friars, adjoining St. Andrew's Hall
and the Dutch church, and had ranges of buildings extending down to the
river, capable of accommodating about 600 inmates, but which have been
recently taken down. The Boys' Home is in St. Peter-per-Mountergate parish,
and the OirW Home is at Heigham. The Quardians Office is in Bridge-
street. The Pauper Lunatic Asylum in St. Augustin's, was formerly the
Infirmary, and has room for 100 inmates. The expenditure during the year
ending 31st December, 1862 was, on account of Workhouse, i;8663 ; Asy-
lum, ^63368 ; Boys' and Girls' Homes, £'1145 ; out-door poor, ^19,287 ; medi-
cal department, ,£929 ; and £4831 for instalments and interests on loans,
registrations, and other general expenses. The receipts during the same
period were about £40,000. The deht still owmg, and being gradually paid
oif by instalments, amounts to about £22,000. E. C. Bailey, Esq., is
Union Cleric ; and Mr. Starling Day, cashier and accountant. Mr. Job
Harrison is master, and Mrs. E. M. Boulter matron of the Workhouse ; Bev.
E. A. HiUyard, chaplain; Charles Drake, Esq., surgeon; Mr. Wm. Abigail,
schoolmaster ; and Mrs. S. A. Bandall, schoolmistress. Mr. Jeremiah and Mrs.
M. A. Lingwood are master and matron of the Boys Home ; and Mrs. R.
Bales, matron, and Miss A. Hill, schoolmistress of the Girls Home. The
Relieving Officers are Messrs. Robert "Winter, Charles Owry, E. M.
Larke, and Thos. Wolveridge ; and Mr. Robert Martin is the removal officer.
Mr. William Pank is superintendent, Mrs. S. Phillips, matron, Rev. Chas.
Caldwell, chaplain, and G. W. W. Firth, Esq., surgeon of the Pauper
Lunatic Asylum.
Superintendent Registrab. — F. J. Blake, Esq., Upper King street,
Tombland. — Registrars of Marriages. I. 0. Taylor, Esq., St. Giles' st.,
and Mr. J. Restieaux, Stafibrd st., Heigham Road. Deputy Registrar, Mr.
W. Runacres, Oxford st., Heigham. — Registrars of Births and Deaths.
— East Wymer District — comprising the parishes of Sts. Michael-at-Plea,
Peter Hungate, Simon, Martin-at Palace, Helen, Edmund, Saviour, Paul,
and James- with-Pockthorpe, and Thorp Hamlet — John Brownfield, Esq.,
Golden Dog lane, St. Saviour's ; Deputy, Mr. James Hubbard, Magdalen
street. Gonisford District — comprising the parishes of Sts. John Sepulchre,
Peter Southgate, Etheldred, Julian, Peter-per-Mountergate, Michael-at-
Thom, John Timberhill, George Tombland, and All Saints, and hamlet
of Trowse, Carrow, and Bracondale— C. Drake, Esq., All Saints' green;
Deputy, Mr. H. Thompson, St. Stephen's Plain. Mancroft District — compri-
sing the parishes of St. Stephen, Peter Mancroft, and Giles, and hamlets of
Eaton and Lakenham— T. W. Crosse, Esq., St. Giles' street; Deputy,
HISTOEY OF NOEWICH. 145
Charles Evans Muriel, Esq., St. Giles' street. West Wymer District —
comprising the parishes of Sts. Benedict, S within, Margaret, Lawrence,
Gregory, John Maddermarket, and Andrew, and hamlets of Earlham and
Heigham — Ai-thur M. F. Morgan, Esq., St. Giles' street ; Deputy, Mr. Eras .
Wheeler, Bedford street. Coslany Z)zs^nci— comprising the parishes of
Michael at Coslany, Mary Coslany, Martin- at- Oak, Augustine, George
Colegate, and Clement, and the jDart of Hellesdon belonging to Norwich
— Bransby Francis, Esq., St. Clement; Deputy, Sturley Payne, Esq.,
Duke street.
Ancient History. — Norwich, one of the largest cities in England, and
one of the most important as respects its manufactures, claims the honour
of high antiquity. Its original foundation, being involved in the impene-
trable gloom which is cast over the dark ages of the aborigines of Britain,
has been the subject of many absurd legends, and much antiquarian research
and conjecture. Some writers have attributed its rise to Ouitiline or Giir-
guntus, an imaginary British prince, and others to Julias Caesar, who never
extended his conquests so far northward in the island. Polydore Virgil,
who is reported to have destroyed many historical documents, that his own
misrepresentations might not be detected, was of opinion that a castle was
built here by the Romans, who first estabhshed themselves in Norfolk under
Claudius Csesar, about A.D. 46 ; when, having overthrown the aboriginal
inhabitants (the Cenimanni, a tribe of the Iceni) they either built fortifica-
tions near the British towns, or invited the subdued natives to assemble
round their military stations, the most considerable of which was the Venta
Icenorum, at Caistor, now a small village on the river Tesse, about three
miles south of Norwich. Caistor appears to have continued the principal
station in tlie territory of the Iceni until A.D., 426, when the Romans finally
quitted Britain, for the purpose of defending their seat of empire, then
hastening fast to dissolution by dissentions within and assaults from without.
Caistor being now deserted by its founders, fell rapidly into decay, and the
Bomanized British inliabitants in 446, are said to have removed both them-
selves and their dwellings to the place where Norwich now stands, as is as-
serted in the following ancient distich : —
" Caistor was a city wLen Norwich was none,
And Norwich was built with Caistor stone."
But the name of Norwich, or North-tvic, does not occur till the usurpation
of the Saxons, who, after the departure of the Romans, were invited to assist
the Britons against the Picts and Scots, and after driving tliese enemies
back to theu' northern hills speedily turned tlieir swords upon their allies.
Having subjugated the fair territory of Britain, the Saxons divided it into
seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, in which Norfolk formed part of East Anglia,
as has been seen at page 26. Uffa, the first or second king of East Anglia,
is supposed to have formed here, about the year 575, a strong entrenchment
of earth on the site of the castle, encircled by broad ramparts and ditches.
This fortress was called Nortli-vnc, in consequence of its lying north of the
old Roman fort at Caistor. From ancient manuscripts, it appears that at
this period a large arm of the sea flowed up to Norwich, the Yare being then
divided into two large channels, which freely admitted the tides of the ocean
over the marshes below Norwich until after the Norman conquest, when one
of these channels being choked up by the intervening sands, and becoming
firm ground, occasioned the building of Yarmouth, which effectually con-
fined the tides in this neighbourhood to the present contracted bed of the
river. Since the departure of the Romans, great alterations have been effected
in many other tidal rivers on the English coast, and these changes have occa-
sioned much embarrassment to topographers, and produced apparent con-
tradictions in their writings. It is said tliat the present level of the German
Ocean is at least 40 feet below where there is evidence of its having been
stationary at some remote period. There exists positive evidence of Norwich
K
146- HISTORY OP NORWICH.
"being a fisliing toivn in the reign of Canute ; for Alfric, Bishop of East
Angha, at that period having bestowed his Hagh by Norwich (the ground
on which St. Lawrence's Church was afterwards built,) on the abbey of St.
Edmund's-Bury it paid a yearly ground-rent of a last of herrings to that
monastery. Early in the seventh century, Norwich had a royal castle
erected on the entrenchment thrown up by Uffa, and in 642, it was one of
the chief seats of Anna, Iving of the East Angles, who gave this castle, with
the lands belonging to it, to his daughter Ethelfreda, on her marriage with
Tombert, a nobleman or prince of the Oyrvii, or Fenmen who inhabited
the fens of Lincolnshire and the adjacent parts of Norfolk and Cambridge-
shire. At the same time, Tombert gTanted to Ethelfreda, as a marriage
settlement, the Isle of Ely, which, for great security, was to be held by
castle-guard service to the castle of Norwich, After the deatli of Tombert,
his widow married Egfrid, King of Northumbria, but by repudiation or
mutual consent she parted from him, and retired to her ov/n estate at Ely,
where she erected a monastery, and became its first abbess about A.D., 673.
After Ely had been created a bishopric by Henry I., its first prelate paid to
the crown, as a discharge of his lauds from the service of castle-guard duo
to Norwich, no less than ^1000, which was, at that period, a very large sum,
and consequently evinces the great extent of lands and services attached to
the royal castle of Norwich in the reign of I{ing Anna.
From the time of Anna, the seventh Idng of East Angha, till the reign of
Alfred the Great, we find few events on record respecting Norwich Castle ;
but during the frequent mcursions of the Danes, it was often attacked and
possessed by them and the Saxons alternately. Its situation, on an
eminence, commanding an extensive view of the surrounding country,
rendered it an object of importance to the contending parties, and it appears
to have been occupied by Ingwar, a Danish chief, in the year cS70, when the
Danes overran East Anglia, and had their head-quarters at Thetford. But
the succeeding reign of the great Alfred was distinguished by his repeated
and decisive victories over these northern marauders; and one grand object
of his care was to strengthen and fortify the principal parts of his kingdom
against hostile attacks. Castles and cities, which had been destroyed or
dilapidated, he rebuilt ; and he constructed several new and substantial forti-
fications, which enabled him to make such mihtary dispositions as the im-
petuous invaders were never able effectually to counteract, though they
frequently laid waste and triumphed over a large portion of his country.
Finding the mails or ramparts of Norwich Castle too weak for repelling the
mode of attack adopted by the ravaging Danes, Alfred caused others to be
erected with the most durable materials. That it was a military station of
note, and a royal castle, in his time, is evident from a coin struck here about
the year 872, having round the head Alfred Rex, and on the reverse
NoRTHWic. It has already been seen at page 28, that King Alfred, after
conquering and making peace mth the Danes, in 878, assigned to them for
their residence the territory of East Anglia, and that their leader Outhrum,
fixed his seat of viceroyalty chiefly at Norwich, until breaking his faith by
joining some newly arrived hordes of his marauding countrymen, Norfolk
was wrested from him by Alfred, and reverted again to the Saxons during
the reign of six successive sovereigns. Edward the Elder succeeded his
father, the illustrious Alfi'ed, m the year 901, and kept the Danes in subjec-
tion, — Ericke, one of their petty kings, holding East Anglia of him until
913, when he rebelled, but was soon overthrown and slain by King Edward,
whose son and successor, Athelstan, totally expelled the Danes, and reduced
the whole kingdom under his government. In his reign, the city of Nor-
wich flourished greatly, and it is probable that he was here about the year
925, for a coin stiU extant, has on the obverse, Athelstan, and on the
reverse, Barbe Mon. Northwick, — that is, Barbe mint-master of Norwich.
Among the other Saxon coins struck here are the following :— One of Ed-
HISTORY OF NORWICH. 147
muud, tlie successor of Athelstan, inscribed round Uie head Edmund Rex,
and on the reverse, Edgar Mox. Northwic ; several of Edred, coined about
946, and inscribed round the head Eadred Rex, and on the reverse, Haxne
Mo. NoRTHwic ; two of Edward the Martyr, having on the obverse Edward
Rex Angl., and on the reverse, Leofwine Mox. Nor. ; andtliree of Etheked
the Unready, having on the obverse Edeleed Rex, but struck by three
different mint-masters, Leofat, Branting, and Folceard.
In the reign of Etlielred, during the year 1004, Norwich is said to have
been biu-nt and destroyed by the army of Sweyne, King of Denmarh, who
invaded the kingdom for the purpose of revenging the diabolical massacre
of his countrymen, on the 13th of November, 1002; but he was afterwards
defeated by the Saxon Earl, Ulfkettle, and obHged to fly to Denmark. In
1010, Sweyne again invaded the country with a numerous army, and having
subdued the East Angles, he fixed his residence sometime at Norwich,
which he rebuilt and fortified, so that from this period the present city may
be said to have arisen. In 1013, Sweyne extended his conquest ftirther
into the interior of the country, and such was the force of his arms and the
terror of liis name, that the whole kingdom submitted to his yoke, and
Ethelred, the Saxon monarch, fled to Normandy. But this ruthless tyrant
did not long enjoy the crown of England, for he died early in the following
year, at Gainsborough or Thetford, as is variously stated by the old his-
torians. On the death of Sweyne, the exiled king Etheh'ed, returned, pur-
suant to tlie invitation of his subjects, and after defeating TurMl, the
Danish governor of Norwich, he was soon reinstated in power, which he
enjoyed till his death in 1016, when he was succeeded by his son Edmund
Ironside, who, after fighting many battles, was obHged,|in the same year, to
divide his kingdom with Canute, the new Danish sovereign. In the suc-
ceeding year Edmund was murdered, and Canute, having obtained sole
power in England, strengthened or rebuilt Norwich Castle, in which he
replaced the Danish governor Tiu'kil. The government was afterwards
bestowed upon Harold, who, succeeding to the throne, conferred this castle
on Leofric, Earl of Mercia. Under the dominion of the Danes,* Norwich
increased rapidly, for, though it had been nearly desti'oyed by fire in 1004,
we find it had, in the reign of Edward the Confessor, 1320 burgesses and
25 churches, and was them deemed a hundred of itself, containing 833
acres of arable and meadow land, besides an extensive sheep-walk, held by
the burgesses, under a socage tenure, of four proprietary lords, viz., the
King, the Earl of Norfolk, Bishop Stigand, and Prince Harold. When
William the Conqueror ascended the throne in 1066, he appointed JRalpli
de Waher to the Earldom of Noriolk, and gave him several manors, with
the Castle of Norwich for his residence. In 1075, this earl joined the
rebellious barons against the Norman conqueror, and being defeated he fled
^vith his forces to Norwich, but not receiving the assistance which he ex-
pected, he speedily retired to Normandy, leaving the charge and defence of
the castle to his Countess, who made an obstinate resistance, not yielding
to the besiegers till compelled by the imperious necessity of famine ; and
even then the garrison demanded and obtained an honourable capitulation,
the Countess and her Httle band of vaHant troops being allowed to depart
the kingdom as persons abjured and banished, never to return wdthout the
king's special Hcense. Blomefield says, " In this siege the city suffered
much, as we learn from Domesdaj'', many of the citizens who took the Earl's
part fled away, and so forfeited all they had ; others were forced to go away
because Waleram, xmder the pretence that they had joiuedthe Eai'l, whether
* The only Danish relics that have been fotmd in the city are a sword dredged
np in the river Wensum, and now in the British Museum, and a bone draughtsman,
found in St. Stephen's churchyard, and preserved in the collection of K. Fitch,
Esq., F.G.S. and F.S.A.
148 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
tliey did or no, invaded and seized their inheritances, and a great part were
forced to look out for themselves, the chief of the city being burnt down at
the seige, so that they had no place of residence ; and otliers were so heavily
fined and taxed by the King that they were forced to fly ; and thus, by this
one conspiracy, the city received prodigious damage every way." The
earldom and castle being now confiscated were conferred by the Conqueror
on Roger Bigocl, and we find at the Domesday Survey, in 108G, its number of
cJiurches had increased to 54, its burgesses to 1565, and its hordars, or
labourers, to 480. Though many of its dwellings are described in that
great pubUc record as being then untenanted, it is evident that a con-
siderable number must have been erected since the time of Edward the
Confessor.
Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk and governor of Norwich, retained these
honours during the reign of "William Rufus, though he joined in the fruit-
less attempt to place that king's elder brother, Robert Curthose, upon the
throne. Peace being signed between the royal brothers. Earl Bigod was
guaranteed, by a prior stipulation, in his landed possessions and the govern-
ment of the castle. At the same time, the burgesses received a grant of
many privileges from the king, and in 1094, the See of tlie Bishopric was
removed from Thetford to Norwich, by Herbert de Losinga, who, in 1096,
laid the first stone of the Cathedral, which tended greatly to promote the
increase of the city both in riches and magnitude. Henry I. kept his
Christmas at Norwich in 1122, and granted the burgesses their Jirst charter,
containing the same franchises and liberties as London then enjoyed, and
separating the government of the city from that of the castle, by placing
it under the control of a provost. About this time a considerable addition
was made to the population of Norwich, by a vast influx of Jews, who
originally came over from Normandy, and were allowed to settle in Eng-
land by the Conqueror, as chapmen for the confiscated goods of his subjects.
They afterwards became so numerous, and were so much in favour with
"William II., that he is said to have sworn by St. LuTtesface, his usual oath,
" if the Jews should overcome the Christians, he himself would become one
of their sect." They had many broils with monastic and other Christians,
and in 1187, it is said they stole and crucified a boy named William, and
buried him in Thorp Wood, where the monks, in 1144, built a chapel, called,
in honour of this martyr, St. William-in-the-Wood.'^- For this ofi'ence,
many of the Jews were punished, and the popular fury ran so high against
them, at the time of the Crusades in the reign of Richard I., (A.D. 1189,)
that great numbers of them were massacred in Norwich, Lynn, Stamford,
London, York, and other places. Thomas, a monk of Monmouth, wrote
seven books on St. William, the boy and martyr of Norwich, and on the
miracles done at his shrine.
In the reign of King Stephen, the castle and the borough charter were
seized by the crown, in consequence of Hugh Bigod, the governor, being
supposed to have favoured the cause of the Empress Matilda, but they were
restored in 1152, with additional honours, the king giving license for Nor-
wich to have a corporation vnth coroners and bailiffs. In the reign of
Henry II., Hugh Bigod was advanced to the title of Barl of Norfolk ; but
he afterwards rebelled against that monarch, and in 1174 landed a party of
Flemings, who plundered the city. For this ofi'ence he was attainted, but
his estate and honours were subsequently purchased by his son, Roger
Bigod, who partly rebuilt and added such strength to the fortifications of
Norwich Castle that it was considered impregnable. In 1193, he obtained
* The foundations of this chapel may still be traced on Mousehold Heath. Its
site is covered by short smooth grass, among which the wild thyme grows, but not
furze or coarse plants, which flourish all round. The shepherds say that no weeds
will grow upon it because it is holy ground.
HISTORY OF NORWICH. 149
from Richard I. a new charter, in which the inhabitants were recognised
under the title of " citizens ;" but in the succeeding reign of King John, he
joined the refractory barons, and was one of the most active in procuring
for the people that great palladium of English liberty, Magna Charta,
though he was at one time expelled from Norwich by the King, who ap-
pointed the Earl of Pembroke and John Fitzherbert joint constables of the
castles of Norwich and Orford. During these intestine wars the dastardly
King John murdered his nephew. Prince Arthm*, for which crime the Pope
excommunicated the whole kingdom, and avowed his intention of setting
aside John de Grey, Bishop of Norwich, from whom King John had bor-
rowed large sums of money, for which he gave him this prelacy, and left
with him, as pledges, a great part of his regalia, viz.: — his large crown,
gilt sword, surcoat, cloak, dalmatic girdle, sandals, gloves, and spurs. In
1216, Norwich Castle was taken and the city plundered by the troops of
Louis, dauphin of France, who had been invited to the Enghsh throne by
the Pope and the discontented barons ; but these civil broils terminated
dui'ing the same year in the death of John, and the accession of his son,
Henry III., who, in 1228, granted the citizens a new charter, and in 1252,
gave them license to surround the city with a large ditch.
In 1234, the monies of Norwich had a serious affray with the citizens, in
which part of the convent founded by Bishop Herbert was destroyed;
and in 1272, a still more serious riot occurred, in which the cathedi-al suf-
fered considerable damage. The cause of these distiu'bances was the
haughty conduct of the monks, who, having charters of hberties oldeV than
those of the city, were jealous of those granted by Richard I. and his suc-
cessors. To quell these riots the king, in 1273, displaced the bailiffs for
three j^ears, and appointed a governor in their stead. In consequence of the
citizens representing to Edward I. that the city had suffered greatly during
the rebellion against King John, and at other times, they obtained leave to
enclose themselves within embattled tvalls, and a murage was levied for that
purpose. These fortifications were begun in 1294, and finished in 1320 ;
but in 1342, Richard SjyynJc, a wealthy citizen, erected additional walls and
towers, with portcullises to the gates, and famished the garrison with
various military engines, ammunition, &c., such as were then in use, con-
sisting chiefly of espringolds and gogeons, arblasters and gogeons, with
grapples, &c. The cathedral being repaired, was re-consecrated on Advent
Sunday, 1278, in the presence of Edward I. In 1296, Norwich first sent
two burgesses to Parliament. In the reign of Edward II., the Honour of
Norwich Castle consisted of 120 knights' fees, equal to 85,000 acres of land,
but the power of the Earl of Norfolk appears to have been soon after
abridged, for the sheriff of the county was authorised by the King to use
the Castle as o, prison, to keep persons charged with crimes in safe custody
till the itinerant justices should hold their courts of Oyer and Terminer and
general gaol delivery. This authority of the sheriff was often resisted by
the Earl, which occasioned an act to be passed in the 14th of Edward III.,
estabhshing the right of the sheriff to use the castle as a county prison ^
though for the purpose of defence a military governor continued to be
nominated by the crown. Tliis office was, however, gradually curtailed of
its privileges by repeated grants to the corporation, and of its fees by
numerous alienations ; for we find that in 1470 the " constabyllship of
Norwych castyll" had only 20 knights' fees, though it possessed 120 when
it was surrendered by Roger Bigod to Edward I.
In the year 1336, the worsted and other woollen manufactures of Norwich
were considerably augmented by the arrival of a number of Dutch and
Flemish artizaiis who were " well-skilled in clotli making," and were invited
to settle in England by Edward III., who did more for the commerce of his
Idngom than all his predecessors. The city now began to rise rapidly in
150 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
trade, population, and wealth. In 1340, Edward III.,^- with his Queen
Philippa, held a grand tournament here from February to Easter, and they
visited the city again in 1342 and 1344. At this period, Norwich was a very
populous place ; but it is said that about one-third of the inhabitants were
swept away in 1348 and 1349, by the gveat j^higue, which first appeared in
the northern parts of Asia, and extended its destructive ravages from one end
of Europe to the other, Hke that modern pestilence, Asiatic Cholera, which
in 1832, committed the most awful devastation in various parts of the king-
dom. During the years 1348 and 1349, no less than 57,304 persons (besides
rehgious -and beggars) died of the plague in the county of Norfolk ; and
Bishop Bateman collated, in his diocese, 850 persons to vacant benefices ! !
so that at least, one-half of his clergy must have died or removed during
the prevalence of this dreadful malady. In 1350, another tournament was
held at Norwich, m the presence of Edward the Blade Prince and his
mother, queen Philippa, with many distinguished nobles, who were enter-
tained by the city at the cost of ^637. 4s. Cd. In 1377, the battlements on
the walls and towers amounted to 1030 ; and the population of the city was
estimated at only 5300 souls.
Richard II., at the age of eleven years, ascended tlie throne in 1377,
when the expensive wars in which the nation had been so long engaged
with France and Scotland had greatly impoverished the people and occa-
sioned much discontent, which was considerably aggravated by the levying
of a poll-tax — an impost that pressed heavily on the poor, being a demand
of three groats yearly on each person above the age of fifteen. By this
odious tax the mumiurings of tlie poor were at length raised into open in-
surrection, which first reared its bold front in Essex, under the influence of
Wat Tyler, Jach Straw, and Hoi) Carter, three daring leaders, who assumed
tliese names from thek humble occupations. The cUsafiection soon sjDread
into other parts of the kingdom, and in 1381, a body of 50,000 rebels as-
sembled in Norfolk and pillaged the houses of the nobles, lawyers, and other
wealthy inhabitants under their leader, John Litester, a dyer of Norwich.
But in the same year, these insurgents were completely overthrown at
North Walsham, by the troops of //^-wr?/ le Spencer, Bisliop of Norwich, who
took Litester prisoner, and after being arraigned for liigli treason, he was
condemned to be hanged, drawn, and quartered, — one portion of his body to
be suspended at his o^^oi residence, another over one of the city gates, one
at Lynn, and the other at Yarmouth, which so disi^irited the Norfolk
levellers, that they quietly dispersed. Thus an end was put to tliis
alarming rebelhon, chiefly through the valor and ]Dromptitude of Bishop
Spencer, who had been bred a soldier, and at this time ofiered to serve
Richard II. abroad, with 3000 men at arms and 2500 archers well horsed
and accoutred. In 1383, he raised several regiments and transported them
into Flanders, to support the cause of Pope Urban against the Anti-Pope
Clement, in which expedition he took many strong towns by assault, and
gained a signal victory over 30,000 men. He was a rigid catholic, and,
consequently, an inveterate enemy to the first church reformers, called the
Lollards. In 1386, the citij ditches V\^ere cleansed, and there was a general
survey of the walls and towers, by which it appears they were all put in
thorough repair, and the latter were each of them guarded by three, six, or
eight men. Heigham-gate was then called Port Inferna, or Hell-gate,
from its low situation near the river. PJchard II. and his Queen passed
through Norfolk, and visited Norwich abbey in 1383.
Henry IV., having usurped the throne, and instigated the murder of the
* In 1854, five gold coins of Edward III. were found by some men who were
making a drain in Ber street, near St. Martin's lane. They are what were called
Koyals or Double Nobles, each weighing 119^ grains, and originally of the value of
13s. 4a,
HISTOEY OF NORWICH. 151
unfortunate and often misguided Pdchard II., in 1399, made it his first
policy to ingratiate liimself in public favour. In 1403, after receiving a gift
of 1000 marks from Norwich, he granted the citizens a new charter suitable
to then' own wishes ; separating the city and its liberty from Norfolk, under
the name of the County of the City of Norwich, with power to elect a mayor
and two sheriffs yearly, in lieu of four bailiffs. The Idng visited the city in
1406, and granted the corporation another charter for regulating the mode
of electing the mayor, sheriffs, and common council. In 1415, Henry V.,
before he went to France and gained the glorious victory of Agincourt,
visited Norwich, where he left his coronet in pawn for 1000 marks, of which
500 were lent by the corporation of Norwich, 400 by that of Lynn, and the
remainder by Wm. Westacre, Wm. Walton, and Nicholas Scounfet. During
the reign of Henry VI., tlie citizens, from their quarrels with the monks,
and by sueing the King in the Exchequer for ^£100 which they had lent
liim, lost the ro5^al favour, and had their charter taken from them in 1437
and 1442 ; but it was restored again in 1439 and 1447, in which latter year,
Sir John Chfton, whom the King had appointed governor of the city, was
withdrawn. In 1448 and 1449, Henry VI. visited Norwich, and after being
entertained at the Bishop's palace, he granted the citizens a charter for two
FAIRS, the first to be kept ten days before and after the third Sunday in
Lent ; and the second on the commemoration of St. Paul, and the twenty
following days. Fortimately, Nor-udch was not the scene of any of those
fatal conflicts by which the kingdom was so often disturbed during the wars
of the rival houses of York and Lancaster, though Queen Margaret visited
the city for the purpose of recruiting her forces, when she was preparing to
march against the Yorkists, under the Earl of March, then apxn*oacliing
towards London. In 1455, a statute was made, limiting the number of
attorneys to six for Norfolk, six for Suffolk, and two for Norwich. In the
preamble, an excellent reason is given for this regulation. Edward IV.
visited tliis city in 1469, and in the same year his Queen, Elizabeth Wood-
ville,. came hither. She entered the city by the Westwick gate, and lodged
at the Dominican Priory, but there were no i^ageants during her stay on
account of the death of her father and brother, which took place about that
time. Henry VII. kept liis Christmas here in 1485, when he went on a
pilgrimage to Walsingham ; and he was here again in 1497, with his Queen,
EHzabeth, and his mother, the Countess of Derby.
Norwich, like many other ancient cities, has at various periods suffered
greatly in plagues and scarcity ; and few places have sustained greater loss
from accidental fires, by two of which the Cathedral was greatly injured
in 1463 and 1509; and three others reduced a large portion of the city to
ashes, in 1505 and 1507, — no fewer than 718 houses being consumed in the
latter year. These desolating conflagrations induced the Corporation, in
1509, to issue an order, that no new buildings in the city should be
covered with thatch ; but this injunction not extending to those previously
erected, some few still retain tsh unseemly and dangerous covering. In
1517, that imperious prelate, Cardinal Wolsey, visited Norwich, to mediate
between the citizens and the monks; but their disputes were not finally
settled till 1524, when the jurisdiction of the convent was ascertained, and
separated from that of the corporation ; though the prior and monks were
not made a body corporate until 1538, when they were converted into a
dean and chajJter. On November 6th, 1519, the city was visited by a gTeat
flood; and in 1520 Queen Katherine visited the city. In 1527, tliere was
an alarming scarcity of provisions, which caused several riotous disputes
between the populace and the corn-sellers, at the Market-cross. In 1534,
during the reign of the lascivious Henry VIII., and the prelacy of Richard
Nykhe, or Nix, the bigoted bishop of Norwich, several conscientious church
reformers were burnt at Norwich and other places: amongst those who
suffered under the sanguinary judgments of this catholic prelate, were Ayres
152 HISTOBY OF NORWICH.
Bingy, Norrice, and tlie amiable Thomas Bilney, a native of East Bilney,
in Norfolk. Bishop Nix, in the same year, gave the revenues of his diocese
in exchange for the abbacy of Holm, to Henry VIII., who, shortly after-
wards denied the papal supremacy, and established the Protestant rehgion,
not so much from the love of truth as to satiate his greedy concupiscence
with the spoils of the monastic foundations, of which he suppressed no fewer
than 79 in Norwich and Norfolk. The monasteries which escaped the
avarice of Henry, were dissolved by the regency of his infant son and suc-
cessor, Edward VI., in whose reign several rebellions broke out in various
parts of the kingdom, during the year 1549, owing to a system of enclosing
adopted by the nobility and gentry, who had been put in possession of the
abbey lands, which had previously been appropriated for the relief of the
poor, who stiU considered they had a right of commonage on the wastes and
open pastures. The rebels in this neighbourhood having imbibed the spirit
of the ancient Norfolk levellers of 1381, proceeded to execute their nefarious
designs under the command of Robert and William Kett, of Wymondham ;
the former a tanner, and the latter a butcher. About 20,000 rebels having
flocked to the standard of these daring leaders, they pillaged the country
in their march to Mousehold heath, near Norwich, where they fixed their
rendezvous, and where Robert Kett, the elder of the two leaders, assisted by
deputies from every Hundred, held his councils under a large tree, styled
the Oah of Reformation, from which he pretended to administer justice,
and issued his edicts for contributions, which, in a few days, amounted in
provisions alone to 3000 bullocks, 20,000 sheep, and an immense quantity
of corn, besides geese, swans, &c. During several months, the country
suffered under the exactions and outrages committed by this formidable band
of insurgents, who murdered many of the inliabitants ; showing no mercy
to those who bore the title of gentleman, in their frenzy for abolishing dis-
tinction of ranks. On the approach of these levellers to Norwich, the
citizens despatched messengers to the King's council for assistance, and put
themselves in a posture of defence ; keeping a careful watch and ward upon
the walls and towers, but not daring to act on the offensive against such a
numerous and reckless foe. Government having, by means of a herald,
offered the King's pardon to all who would abandon their traitorous enter-
prise, and this promise being attended with no success, sent down the
Marquis of Northampton with a body of troops to subdue them, but they
were found too weak for the execution of tliis object, and, after being com-
pletely routed in a second engagement, they abandoned the city to the
rebels, who pillaged and burnt a large portion of it. All attempts to quell
this violent insurrection were ineffectual, till a large army, raised to proceed
against the Scots, was ordered to march to the relief of Norwich, under the
command of the Earl of Warwick, who arrived under the city walls on
August 23rd, after being joined at Cambridge by several of the principal
citizens, the Marquis of Northampton, and other distinguished persons.
On the following day, after making an ineffectual offer of pardon, the
King's troops commenced their attack, and having made several breaches
in the walls and forced open some of the gates, they soon entered the city
and took possession of the Market-place. In the midst of this scene of
blood, the King's ammunition carriages having entered apart from the main
body of the army were captured by the enemy, but were soon re-taken by a
detachment from the Market-place. A large number of the rebels still re-
maining in the city now made a lodgement in Tombland, and, through their
superior local knowledge, greatly annoyed the soldiers by i^osting small
parties at the angles of the different streets leading into the Market-place.
The Earl of Warwick, however, soon brought out his whole force to scour
the cit}^ and after setting fire to their camp the rebels were obliged to quit
their advantageous post on the hill, and retreated to Dussyn's dale, resolv-
ing to finish the business by a general engagement in that valley. It is
HISTORY OP NORWICH. 153
probable they were stimulated to this movement by the want of provisions,
the Earl having taken efifectual care to cut off their supplies. On the 27th,
being reinforced by a newly arrived detachment, the Earl marched out of
the city to attack these deluded men, to whom he again offered pardon pro-
vided they would quietly lay down their arms; but confident in their
numbers, and animated by the speeches of then* false prophets and leaders,
they again unanimously refused to capitulate. A bloody conflict ensued,
but the rebels being unused to the discharge of artillery, were soon in
confusion ; this was taken advantage of by the hght-horse, who advanced
to the charge, drove them from the field, and pursued them with great
slaughter; upwards of 3000 of them being slain and many more wounded,
whilst the royal army sustained but little losss. A corps de reserve, strongly
entrenched behind their carts, carriages, &c., had remained unattacked near
the scene of action, and to these the Earl again sent a promise of pardon,
but they refused to surrender until he had personally assured them of the
King's clemency, upon which they immediately threw down their aims.
Some of the piincipal citizens fell in this battle in a manner very dis-
tressing to their friends ; for, having been prisoners in the camp of the
rebels, they were by the latter placed in front of their ranks, being first
fettered and chained together ; all possible care was, however, used by the
King's troops, so that many of the intended victims to this inhuman and
dastardly contrivance escaped unliurt. About 300 of the rebels were
executed shortly after in different parts of the city; and the Earl was
strongly urged to put a much greater number to death, but he declared that
enough had been done to satisfy the ends of justice, and that none of those
should suffer to whom he had given liis promise of pardon. Robert Kett,
though the chief in command, was the foremost in flight ; but he was taken
the day after the battle in a barn, where he attempted to hide himself when
his horse was no longer able to proceed. He was sent, with his brother, to
the Tower of London, and being both convicted of liigh treason, they were
on November 29th, brought to Norfolk : — Robert was executed on a gibbet
on the top of Norwich Castle, and William suffered the same punishment
at Wymondham. Thus perished with its authors, this desperate rebellion,
which threatened the subversion of all lawful authority, and the consequent
introduction of anarchy and confusion. After the departure of the King's
troops, the citizens began to repair the damages sustained in this unnatural
conflict, which was followed by such a scarcity and dearness of provisions,
that the corporation issued an edict, requiring all the wealthier inhabitants
to provide corn for then* own households elsewhere, so that their poorer
neighbours might have the exclusive benefit of the city markets.
In 1551, the siveating sickness, which either " mended or ended" its vic-
tims in 24 hours, carried off 960 persons in a few days. This dreadful
malady first appeared here in 1486, and during the succeeding five years
visited many other parts of the kingdom. Two severe shocks of an earthquake
were felt here in 1479 and 1487, and i\iQ plague was very fatal in the former
year. During the short reign of that rigid Roman Cathohc, Queen Mary,
Norwich was afiiicted by the residence of those merciless persecutors,
Bishop Hopton and Chancellor Dunnings, at whose instigation several
martyrs to the reformed rehgion were burnt here in 1557 and 1558. In
the same years the Quartan Ague and a " new sickness" raged so violently
that at the close of 1558 it was said " fre, sword, and p)estilenee" had swept
away the third part of the men of England ; and it is recorded tliat ten of
the Norwich aldermen fell victirns to the latter scourge in 1558. The
plague again visited the city in 1578 and 1591, carrying off 4817 persons in
the former, and 672 in the latter year. This dreadful pestilence afiiicted
Norwich at several subsequent periods, and the numbers said to have died
of it amounted in 1002 to 3076 ; in 1625 and '6 to 1431 ; and in 1665 and
'6 to 2251 persons. During the continuance of the pestilence in 1660, the
market was held at the north end of the Town Close.
154 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
In 1565 and 'G, the prosperity of the city, which had begun to dechne,
was again revived by the settling here of 330 Dutcli and Walloons, who had
fled from the Netherlands during the rigid persecution nnder the Duke of
Alva. In 1571, by the fostering encouragement of Queen Elizabeth, the
number of these foreign settlers had increased to no fewer than 3925, and
by the introduction of bombazine and other silk and worsted manufactures,
they contributed much to the wealth and prosperity of the city. In 1582
they had increased to 4679, and enjoyed many exclusive privileges. On
February 2nd, 1570, the north side of the city was inundated, and Fye
bridge washed down by a gi'eat flood. In the same year printing was in-
troduced here by Anthony Solen, one of the foreigners; and John Throg-
morton, TJiomas Brooke, and G. Redman were hanged and quartered in the
city, for having joined in one of the numerous conspiracies formed for the
re-estabhshment of the Roman Catholic reUgion, during the long reign of
EHzabeth. In 1572, the Duhe of Norfolk, and several other noblemen,
were attainted and beheaded for similar offences at London, York, and other
places ; the Duke having not only espoused the cause of Mary, Queen of
Scots, but even offered marriage to that unfortunate Catholic Princess. In
1574, when a rumour was spread of invasion by means of the boasted
Invincible Armada, Norwich, towards the general defence, exhibited on its
muster roll, 2120 able men, of whom 400 were armed ; the total number
enrolled in the whole county of Norfolk being at the same time 6120 able
men, of whom 3630 were armed. In 1578, Queen EUzaheth made a pro-
gTess through this county, and from the 16th to the 22nd of August, she
lodged at the Bishop's palace, in Norwich, where she and her suite were
entertained with sT^lendid jjageantries, principally allusive to the trade and
manufactures of the city. The Queen came on horseback from Ipswich,
though she had several coaches in her train. Whilst here she dined pub-
licly in the north alley of the Cathedral cloister, and often went a hunting
on horseback, and to witness wrestling and shooting on Mousehold-heath.
In 1583, Abdyall Lewis was burnt in the Castle ditch for denying the
divinity of Christ, and in 1588 Francis Knight, M.A., was burnt at the same
place for similar heresy.
The charges of the mayoralty having much increased, the city in 1593,
ordered that .=£100 should in future be allowed yearly towards defraying
them: this yearly allowance was increased in 1821 to ^6300, a sum very
inadequate to the Mayor's expenses, which, for the Guild-day festivity
alone, often amounted to about a thousand pounds ; or to one guinea for
each person entertained in the hall. The Municipal Reform Act does not
countenance these festivities. In 1597, it was ordered that Margaret Grove,
a common scold, should be carried, with a basin rung before her, to the
cucking-stool, near Fyebridge, there to be ducked three times in the river.
The cucking-stool, for cooling scolds and other disorderly women, was then
in common use all over England. In 1599, Wm. Kemp, a comedian in
Shakspeare's company, a man of considerable humour, famous for perform-
ing the part of Dogberry, came dancing from Loudon to Norwich in nine
days; of which comical exploit he published an account in a quarto
pamphlet, in 1600, entitled, " Nine Days Wonder,'' with an engraved
frontispiece, representing himself in a fanciful habit and dancing attitude,
preceded by a person playing upon the pipe and tabor. This work was
reprinted in 1840. On April 29th, 1601, the Cathedral sinre was much
damaged by lightning. On the evening of the guild-day, in 1611, a great
crowd assembled on Tombland, to witness a display of fireu-orks, some of
which breaking or taldng fire accidentally, created such confusion in the
multitude, that thirty-three persons were trampled or pressed to death.
The city was visited by great floods in 1646, 1697, and 1706, and so high
were the waters in the first of these years, that boats were rowed in many
of the streets.
HISTORY OP NORWICH. l55
Civil Wars. — In the fatal contentions betrveen the prerogatives of the
Crown and the privileges of Pai'liament,in the reign of Charles I., when
brother fought against brother, and father against son, Norfolk saflfered
much less than many counties in the kingdom, though it was several
times the scene of confusion and blood. The principal causes wliich led
to tliis long and du'eful distraction of the country, were the levying of sMp
money, and the duty of tonnage and poundage, without the sanction of
Parhament; and the cruel proceedings of that secret and inquisitorial
court, called the Star Chamber. There also prevailed in the nation a dis-
position for republican, in preference to monarchical government; and
rehgion was often made the stalldng-horse to avarice and ambition. From
these combined causes, the elements of government were thrown into dis-
order; and they never perfectly re -assumed their proper station, till the
glorious Ptevolution of 1688. When Charles I. had left London, for the
pm-pose of raising forces in the north of England, the Parliament then
sitting voted the necessity of taking up arms in opposition, (July I2tli, 1042,)
and the inhabitants of Norfolk generally approved of that determination.
At an early period of this contest, Norwich was fortified against the royal
cause, pm-suant to the orders of a majority of the corporation ; though the
mayor, (Wm. GostHn,) and some of the principal citizens stiU preserved
their loyaltj^ ; and the foi-mer, for not confirming the edicts of Parliament,
was sent prisoner to Cambridge, by the Earl of Manchester, who was
appointed commander of the " associated counties " of Norfolk, Suffolk,
Cambridge, Hertford, and Essex, to wliich Lincoln v\^as afterwards added.
After the arrest of the mayor, the king's partisans in Norwich, assembled
in the house of one of their friends, to consider what measures should be
adopted for their safety ; but the meeting being discovered, and the city
ordnance planted against the house with threats of immediate destruction
they were compelled to surrender. The Parliamentarians, having now
overcome all oi^position here, were enabled to direct their attention to the
furnishing of money and troops for the subjugation of other pai'ts of the
kingdom. A tax, levied for this purpose, to be paid by weekly instalments,
amounted for Norfolk to £'1-250 per annum, — of which Norwich paid £'53 ;
Yarmouth, £31. 6s. 5d. ; Thetford, £o. lis. 9d. ; and Lynn, £-27. lis. lOd.
But this impost was trilling, compared mth the loss sustained by the
Bishoi? and his clergy, and aU others suspected of loyalty, for they were
plundered and maltreated without mercy in these troublesome times. In
1648, Mr. JohnUtting, being mayor, was often solicited by a set of fanatics,
to give more effect to certain ordinances against superstition, and for the
defacing images, &c. ; but not paying much attention to their "cashes, a
complaint was lodged with Parhament against liim. Soon after, a pursui-
vant was sent from the house, to carry up Mr. Utting to answer these
charges ; the common people having had experience of the treatment offered
to a former mayor, were determined to prevent a repetition of such insults,
and apprehensive of his being earned off in the night, they assembled
together and secured the city gates, keeping careful watch. Their numbers
continually increased ; many amongst them were armed, and their watch-
word was, " For God and King Charles."
The next day they were alarmed with a report that the mayor was about
departing, upon wliich they marched to the house where the pursuivant
was, and would have immediataly sacrificed liim to their fury but for the
interference of the mayor liimseh". The messenger, not at all pleased •\\ith
his reception, quitted the city without his prisoner, and the mob du'ected
their course towards the committee-house, where the depot for the county
arms was, committing many excesses by the way. I'pon their arrival, they
furnished themselves completely witli arms, and retired to Chapelfield. A
troop of horse arrived in the course of the day from the country, and dis-
persed a gi'eat part of theni ; but one party, having secured the committee-
156 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
house, they would not have beeu easily dislodged, but for the accidental
firing of 98 barrels of gunpowder, which tremendous explosion is said to
have killed and wounded above a hundred on both sides, and effectually
terminated all further hostilities. In 1049, several persons concerned in
the last-named disturbance were put to death ; and in the following year,
some of the aldermen were displaced for refusing to take the covenant ; and
twenty-five royalists were hanged here and at other places in Norfolk, for
being concerned in a projected insurrection in favour of Charles II., whose
father had already fallen a victim to the ambition of Cromwell and the
turbulent sphit of the times. At length, the nation finding theh miscalled
liberty a " succession of tyrannies," brought about the restoration, after the
death of Cromwell. The citizens of Norwich were among the first to hail
the return of monarchy in the person of Charles II., who was proclaimed
here May 10th, 1000, and the sum of ^£1000 was presented to his majesty
on behalf of the city, by the mayor, who received the honour of knighthood.
In 1003, Charles II. granted the city the charter by which it was gov-
erned till 1835 ; and in 1070, Lord Howard presented tlie corporation with
a noble mace of silver gilt, and a gown of crimson velvet for the mayor. In
1071, Charles II., his Queen, the Dukes of York, Monmouth, and Bucking-
ham, with many other nobles, entered the city on September 28th, and were
met by the mayor and corporation and entertained both at the Duke of
Norfolk's and the Bishop's palace. In 1082, the corporation, by a majority
of votes (40 to 22) surrendered to the king the charter which he had granted
them nine years before, and in lieu of it a new one was substituted sub-
jecting the city to very extraordinary limitations, — the Idng having reserved
to himself the right of removing such magistrates as he might not approve
of. By the mandate of James II., in 1087, ten aldermen and nineteen com-
mon councilmen were displaced. But the arbitrary conduct of this monarch
soon brought about his ruin; and when "Henry, Duke of Norfolk, rode
into the market-place at the head of 300 knights and gentlemen, and de-
clared for a fi'ee Parliament," the corporation and citizens responded with
loud and fervent acclamations.
After the " glorious Revolution" of 1088, the first charter of Charles II.
was restored to the city, and the aldermen removed by James II. were rein-
stated in their offices. On December 7th, 1088, a mob destroyed the
Catholic Chapel in Black-friars yard, and pillaged many houses belonging
to the Catholics ; but on the following day the rioters were dispersed by
the trained bands. In 1097, a mint was established at Norwich, and coined
to the amount of .6259,371. The Water Works at the New Mills were
commenced in 1097 ; and in 1701, Acts of Parliament were obtained for
lighting the streets and estabhshing a Court of Conscience in the city. In
1703, Hardley Cross, at the extent of the city's jurisdiction on the river
Yare, was repaired at the cost of the corporation. In 1705, Weavers' Hall
was broken open and the books destroyed, after which the seaHng of stufis
was disused. On December 7th, 1700, Henry Crosgrove began a weekly
Newspaper called the Norwich Gazette, in which he was assisted by the
celebrated Edward Cave, the original planner and establisher of the Gentle-
man's Magazine, commenced in 1731. The Norwich Artillery Company, of
100 men, was formed in 1715 ; and in I7l0, Mr. Thomas Hall left a hand-
some gold chain, to be worn by the mayor. In the latter year, the Bev.
John St. Quintin was convicted at Norwich assizes of asserting that the
Pretender was landed in the west with 50,000 men, and drinking his health;
he was sentenced to pay a fine of 20 marks and be imprisoned for one year.
Mr. Matthew Fern underwent a similar sentence for drinking the Preten-
der's health, and calluig King George " turnip hougher ;" and Thomas
Shirley for saying " King George has no more right to the crown than I
have," was pubUcly whipped and compelled to find sureties for good beha-
viour for three years In 1732, an Act passed for better qualifying the city
HISTORY OP NORWICH. 157
mannfacturers to bear the offices of magistrates, &c. ; and another Act was
obtained in 1729, for regulating the city elections. In 1725, an Act was
passed for levying a toll on goods, &c., brought higher up the river than
Thorpe Hall, for supporting the bridges, staiths, wharfs, &c., in the city.
This Tonnage Act was repealed by another Act for the same imrpose, pas-
sed in 1839. Ber-street gates and Brazen-doors were rebuilt in 1726.
Some labourers digging on Household Heath, in 1730, discovered the
foundations of the church called " St. William's in tlie Wood." In 1731,
the market was new paved ; and in the following year, Charing-cross and
Market-cross were taken doTMi. St. George's Company resigned its books,
charters, and records to the corporation in 1731, when the procession on
the Guild-day was commenced. In 1733, Sir Robert Walpole was pre-
sented with the freedom of the city in a gold snuff-box ; and in 1734, he
presented to the city a gilt mace weighing 168 ounces. The ditches on the
south side of the Castle hill were levelled in 1738, and since then the cattle
market has been held there. In 1739, Mr. Thomas Emerson, of London,
presented to this his native city two gold chains, value 100 guineas each, to
be worn by the sheriffs. In 1740, deamess of provisions occasioned several
riots, which were suppressed by the mihtary after the loss of six or seven
lives. In 1741, it was ordered " that no stranger be permitted to exercise
his trade in Norwich more than six months, without taking up the fi*eedom
of the city." In 1745, the magistrates and principal inhabitants associated
for the support of Government and the defence of civil and rehgious
liberty. In 1746, the Shu-e-house was destroyed by fire on September
30th ; and on October 9th, the city was brilliantly illuminated, after the
suppression of the Scotch rebellion. On January 10th. 1756, a slight shock
of an earthquaJie was felt here, about the same time that Lisbon was des-
troyed by a dreadful convulsion of nature. The first Norwich banJc was
established this year, by Charles Weston, Esq. ; and the gold chain worn
by the mayor was presented by Matthew Goss, Esq.
The Norfolk Militia, commanded by Lord Orford, marched from Norwich
to Portsmouth, on July 4th, 1759, and passed in review before his Majesty
at Kensington. This was the first miUtia regiment that left its county. In
digging under the rampart of the Castle hill, two very curious bones were
found in 1700, supposed to have been amulets worn by the Druids in their
sacrifices. In 1761, a coach from Norwich to London was estabhshed, per-
forming the journey in about 20 hours, which before had employed two
days in summer and three in winter. The coronation of George HI.
and his Queen was celebrated here with great splendour, and congratu-
latory addresses were sent to their Majesties ; after presenting which,
Thomas Churchman, Esq., the mayor, was knighted. On October 27th,
1762, near three hundred houses and eight parish churches were inundated
during a great^ZoofZ, which rose 12 feet perpendicularly in 24 hours, being 15
inches higher than the flood in 1691, and 13 inches lower than that in 1614.
In 1764, air jackets, for preventing persons sinking in water, were invented
by Messrs. Cobb and Tinkler, and a hackney coach was set up by Wilham
Huggins. On September 27th, 1766, owing to the high price of provisions
and a want of employment, an alarming riot broke out in Norwich, which
was quelled after much mischief had been done : thu'ty of the ringleaders
were taken and tried by a special commission, and two of them were execu-
ted. Wheat sold at from 22s. to 24s. ; barley, 10s. to lis, ; oats, 8s. to
9s. 3d. ; and peas, at 12s. to 13s. per coomb. On December 25th, Mx.
Ward's house, in Ber-street, was burnt down, and six persons perished in
the flames. In 1767, an act was obtained for a new turnpike from Norwich
to Thetford. The turnpikes from Norwich to East Walton and Caistor,
near Yarmouth, were formed in 1770 ; that to New Buckenham in 1772;
and that to Aylsham in 1794. Mr. Alldays Bank (afterwards Sir Roger
Kerrison and Son's) was opened in 1768.
HISTOBY OF NORWICH.
. On December I9tii, 1770, there was a greater storm of wind and rain
than had been known since 1741. Part of the city wall, between Brazen
doors and Ber street, fell, and crushed down a new house. In 1771, " the
names of the streets, &c., were ordered to be fixed up." This has recently
been done afresh, but the numbering of the dooi^s is still very imperfect, and
in many of the streets there are no numbers at all. In 1773, upwards of
.£1600 was subscribed for relieving the poor of the city with bread. In
1775, Messrs. Gurney and Co.'s bank was opened, and the influenza raged
severely in the city. In 1777 a scheme was proposed for cutting a navig-
able canal from Norwich to the river Ouse, near Downham. It was esti-
mated by Mr. Brindley at the cost of £00,000, but finally abandoned. In
1778 the freedom of the city was presented to Earl CornwaUis ; and Wm.
Crotch first astonished the world with his musical powers by playing on the
cathedral organ at the age of two years and three quarters. In 1779, the
new year was ushered in with a terrible storm of wind, which rolled up the
lead of St. Andrew's Church, and blew it to a considerable distance, besides
doing much damage to other churches and houses. On March 24th, 1783,
the pageant of the Golden Fleece, or Bishop Blaize, was exhibited by the
woolcombers in a most magnificent style. In 1784, the moat which sur-
rounds the Castle hill, and the ascent from thence, were laid out as gardens
and shrubberies. On July 23rd, 1785, Major, afterwards General Money,
ascended in a balloon from the pubhc gardens outside St. Stephen's gate,
and after passing over Lowestoft, was driven about seven leagues from land,
when, from the valve of the machine being defective, the car sunk so low
as to be immersed in the sea. After beating about for four hours the Major
was taken up by the Argus revenue cutter. This was the second aerial
voyage from Norwich, the first being made by a Mr. Decker, on June 1st,
in the same year. Part of the Lower Close was enclosed by Dean Lloyd,
and a handsome garden made in 1788, and on digging gravel in the cloister
yard some human bones were dug up, with hair four feet long, supposed to
have lain there 200 years. The " city ivaytes" had £30 a year till 1790,
when they were discharged. In 1792, seven of the city gates were taken
down, an opening made in the wall by Chapelfield, and another near Ber
street'gates. In January, two new Banks were opened by Messrs. Harvey
and Hudson, and Messrs. Kett, Hadfield and Co.
In January, 1795, £1500 were subscribed for the relief of the unemployed.
In February, Norfolk and Norwich raised their quota of 264 volunteers for
manning the navy, and a rapid thaw produced such a general inundation
in tlie city and suburbs that the poor inhabitants near the river were re-
duced to great distress. In May, several buildings in the city were con-
verted into temporary harrachs for 8000 soldiers. In 1796, about 1000
human skeletons were found in digging on the premises of J. Crowe, Esq.,
at Lakenham, supposed to have lain there since the plague of 1G65, as a
tradesman's token, dated 1664, was found in the same place. On May
17th, a dreadful affray occurred between the privates of the Northumber-
land and Warwickshire regiments of militia, and several were v/ounded
with bayonets before their of&cers could part them. This year Norwich
raised 211 men for the Supplementary Mihtia. In February, 1797, the
Norwich Light Horse Volunteers and Loyal Military Association were em-
bodied, the former under the command of Captain John Harvey, and the
latter under Captain John Patteson. In January, 1797, the sword of the
Spanish Admiral, Don Xavier Winthuysen, was presented by Admiral
Nelson to the corporation of Norwich, and placed in the council chamber
of the Guildhall, with an appropriate device and inscription. In February
and March, £8000 were subscribed here for the defence of the kingdom ; and
in May, five companies of Volunteer Infantry were formed in the city. In
September, all the oflicers, and most of the men, of the East and West Nor-
folk Militia volunteered their services for Ireland. On December 29tli, the
HISTOBY OF NORWICH. 15^^
thermometer stood at 3° below 0, a degree of cold never before noticed in
this island. In February, 1799, a deep snow obstructed for a time all
travelling and internal communication ; and the mail coaches were four days
and nights in performing the joui-ney from Norwich to London. In many
places the snow was twenty feet deep.
In January, 1800, a meeting of the citizens was held at the Guildhall,
and a committee appointed to consider a i)lan for better paving, lighting,
and cleansing the city. The cost of tliis necessary work was estimated at
.£55,000." On September 1st, in consequence of the high price of provisions,
a number of persons, chiefly females, riotously assembled at the New Mills
for the purpose of serving out the flour at a cheap rate, and had begun to
sell at 2s. per stone, when several magistrates arrived and frustrated the
designs of tlie misguided mob. In October, his Majesty's proclamation
was received, exhorting all housekeepers to reduce the consumption of
bread in their respective famihes to, at most, a quartern loaf per week for
each individual. In December, the price of wheat was I20s. to I50s. per
quarter. On July 29th, a ship of 120 tons was launched at Thorpe; being
the first ever built so high up the river, a vast concourse of people attended
to witness the novel sx^ectacle. In October, here were great rejoicings and
a general illumination in consequence of the ratification of peace between
England and France. In 1803, this kingdom being again threatened with
invasion from France, Norwich, like other poiDulous places, made great
preparations for internal defence. In August, .£6000 were subscribed for
raising a regiment of Volunteer Infantry, in which 1400 citizens speedily
enrolled themselves under the command of Lieut.-Col. Robert Harvey. A
Rijie CorjJS was also formed, of wliich R. M. Bacon, Esq., was appointed
captain. On Sept. 29th, a new Telegraph was erected on the top of Norwich
Castle, to communicate with Strumpshaw Mill, Filby Church, and Yar-
mouth. In October, the Norfolk and Norwich Volunteer Regiments agreed
to perform permanent duty at Yarmouth in case of invasion, and many of
them were stationed in that port during two succeeding months. The vic-
tory of Trafalgar, in 1805, is said to have so blasted the hopes of France
that she relinquished the idea of putting in force her threatened invasion of
this land of freedom, although she had 300,000 men ready for the purpose
on the heights of Boulogne. In February, 1803, nearly 100 pairs of slioes
were burnt in the Market place, for being made contrary to act of Parlia-
ment, by about twenty shoemakers, who were all fined by the Mayor. In
1806, the estate belonging to the Duke of Norfolk, called the Dukes Palace,
was sold in lots for £5055. In July, debts to the amount of £-160,000, were
proved against the bankmpt firm oiSir R. Kerrison and Son. Dividends
of 16s. 4d. in the pound were afterwards paid. The Local Militia Act
passed in this month, and many of the Volunteers transferred to it their
services, under the command of Col. Patteson. The Gates in Ber street,
Magdalen street, and St. Martin's-at-Oak were taken down this year. The
Prince Regent and tlie Dukes of Clarence and Cambridge passed through
the city in December, 1812. The Volunteer Corps of Norwich and Norfolk
were disbanded March 24, 1813. On August 10th, the first steam barge
on the river Yare arrived at Norwich, after travelling at the rate of only five
miles per hour. On May 11th, 1816, the West Norfolk Militia returned to
Norwich from Ireland, and were disembodied on June l7th. The new
silver coinage was received here on May 31st, in exchange for the defaced
shillings and sixpences. In January, 1817, upwards of £3000 were sub-
scribed to relieve the poor, many of whom were employed in maldng a new
road to Carrow, and in other public works, the staple trade of the city being
for some months in a state of great stagnation. On April 0th, tlie boiler of a
steam packet burst shortly after leaving Norwich, and killed nine persons,
besides two others who died of their wounds in the hospital. After this acci-
dent, a vessel was introduced with paddles turned by four horses, working in
160 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
a circle of eighteen feet in diameter. This year, the wife of Edward Eigby,
M.D., was delivered of four children, but they all died before they were 12
weeks old. On December 3rd, 1820, the Dukes of York and Wellington
were admitted to the honorary freedom of the city, at the Angel Inn.
On the 12th, in consequence of the numerous rohheries committed in the
city and county, public meetings were held and resolutions entered into for
granting rewards to such watchmen as should apprehend offenders. More
burglaries had been committed in the last three months than in the twenty
preceding years. Acts were this year passed for Ughting the city with gas,
and for erecting the bridge at the Duke's palace. On July 7th, 1821, the
Coronation of George IV. was celebrated here in the most splendid and joy-
ful manner. On Sept. 27th, 1822, the weavers of Norwich presented a
magnificent silver vase to John Harvey, Esq., in testimony of the high
esteem with which they regarded him as a liberal patron and spirited pro-
moter of the manufactures of his native city; 2361 weavers subscribed to
defray the expense, no individual being allowed to contribute more than one
shilling. On December 23rd, 1823, as some workmen were employed in
sinking a well near St. Giles' gates, they discovered several extensive vaults,
running in all directions at the depth of 35 feet. The bank of Messrs. Day
and Co. failed in 1825. In February, 1830, the numerous unemployed
weavers were relieved by a subscription of £2300, exclusive of £200 given
by Hudson Gurney, Esq., and £400 received fi-om London. On March
9th, the premises of Mr. A. Beloe, on Orford hill, erected a short time
before, at a cost of more than £4000 were sold by auction for £860.
On September 8th, 1831, the Coronation of WiUiam IV. was celebrated
here, with a grand procession, pubhc dinners, and a brilUant illumination.
Several petitions were sent from Norwich, in favour of the Reform Bill.
On the 24th of February, 1832, the corporation gave a vote of thanks to the
Lord Chancellor, for having granted two gaol dehveries in the year ; and a
similar vote, with the freedom of the city, was conferred on John Stracey,
Esq., for his exertions in obtaining the removal of the Summer Assizes from
Thetford, for which an Act of Parliament received the royal assent on June
23rd. The passing of the Reform Bill was celebrated in this city on the
5th of July, by public rejoicings and festivities, and a numerous and splendid
procession. That baneful disease, Asiatic Cholera, wliich committed such
awful ravages in many parts of the kingdom in 1832, did not visit Norwich
till August 17th ; and on November 11th, thanksgivings were offered up at
all the churches and chapels, for the removal of this malady, and for the
mild manner in which the citizens had been afflicted, in comparison with
those of other populous places. On May 13th, 1833, a meeting of about
300 citizens agreed upon a petition to the House of Commons, " praying
that honourable House to enact such laws as would be necessary for reform-
ing the constitution and powers of the corporate body, and to cause an
inquiry to be instituted touching the management and expenditure of the
estates, tolls, and other funds under the control of the Corporation." This
petition was numerously signed. During a dreadful thunder-storm, about
midnight on July 7, the electric fluid struck the thatched roof of the Black
Tower, on Butter hills, which was instantly in a blaze, and burned with
great fury until the whole of the interior of the building was consumed.
On September 5th, the Norwich Yarn Company was formed at a numerous
meeting of the merchants, bankers, and manufacturers. The Norwich and
Lowestoft Navigation was opened September 30, when the Squire and the
City of Norwich traders passed through Carrow-bridge, and arrived here
without once touching ground, amidst the firing of guns, ringing of bells,
and the loud cheers of a multitude of sj^ectators. On November 23rd, two
of the municipal commissioners, G. Long and J. Buckle, Esqrs., commenced
their enquiry into the state of the Norwich Corporation, at the Guild Hall,
and the investigation lasted 22 days, being much impeded by the sheriffs
HISTORY OF NORWICH, 161
and some other members of the corporate body. The first " Toicn Council"
under the Municipal Reform Act, was elected Nov. 9th, 1835.
On January 7th, 1835, after a contest between two Whig and two Tory
candidates for the representation of the city in parhament, the two former
were defeated ; the number of votes at the close of the poll being, for Lord
Stormont, 1892 ; for the Hon. Robert Campbell Scarlett, 1878 ; for the Hon.
E. V. Harbord, 1592 ; and for F. O. Martin, Esq., 1582. During the same
month, Sir James Scarlett, who had sat for the city from 1832 to 1834, was
raised to the peerage by the title of "Baron Abinger, of Abinger, in the
county of Surrey, and of the city of Norwich." He died in 1844. On June
loth, 1835, the last guild-day of the old corporation, was held with all the
customary civic splendoui', and about 800 ladies and gentlemen dined at
St. Anckew's Hall. On Januaiy 1st, 1836, T. O. Springfield, Esq., was
elected the first Mayor under the Municipal Act. On December 1st, when
the first stone of the yarn factory, near Whitefriar's bridge, was laid, the
pageant in honour of Bishop Blaize was revived with great splendour. The
bishop was personated by Richard Dickerson, a woolcomber, who had held
the same character in the procession of 1783. The coronation of Queen
Victoria was celebrated here June 28th, 1838. This year the city was much
disturbed by the weavers' stiike for resisting a reduction of wages. In
June, 1839, the Norwich Tonnage Act passed. The chartists of the city
attended service at the cathedral, on the 18th of August. This faction did
not commit here any open breaches of the peace, though some of its mem-
bers provided themselves with guns and pikes, which were taken from them
by the pohce. While excavating a grave in the chancel of the church of
St. Peter Mancroft, a cofl&n was broken, which proved to be that of Sir
Thomas Browne, M.D., who died in 1682. The skeleton was found to be in
good preservation, and the hair of the beard very profuse. At the election
in July, 1841, the chartists put F. K. Eagle, Esq., in nomination, and the
military were soon afterwards called out co disperse a ''riotous mob, which
threatened vengeance on Dover, the chartist leader, for taking a bribe for
the withdrawal of his nomination of Mr. Eagle.
A dreadful storm of hail, rain, wind, and thunder, on the 9th of August,
1843, did immense damage to property in various parts of Norfolk; and
towards repairing the losses of the sufi'erers, £'5622. lis. lOd. were raised by
parochial, and £4391. 14s. 6d. by individual subscriptions. Similar storms
occurred in tlie preceding and the same month, in various parts of the king-
dom, and many of the hailstones, or rather pieces of ice, were 1^ inches
square. In some places the panes of glass in the windows which faced the
storm were nearly all broken. In January, 1849, Jenny Lind gave two
concerts in Norwich, each of which was attended by more than 2000 per-
sons, and the proceeds, amounting to £1253. 4s., were generously given by
the celebrated songstress for the foundation of the Jenny Lind Infirmaiy
for Children, as afterwards noticed. On April 4th, 1850, Mr. Newall, the
superintendent of the Eastern Counties Railway, was killed at Reedham,
by leaping ofi" a train when in motion. On July 9th, 1853, a dreadful
thunderstorm passed over Norwich, and the rain fell in torrents for three
hours, and inundated the lower part of the city. In May, 1854, the mayor
(Mr. Samuel Bignold) presented an address to the Queen, assuring her
majesty of the loyal support of the Corporation in the prosecution of the
Russian war, and his worship received the honour of knighthood. The
Wellington statue, in the Market place, was inaugurated on Nov. 2nd in the
same year. Duke's Palace Bridge was opened free of toll in March, 1855.
The new Cemetery was commenced Feb. 27th, 1856 ; and in April of the
following year the Nelson statue was removed from the Market place to
the front of the Grammai' School, in the Upper Close. There were great
rejoicings and illuminations in 1857, on the conclusion of peace with
Russia ; and a grand banquet was shortly afterwards given in St. Andrew's
162 HISTORY OF NOEWICH,
Hall, to Major General Windham, C.B., the hero of the Redan. On June
26th, 1857, the present Bishop of Norwich was mstalled, and in the follow-
ing August the annual congress of the British Archaeological Institute was
held in this city. In March, 18G0, Lord Bury and H. W. Schneider, Esq.,
who had for some years represented the city, were unseated for bribery,
and replaced by Su- Wm. Russell, Bart., C.B., and Edward Warner, Esq.,
the present parhamentary representatives of Norwich. A meeting was
held on the 10th of January. 1861, to consider the best means of reheving
the distress which had for some time prevailed owing to the depression of
trade; and within a month more than £4.000 were raised for the poor of the
city. The death of the Prince Consort, in December, 1861, caused great
grief in Norwich, and the mayor and corporation went in procession with
the Volunteers, &c., to the cathedral, where a suitable sermon was preached
by the bishop. On the 12th of September, 1862, the whole of theNorfolk
and Norwich Volunteers, with some of their confreres from the neighbour-
ing counties, and more than 2000 invited guests, were entertained by R.J.
H. Harvey, Esq., the High Sheriff of Norfolk, at his seat at Crown Point;
and on the succeeding day a large number of the poor experienced the same
liberal treatment. On the 10th of March, 1863, the citizens again dis-
played their enthusiastic loyalty by processions, illuminations, balls, &c.,
on the occasion of the marriage of the Prince of Wales. The Triennial
Musical Festival in September, 1863, reahzed the large sum of 564680. 8s.
Mandfactuees. — The manufactures of Norwich are the great source of
its wealth, and by employing an immense capital, exciting industry, and
remunerating labour, they have raised the city to its present commercial
importance, and augmented its population since the year 1811, from 37,313,
to upwards of 76,000 souls; and its houses from 8336 to about 18.000. No
place in England, Manchester excepted, has made a more distinguished
figure in the weaving trade than the city of Norwich. That the art of
manufacturing cloth from wool was exercised in Norfolk from a very early
period, has been conjectured from the simple and primitive mode of spinning
with a distaff being continued here long after it was disused in other manu-
facturing districts ; indeed, it was not finally abolished here till about fifty
years ago, when the machine spinners of Yorkshire began to supply the city
manufacturers with yarn of a more regular texture, at a cheaper rate, and
in much larger quantities than could be produced on the domestic wheels
of Norfolk ; and several yarn mills have since been built in Norwich.
Before the Norman Conquest, woollens of various qualities and textures
composed the principal manufactures of Norwich ; but soon after that period
a sort of cloth work was introduced, which, though not a new discovery,
had not been previously x^ractised in England. This was a totally different
production to what had usually been denominated cloth ; the preparation
being by a combing, instead of a carding process. By the former, the wool
is drawn out to a very long, in the latter to a short staple ; that is, the
fibres of the fleece are extended the whole length in the one instance, and
broken and internected in the other. The art of combing wool is attributed
as a discovery to Blasius, or Blaize, a bishop of the eastern church in the
third century, who is still venerated by the woolcombers as the patron saint
of their trade. Respecting the time when it was first exercised in this
country, difl'erent opinions have been entertained. Owing to an inundation
in Flanders, numbers of the inhabitants of that province came over to tliis
country in the time of Henry the First. Some of them settled in Pem-
brokeshire, and others fixed their abode, first at Worstead, and afterwards at
Norwich, and their articles, manufactured fwm jersey, or combed wool,
received the name of ivorsted stuff's, from their original place of settlement
in Norfolk. In the reign of Edward II. a patent was granted to John
Pecock, investing him with the exclusive privilege of measuring every piece
of worsted stuff made in the city of Norwich or County of Norfolk. But
NORWICH MANUFACTURES. 163
this having been found to operate as a restraint upon the trade, the letters
were soon afterwards recalled. What tended to increase and raise to an
enviable height this species of manufacture, was the number of Flemish
artizans who came over in 1336. Their arrival was occasioned by the
great intercourse at that time kept up between tliis country and the Nether-
lands, the English King, Edward III., having married PhUippa, daughter
of William, Earl of Hainault. That quaint but sohd historian, Fuller, in
his account of the arrival of these foreigners, says, " The king and state
began now to grow sensible of the great gain the Netherlands got by our
English wool, in memory whereof the Duke of Burgundy, not long after,
instituted the order of the golden fleece ; wherein indeed the fleece was ours
and the golden theirs, so vast was their emolument by the trade of clothing.
Our king, therefore, resolved, if possible, to reduce the trade to his own coun-
try (men), who as yet were ignorant; as knowing no more what to do with
their wool than the sheep who wear it, as to any artificial and curious
drapery, their best cloths being no better \h.2iXifre'izes, such their coarseness
for want of skill in thek making." The king, having obtained this treasure
of foreign artizans, that the arts they brought might be more generally dis-
persed, encouraged them to settle in different parts of his dominions. Bat
when left to their unbiassed choice, they always preferred a maritime situa-
tion ; and both the bearing of the county and habits of the people deter-
mined many in then* choice of Norfolk. The discovery of Fullers -earth at
this time, a substance so useful in the trade, and with which England
abounds, did not a little contribute to further their exertions in the weaving
craft. Various staples were appointed for the sale of wool, and its export-
ation was proliibited under heavy penalties. On this occasion the city of
Norwich was fixed for the staple of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk.
In the time of Richard II., and succeeding reigns, various statutes were
enacted for the encouragement and regulation of the trade, by further pro-
hibitions against sending unmanufactured wool out of the kingdom, and for
measuring the manufactured articles, as well as for the sale of cloth.
Though the alnage had been dropped, as tending to depress the spirit of
speculation, yet it was deemed necessary, in the early progress towards
manufacturing excellence, that officers should be appointed, whose duty it
was to inspect all goods, and pass them, by affixing a seal, as a mark of
approbation, to the approved pieces. In the twenty-third year of Henry
the Sixth, an act passed ordering four wardens to be chosen for the city of
Norwich, and four others for the county of Norfollc, " To do right, and to
make due search of worsteds in Norwich and Norfolk, and which will set
down orders for the true making thereof J''-' It having been discovered in
the following reign, " that divers persons in Norwich and Norfolk made
untrue wares, by which means they lose their ancient estimation beyond
sea," &c., the number of wardens was increased. From this act it seems
the trade had arrived at such a degree of excellence as to rival other nations
in the foreign market; and the English goods, probably, then obtained an
extensive sale in those very countries whence the art had first been im-
ported. In the time of Henry VIII., according to Blomefield, the sale of
stuffs made in the city of Norwich only, amounted to the annual sum of
^200,000, exclusive of stockings, wliich were commuted at i'60,000 more.
Not only did the ti-ade thus flourish at Norv^dch and Worstead, but it had
* In the year 1459, at an assembly of the clothiers under the late regulations, it
was agreed that thecZof/i seal should be committed to a proper person, who should
be considered sole tokener, to seal and token all cloths, called Norwich cloths, with
a lead seal or token, after he had found them the proper length and breadth. All
the weavers were ordered to deliver in a roll, containing the names of their craft,
with the several marks belonging to each individual, by which the gooJness of
everj man's work might be ascertained by his mark, and the measure of it by the
token.
T. 2
164 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
now spread over the county ; for by an Act passed in the fourteenth year of
his reign, it appears, that " the making of worsteds, sales, and stammins, which
had greatly increased in the city of Norwich and county of Norfolk, was now
practised more busily and diligently than in tunes past at Yarmouth and
Lynn." The wardens of these towns, therefore, were put under the con-
trol of the jurisdiction of Norwich. During the reigns of Edward the Sixth
and Queen Mary, new articles of manufacture continued to be introduced.
and new regulations passed for the making of russells, satins, satin-reverses,
and Naples-fustians, as had been done before for the making of hats, dor-
nicks, and coverlets, and the manufacturers of such new articles were
formed into a corporation, endowed with exclusive privileges. Subsequent
to this, the trade fell into decay, and a new era of its revival commenced.
By the advice of the Duke of Norfolk, Queen Elizabeth was induced to offer
an asylum in her dominions to the inhabitants of the Low Countries, who
had fled from the cruel persecution of the Duke of Alva. These Dutch and
Walloon refugees brought with them theii* arts and their industry, and
quickly evinced the folly of attempting compulsion in religious matters, and
the wisdom and policy of an enlightened toleration. They were allowed to
settle in Norfolk, and each master to bring with him ten servants at the
Duke's charge. They rapidly increased from 330 to nearly 4000, and the
county was essentially benefited by their skill and exertions. New fabrics
were introduced by the intermixture of silk and wool, and, in 1575, the Dutch
Elders presented in court a specimen of a novel work, called bombazine, for
the manufacturing of which elegant stufi", (of silk and worsted,) the city was
long famed. In 1653, an Act was passed for regulating the spinning of
worsted yarn and the weaving of stuffs. In the reign of George I., an Act
passed to compel the makers of any Idnd of stufi" to become freemen of Nor-
wich, as the manufacturers of russells and fustians had formerly been.
The preamble states that it was made to furnish the city with a proper
supply of able magistrates ; but the policy of the measure lay deeper than
the statement. In the twenty-fifth year of George II., a statute was enacted
to open the port of Great Yarmouth for the importation of wool and woollen
yarn, a circumstance which proved highly beneficial to the general trade
of the city and county. For a long time the master manufacturers were
men of moderate capital, their concerns were hmited, and credit small.
Many of them resided in the villages, and brought their articles to the city
for sale ; indeed, most of them disposed of their goods to factors, who sup-
plied the merchants. The trade was then principally confined to home
consumption, and the act of 1721, which prohibited the general wearing of
cottons, and the order for the court moui-ning to consist of Nonvich crapes,
during the administration of Sir Robert Walpole, prove that the trade did
not then depend so much on foreign demand as upon internal orders.
About ninety years ago, the tide of fashion running strongly in favour of
the light and elegant manufactures of India, excited in the genius of Britain
a spirit of imitation. The stuff trade had been long on the decline, through
the prevalence of Manchester cottons ; and from the facihty and cheapness
with which these were manufactured by the wonderful inventions of Ark-
wright and other ingenious mechanics, the destruction of the home trade
was. almost completed. The merchants and manufacturers were roused to
extraordinary exertions, and the channels of trade were soon entirely
changed. They improved and extended their continental connexions, their
travellers were seen in every kingdom of Europe, and the great annual
marts of Frankfort, Leipsic, and Salerno were crowded with purchasers for
Norwich goods. By these means, though excluded from their usual share
of the internal trade, they amply compensated that loss. The tradesmen
now sent their sons to be educated in German}'', Italj^ and Spain, that by
learning the languages and manners of the different people, tliey might en-
large their views and strengthen their foreign relations. The taste of every
NORWICH MANUFACTURES. 165
coiintiy, and tlie habits of every clime were consulted, from the frozen north
to the sultiy south. Hence Norwich, and the countiy for twenty miles
round it, were quickly crowded with looms. Though the distaff and spin-
ning wheel were incessantly ^Dlied tlirough the counties of Norfolk and Suf-
folk, and in the former only, it is computed fifty thousand tods of wool were
annually spun, yet the produce was inadequate to the demand. It became
necessary to import yarn as well as wool ; and of the importation of bay
yarn from Ireland only, more was at that period consumed here than had
been, a few years before, imported into the whole kingdom. Exclusive of
this, great quantities of yam were purchased from the neighbouring coun-
ties, and Scotland also was induced to contribute a share. At that proud
meridian of its prosperity, the trade, from the capriciousness of fashion,
began to show some symptoms of decay ; and the disastrous war breaking
out, abridged its communications, dissolved its continental connexions;
annihilated all incentives to speculation, depressed the spii'it of entei-prise^
and paralysed the hands of industry.
Arthur Young considered the interval betn^een the years 1748 and 1763,
and downward, till the dispute between England and her colonies became
serious, to have been a flourishing era in the commercial annals of Norwich.
The number of looms was then found to be 12,000, and each of them, with
its attendant preparations, was supposed to produce work to the value of
i£*100 per annum, making the total yearly value of the manufactures
£'1,200,000, of which only one-tenth was estimated as the value of the raw
material, so that the amount then paid here for lahour exceeded one million
l)er annum. Nearly the whole of Europe, together with China, South
America, and the Cape of Good Hope, were formerly supj)Hed by Norwich
with a variety of worsted stuffs, such as calimancoes, tahinets, brocaded
satins, satijiets,Jlorettes, hrilliants, daniasl'S, and tastings, which were tech-
nically called " toys" and are now succeeded in those markets by piinted
cottons. The ladies of Spain were excellent customers for bombazines.
Spain also took large quantities of camlets for the use of the rehgious orders.
Tills article obtained great celebrity for its texture and resistance to the
weather. It found its way all over Europe, and large orders were annually
received from tlie East India Company till 1832, for the supply of China,
where it is still in high repute. The fiUover shawl, commonly called the
Norwich shawl, was first made here by Mr. John Harvey, in 1803, and was
of cotton, embroidered with coloured worsted, and chiefly exported to
America. This article was greatly improved by Mr. P. J. Knights, who
made it of silk and worsted, the outline of the pattern being printed, while
the flower was embroidered with the needle. Mr. Knights presented several
curious patterns of this shawl to Queen Charlotte, and received from the
Society of Arts a medal, for a counterpane five yards square, with a fringe,
and without a seam. Fillover shawls have since undergone great improve-
ments, and at one period a man and his wife are said to have earned, in
making them, as much as ^615 a week. Tliis branch of the Nor-^ich manu-
factures has of late years been considerably reduced in consequence of the
Scotch imitating the style, and paying lower wages. Other branches have
undergone considerable changes and depressions since the introduction of
machinery and printed goods. Poplins, chahs, tamataves, cashmeres,
paramattas, gauzes, crapes, silks, satins, and satinettes, lustres of several
sorts, mouseline-de-laines, mantles, velvets, &c., are all now produced in
abundance here, chiefly for home consumption, though fancy goods to a
considerable extent are exported to America and Austraha, Many articles
formerly made here entirely of worsted, are not now heard of, and new ones
are introduced yearly, the manufacturers being constantly on the alert,
either to anticipate the changes in the pubHc taste, or to copy, and if pos-
sible, to sell at a lower price, some prevailing article of recent introduction.
The Jacquard Loom, now so extensively used in yorkshire and other manu-
IGG HISTORY OP NORWICH.
facturiiig counties, was introduced here about tlio year 1833. By this in-
genious machine the most complicated patterns can be woven with the
same ease as the plainest ; but the great number of cards required to pro-
duce the figures make it expensive. At one period, about 150 ivoolcombers
were employed here, but, after 1808, they were obliged to seek employment
among the machine spinners of Yorkshire. The erection of two worsted
mills at Norwich, in 1834, again introduced into the city the ancient art of
woolcombing.
On the occasion of the marriage of the Prince of Wales, in 1863, seven of
the principal manufacturing firms presented, through the corporation, to
the Princess Alexandra, specimens of the elegant fabrics for which Norwich
has so long been famous, which not only fully maintained the ancient reputa-
tion of the city, but shewed that such improvements have been introduced
that no fear need be entertained of competition with the products of foreign-
ers, either as to quality or price. Messrs. Clahhurn, Sons, d- Crisp, presented
a silk shawl of elaborate Indian pattern, with white centre and crimson and
gold border. Messrs. Middleton and Answorth, a silk mantle or bournous
cloak of Persian pattern, crimson and white intermixed, and edged with
gold. Messrs. BolinghroTte and Jones, a poplin dress-piece, of bleu-de-ciel
colour, with white spot, both sides equally perfect. Messrs. Towler, Row-
ling, and Allen, a grenadine silk shawl of crimson, white, and gold. Messrs.
Francis Hinde and Son, an opera cloak of white silk, with raised velvet
stripes of Humbolt-violet colour. Messrs. Edward Willett and Nephew,
a plain poplin dress-piece, of Humbolt-violet colour. And the Norivich
Crape Company, a white crape shawl.
During the last fifteen years the manufacture of boots and sJioes has
become a leading branch of Norwich trade, and there are about thirty whole-
sale houses here employing more than 5000 persons, chiefly in making shoes
for exportation. Messrs. Barnard, BisJiop and Barnards employ a large
number of hands in manufacturing root pulpers, pig troughs, iron chairs and
gates, wire netting, dc. The splendid gates manufactured by this firm from
designs by Mr. Thomas Jeckyll, for the Exhibition of 1862, achieved so
high a reputation as the " Norwich Gates' that they were deemed a worthy
j)resent from the County of Norfolk and City of Norwich to the Prince of
Wales on the occasion of his coming to reside at Sandringham ; they were
consequently purchased by public subscription and duly presented to his
Royal Highness in April, 1863. The gates are 25 feet high and 40 feet
wide, and are divided into compartments, — the lower being a trelhs work of
vine leaves and bunches of grapes, and the upper a similar interweaving of
the leaves of the hawthorn. The piers are surmounted by heraldic animals
supporting shields, and are wreathed with the briar-rose, oak, and convol-
vulus. Every part, except the piers and gu-ders, which are of cast iron, is
wrought by the hand of the workman, without the aid of die or mould, and
copied from nature with such fidelity as to have a marvellous effect ; no
two leaves or branches being exactly alike. The whole has an imposing
and beautiful appearance, and is a work of which Norwich may be justly
proud. Messrs. Holmes and Son are large manufacturers of agricultural
machines, for which they have obtained several prize medals. The Norfolk
Stone Company has extensive premises in St. Clement's, yvheve p)atent con-
crete stone is manufactured, equal in quality to the finest Portland stone,
whilst it possesses the important advantage of being moulded into any
form, so as to supply in a few hours, and at a comparatively trifling cost,
works that could hitherto be only obtained by the slow and expensive
process of the chisel and mallet. The sand used in this important manu-
facture is obtained from Mousehold Heath. Messrs. J. cf: J. Colman have
very large works at Carrow, on the banks of the Wensum, where ships of
100 tons burden can discharge their cargoes into the warehouses, whilst a
branch line from the Great Eastern Railway intersects the premises, and
NORWICH MANUFACTURES. 167
affords facility for land carriage. Messrs. Colman are the largest makers
of mustard and starch in the kingdom. They are also manufacturers of
indigo blue scn^ paper, and have an extensive j^o z/ r 7«fZZ, aiTanged to work
ten pairs of stones. These works occupy an area of several acres, and
furnish employment to more than 800 workmen. Mi . George Allen em-
ploys nearly 80 persons in making elastic fabrics in thread, silk, and wool,
adapted for gloves, mantles, shawls, table cloths, and general clothing pur-
poses. These- goods are made upon warp frames, the machinery of which
is of a very costly description, and on the same principle as the Nottingham
lace machinery. Messrs. Tliurgar d- Co. have a factory for producing the
condensed egg or egg-Jlour, for use at sea, and for general cooking purposes.
In one year this firm imported from France and Ireland the immense num-
ber of 800,000 eggs for conversion into this kind of food. Messrs. Orout and
Co. employ about 700 hands at their factory in Lower Westwick street, in the
manufacture of crapes, aerophanes, and lisses. They have also factories at
Yarmouth, Ditchingham, Manchester, and London, and employ altogether
upwards of 3000 hands. The Noruich Steam Poiver Company has a large
factory in St. James's, in which are two 50-horse power steam engines. This
spacious building is let off in rooms to various manufacturers, who have
here about 700 power looms. Some of the long rooms are occupied by
Mr. Parke and Mr. Skelton, for the spinning of mohair and icorsted yarn.
R. W. Blake, Esq., possesses a large factory in St. Edmund's, and also the
Lakenham mill, both of which are occupied for spinning mohair and worsted
yarn. King street mill belongs to Messrs. Jay d- Son, who are largely engaged
in spining mohair, ivorsted, and alpaca icool. Messrs. J. L. Barber S Co.
have an extensive cotton uinding establishment in St. Martin's, where large
quantities of cotton reels are made. It is almost unnecessary to say that
at the various International Exhibitions from 1851 to 1862, the Norwich
manufacturers successfully competed with those of other tovnis and coun-
ti'ies, and succeeded in can-ying off a fair share of piize medals, besides
obtaining innumerable honourable mentions. There are a great number
of manufacturers employing many workmen, besides those ah-eady named;
but it would be impossible to mention them all ; and there are also in the
city many extensive establishments for dying and finishing the manufactured
goods; several ironfoundries, tanneries, breweries, maltkilns, soaperies,
chemical works, oilcake and artificial manure works, brick and tile works, &c.
There are two old Banks in the city, viz., Gumeys and Co.'s, estabhshed
in 1775 ; and Harvey's and Co.'s, estabhshed in 1792. There are also the
East of England Bank, estabhshed in 1835 by a Joint Stock Company, with
a capital of one milUon, in 50,000 ^620 shares , a Savings' Bank, a Post
Office Savings' Bank, and a Penny Savings' Bank.
The Navigation of the Wensum and the Yare is a great facihty to the
manufactures and commerce of Norwich, and has been considerably im-
proved by a ship canal cut across the marshes from Reedham to Lowestoft.
The general navigation from Norwich to Yarmouth is b}^ keels and wherries.
The wherries are pecuhar to the rivers of Norfolk and Suffolk, and those
used on the Wensum carry from 15 to 40 tons, and draw from three to four
feet of water ; the mast is by the head, and is so balanced by means of lead
that the strength of one man is sufficient to raise or lower it in the event of
passing bridges ; on this, by the action of a mndlass, the sail is hoisted,
being extended on a gaff at the upper edge. These vessels are seldom
navigated by more than two hands, and one of them is often a boy, or the
wife of the waterman ; in the latter case it is not unfrequent for them to
have theu' famihes in a cabin placed at the stern. The project of opening
a communication between the city and the ocean for vessels drawing eight
feet of water, originated with Crisp Brown, Esq., one of the aldermen, who
first submitted his plan for making Norwich a port, by way of Yarmouth, to
an assembly of the corporation in 1814 ; after which LIr. Cubitt was em-
168 HISTORY OF NOP.WI0H.
plo3''ed to make a survey of the river Yare, aud in 1818 he published a re-
port, recommending the avoidance of the Breydon Water, by a cut on the
south side, and estimating the cost of his plan at £'35,026. In the same
year Mr. Cubitt was employed to make another survey, " with a view of
ascertaining whether or not it was practicable to open a communication with
the sea at Lowestoft ;" and in 1821 he published his report, strongly recom-
mending this plan in preference to the other, but estimating the cost at
£87,000. T. Telford, Esq., afterwards examined the two lines, and fully
concurred in the reports of Mr. Cubitt. As the corporation of Yarmouth
had announced their intention of opposing either of the plans that might
be adopted, it was determined to prosecute that by Lowestoft. Subscrip-
tions were entered into, and fresh surveys made, but it was not till the
session of 1826 that the committee was prepared to apply to Parliament
for an act to enable it to carry the plan into effect. The bill being
strongly opposed by the Yarmouth corporation and the owners of the
marshes, (the latter fearing an inundation,) it was lost by a majority' of five,
though the evidence in its favour was so conclusive that upon application
to the Speaker of the House it was ordered to be printed at the pubhc ex-
pense. In the next session a second bill was introduced, and referred to a
committee, in which, after much opposition, only five members voted against
it, while 25 voted for it. The bill then passed the Commons, but was
vigorously opposed in the House of Lords. It ultimately passed both
Houses, and received the royal assent May 28th, 1827, after the corporation
of Yarmouth had spent £8000 in opposing it. This great work, called the
Norwich amd Lowestoft Navigation, was commenced in the same year,
and finished Sept. 30th, 1833. (See page 160.) The Yare has been deep-
ened in a small part of its course near Norwich, and the line pursues the
navigation of that river as far as Reedham, from whence it is carried across
the marshes by a cut 2^ miles long, to the river Waveney, along which it
passes to Oulton-Dike. The latter has been -svidened and deepened to
Oulton-Broad, whence by a short cut the canal enters Lahe Lo thing, along
which it passes to the shore at Lowestoft, where, by cutting through the
sea bank, the tides have been freely admitted into the lake, which now forms
a large harbour, covering 160 acres, nearly three miles in length, and
averaging from 15 to 17 feet in depth at liigh water. Thus Norwich became
a port, and its vessels from London and the south arrive by a nearer route
than Yarmouth, with greater facilities for proceeding on their voyages, and
with the advantage of avoiding the shallow waters of Breydon, and the
delay and expense of trans-shipment at Yarmouth, from which port, how-
ever, much of the city merchandise is still transmitted.
Bridges. — As has already been seen, the river Wensum passes through
Norwich by a sinuous course, and soon afterwards falls into the Yare. In
its passage through the city and suburbs it is crossed by ten bridges. The
second on the stream within the city is Coslany Bridge, originally built of
timber ; it was rebuilt of stone in 1521, but falling into decay, was taken down
and re-constructed of cast iron in 1804. Blachfriars Bridge was a wooden
structure, erected about the time of Henry VIIL, rebuilt of the same mate-
rial in Edward IV.'s reign, and of stone with three arches, in 1589 , this
also decaying, and the narrow arches being a great impediment to the cur-
rent, the bridge was rebuilt of one stone arch, 44 feet span, in 1784, at a
cost of £1290. This arch is remarkably strong, all the stones being cramped
with iron. Fye-Bridge, anciently called " Fyve-Bridge," from its being the
fifth principal bridge over the Wensum, was a timber fabric till Henry
IV.'s time, when it was rebuilt of stone, but was washed down by a flood in
1570. Three years afterwards a new bridge was completed of two arches,
the largest 20 feet span ; but it underwent considerable repair in 1756, and
was taken down in 1829, when the present handsome cast iron bridge was
erected on its site. Whitefriars Bridge was likewise a wooden fabric till
NORWICH BRIDGES. 169
1691, when it was rebuilt of stone, containing one pointed arch, 30 feet
span; being much decayed, it was thoroughly repaired in 1835, when the
old battlements gave place to neat iron raihng. Bishop's Bridge was
erected or rebuilt in 1295, by the Prior of Norwich, who had a patent
granted him for building " a gate, mth a bridge 20 feet adjoining it." It
was afterwards repaired by the Bishop and Prior, but becoming a general
inlet to the city, it was granted to the citizens in 1393, and they were
charged with its subsequent repairs, and had the appointment of a porter to
keep the gate, though the hermit or monk asking alms there was nominated
by the Prior. It has three semi-circular arches, and on the inside of the
largest are some old sculptured heads. Foundry Bridge is a handsome and
commodious structure, of one spacious arch, erected in 1844, (on the site
of one built in 1811,) chiefly of wood, resting on stone piers. This was a
toll bridge, but soon after the completion of the present fabric it was pur-
chased of the proprietors and thrown open to the public for £'6700, half of
which was given by the railway company, and the remainder paid out of
the tonnage dues. Dukes Palace Bridge, built of cast iron (under the pov/ers
of an act of parhament passed in 1820), at a cost of ^£'9000, was a pay-bridge
till 1855, when it was purchased by the corporation for about ^£'4000. The
two following are still toll-bridges, viz. : — New Mills Bridge, the first on
the river within the walls, (free for foot passengers only ;) and Carroic
Bridge, originally an u'on elliptical arch of 50 feet span, erected in 1810,
but rebuilt in 1833, with leaves to draw up for the admission of vessels
using the Norwich and Lowestoft Navigation. Hellesden Bridge, on the
north side of the city liberties, beyond the walls, was built by the corpor-
ation in 1819, chiefly of cast iron, at a cost of £'1169. The Corporation
have jurisdiction on the river from Hellesden Bridge to Hardley Cross, a
distance of 24 miles, following the sinuosities of the channel; this, how-
ever, does not supersede the rights of the proprietors of the manors on the
banks, all of which have their respective fi:ee fisheries, and to some swan
marks are appended ; but the city has in all cases a joint right. The river
contains various kinds of fish, such as roach, perch, tench, dace, gudgeon,
bream, pike, rufi", and great quantities of eels. Salmon have been occa-
sionally taken, and smelts are found in great plenty in the months of April
and May. For cleansing the river and otherwise supporting the navigation
within their jurisdiction, the Corporation of Norwich receive about £800 a
year from the Yarmouth Haven and Pier Commissioners; and for the
reparation of the bridges, staiths, wharves, roads, &c., they levy tomiage
duties on all goods brought up the river.
Railways. — The first railway formed in Norfolk was the line from Nor-
wich to Yarmouth, which was opened May 1st, 1844, with gi-eat rejoicing.
Since then numerous other lines have been made in the county, so that
Norwich has now equal, if not superior railway facilities to those of most
other cities. It has direct communication with London and all parts of the
kingdom by means of the Great Eastern Railway, with which all the lines
in the county were incorporated by act of parhament in 1862. (See page
59.) There are two Railway Stations at Norwich, called respectively.
Thorpe and Victoria Stations. The fonner is on the eastern side of the
city, near Foundry Bridge, and the latter just beyond St. Stephen's Gates,
on the south. Mr. Hy. Buckley Sproul is station master at Thorpe, and
Mr. Wm. Seeley at Victoria Station. There is also a small station at
Trowse, on the southern side of the city.
Municipal Government. — As has been already seen, the corporation
of Norwich claims a prescriptive origin. A charter of theffth of Henry II.
is the earhest known one, and it confirmed certain hberties enjoyed in the
reign of Stephen. A charter of the fifth of Henry IV. made the territory
within the limits of the corporation a county of itself, excepting only the
precincts of the Castle and the Cathedral, which have been added to the
170 HISTOEY OF NORWICH.
borough by the Reform Acts of 1832 and 1835. Tioenty-jive charters, the
latest by James II., are known to have been granted, and probably others
existed and have been lost. That by which the city was governed till
1835, was granted by Charles II., in 1663, on the petition of the citizens,
and states in its preamble that " the city of Norwich is an ancient populous
city and county by itself, formerly incorporated by the name of the mayor,
sheriffs, citizens, and commonalty of the city of Norwich, and as such, en-
joying many privileges and immunities granted by former kings," all of
which are hereby confirmed, with " all manner of liberties, free customs,
franchises, exemptions, quit-claims, and jurisdictions belonging to the city ;
and also all and singular lands, tenements, marts, markets, fairs, customs
for cattle, liberties, privileges, and hereditaments whatever, whether by
grant, custom, or prescription, in as ample a manner as heretofore." The
charter then vested the civil government in a mayor, 24 aldermen, two
sheriff's, a recorder, a steward, a town clerk, and 60 common councilmen, and
granted " that the mayor, recorder, and steward for the time being, and all
such aldermen as have borne the office of maijor of the said city, shall be
afterwards, so long as they continue dldeimen, justices of the peace in the
CITY and its county, with the same power as all othev justices of the peace
have in other counties of this realm, with full power to inquire, hear, and
determine by the oaths of lawful men of the said city and county, of all
felonies, transgressions, regratings, and ^a;^or^io/2s whatever, committed within
their jurisdiction ; at which sessions the mayor, recorder, and steward, or two
of them, shall be personally present, who shall also make inquiry, &c., of all
conventicles or meetings of the people, contrary to the King's peace, and
proceed thereupon according to the laws of the land," Two of the twenty-
four aldermen were elected for life by each of the twelve small wards.
Persons elected and refusing to serve the office of aldermen, were liable to
a fine not exceeding .:£200, to be laid out in repairing w^alls, bridges, &c.
The charters provided that the ^i-^ij common councilmen should be annually
elected by the freemen in each of the great wards separately; but by acts of
parliament passed in 1722 and 1729, for the better regulation of elections
in the city and other purposes, it was enacted that no more than three
should be elected by the freemen of each great ward on the day appointed
by the charters, and that those so elected, or the major part of them, should
elect and fill up the number repuhed for each great ward. From amongst
the aldermen who had served the office of sheriff, the mayor was chosen in
the following manner: — four thus qualified were nominated, and two of
them chosen by a poll, at which all resident freemen in the city voted, and
the discretionary power of appointing either of them remained with the
court of aldermen. One of the sheriffs was appointed by the aldermen and
the other by the freemen. The Guild day, when the mayor was sworn into
ofiice, was on the Tuesday before the eve of St. Jolni the Baptist, and was
distinguished by a splendid pageant, which originated in the annual pro-
cession of St. George's Company, and was kept up after that fraternity had
been dissolved in 1731. (See page 176.) The mayor-elect entertained the
members of the corporation to breakfast, after which a procession was
made to the cathedral. The dragon " Snap," formerly belonging to St.
George's Company, was carried first, attended by four whifilers, or swords-
men, and the city beadles with a band of music, and the standard of the
city, of blue and silver; next came the common council, in gowns, with
their beadle, then the speaker and the city coroners : then the city marshal
and the city waits, with the standard of justice, of crimson and gold, the
mace bearer and under chamberlain on horseback, the sword bearer before
the mayor, the mayor elect, the recorder, the high steward, the aldermen
above the chair, the sheriffs, the aldermen below tlie chair, and lastly, the
sheriff's officers. On returning from the cathedral after service, the pro-
cession halted at the Free School porch, (where a Latin oration was delivered
MUNICIPAL GOVEBNMENT. 171
by the head scholar,) and then returned to the Guiidliall, when the oaths
were taken by the new mayor, and he was invested with the insignia of
office, after which a splendid feast was held in St. Andrew's Hall, and a
ball at the Assembly Rooms concluded the festivities of the day. The last
guild was held in 1835, just before the passing of the Municipal Reform Act.
Till 1772, the whole procession went on horseback, and was considered to
be the gi'andest pubhc cavalcade in England. So much of all acts, charters,
customs, and usages, as are inconsistent with " An Act to provide for the
Regulation of Municijjal Corporations in England and Wales,'' j)assed Sept.
9th, 1835, were repealed and annulled by that act, which divided the
borough of Norwich into eight wards, and reduced the number of aldermen
to 16, and the councillors to 48. As already noticed, the Reform Acts of
1832 and 1835 have added to the borough the Precincts of the Castle and
Cathedral, and all such other extra-parochial places as are contained witliin
the outer boundaries of the city and county of the city of Norwich. In the
Municipal Act of 1835, it was placed in section 1 of schedule A, among the
boroughs which were to have a Commission of the Peace. This act con-
firmed its former privilege of being a county of itself, with only one sheriff
instead of two, as formerly. It also altered the style of the corporation, the
mode of election, the number of officers, the courts, the fees paid on the
admission of freemen, &c. The freedom of the city is now only open to
fi'eemen's sons and apprentices, each of the former paying a/(?e of 7s., and
each of the latter a fine of 13s. 4d., and a fee of 7s. 8d. on their admission.
The stamp duty {£!) formerly paid on each admission, was discontinued in
1838. The freedom could formerly be obtained by gift or purchase, a fine
of from ^"3 to ^£'25, according to trade, being charged on the admission of
strangers ; and an act of the 9th of George I. required certain tradesmen to
take up their freedom, but it was rarely enforced. There are 28 magistrates
appointed by the Crown for the city and county of the city. Some of them
sit with the Mayor in the Sword-room, at the Guildhall, every day, to hear
and determine aU matters brought before them. Assizes are held here
twice a-year, and Quarter Sessions are held by the recorder, who adjourns
them as often as necessary. The sheriffs, or one of them, with the steward
as assessor, were appointed by the charter of Charles II. to hold the Quild-
Jiall, or Sheriff's Court, and try all personal and mixed causes to any
amount. Since the passing of the Municipal Act of 1835, all the officers
of this court, now called the Borough Court of Record, consisting of the
judge, registrar, and four sergeants at mace, are appointed by the corpora-
tion. The practice of this court is similar to that of the high courts at
Westminster. A court for the trial of issues is held six times a year.
The Treasurer for the City and County of Nor'nach received in the year
ending 1st September, 1862, a total sum of =£20,791. 8s. lid., exclusive of a
balance of ^£1690. 9s. ll^d. from the preceding year's account. 'His pay-
ments during the same period amounted to ^£26,681. 13s. 3d., so that there
was a deficit of ^199. 14s. 4fcl, The principal receipts were derived as
follows: — ^07375 from borough rates ; ^£2800 rents of estates ; ^'2210 rents
and dues of markets and fairs ; ^'2232 from government for the prosecution,
maintenance, and removal of convicts, police expenses, &c. ; i£800 from
the Yarmouth Haven Commissioners for the support of the Norwich
rivers; ^1155 tonnage dues; and ^"711 burial fees, &c. The chief items of
expenditure were £6100 for the purchase of property for the cattle market ;
^£2271 expenses of city gaol; ,£1000 for j)rosecutions, &c., at assizes and
sessions, £5795 for city police; £200 for river police; £020 for taxes, &c. ;
£176 for coroner's inquests ; £674 for law charges; £1050 for free library ;
£850 for improvLQg the river ; £1000 for repau-s of roads and buildings out
of the tonnage dues ; about £1300 for the cemetery ; and £300 for militia
storehouses.
Norwich has returned two Members to Parliament since the 25tli of
172 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
Edward I. In 1403, Henry IV. summoned /02a' citizens to be returned to
Parliament ; but the services of representatives being then paid for by their
constituents, the expense was an object of such consideration that the
citizens employed John Alford to obtain the Idng's licence to send only two
as before. The parliamentary elective franchise weis confined to the regis-
tered freemen (about 3000) and the 40s. freeholders, but by the Reform Act
of 1832, it was vested in the registered freeholders, the occupiers of pro-
perty of the yearly rental of ^10 and upv/ards, and such freemen only as
are registered and do not receive alms, and reside in the city, or within the
distance of seven miles. The number of munici/pal voters in the eight wards
into which Norwich is divided is 3366. The number oi parliamentary
voters registered in 1862 was 5454, of whom 1233 were freeholders, 1998
freemen, and 2223 occupiers of =£10 houses; but a large number of the free-
holders and freemen are also entitled to the franchise as occupiers. Muni-
cipal, as well as parliamentary elections, are often carried on at Norwich
with a spirit which is not surpassed in any other place. In 1818, it is said
that no less than ^£16,000 were expended in a contested election of coun-
cillors for one of the wards. The greatest number of freemen who have
voted at any municipal election was in 1832, when 2557 polled at the elec-
tion of the sheriff ; and the number registered in that year to vote for mem-
bers of parliament was 2335 residing within, and 76 ^^ithout the city.
The freemen each receive from 5s. to 6s. yearly, in lieu of their ancient
right of pasturage on the Totvn Close Estate, as noticed at page 142. See
also Barnham Broom Estate, at a subsequent page. Much of the Corpora-
tion Property is let on lease for long terms, at small reserved rents, though
it yields a yearly rental of about ^£2800, which is applied, with the market
tolls, tonnage dues, &c., towards the reduction of the rates levied on the
citizens, after the payment of ^£200 due to various charities, and two yearly
fee-farm rents, viz., ^94, 15s. 6d. to the Earl of Orford, and ^8. 9s. to the
representative of the late Viscount Fitzwilliam. As will be seen at a subse-
quent page, the Corporation were formerly trustees of various charities, pos-
sessing estates and funds yielding about .£9000 i)er annum, but these were
transferred under the powers of the Municipal Act in 1836, to twenty-six
new trustees, appointed by the Lord Chancellor. As lords of the manor of
East Carlton (held in trust for the great hospital since 1424), they formerly
delivered yearly at the King's Exchequer, 120 herrings, hahed in 24 pies,
but none have been presented since 1834. Oildencroft, which belongs to
the same hospital, and adjoins St. Augustine's churchyard, is now occupied
by buildings, and was the place where the city tournaments were held.
Chapel field, which belonged to the college of St. Mary, and was granted to
the Corporation at the dissolution, was the campus martins of the city in
1578, when the train bands and artillery were exercised in it.
The Arms of the City are, gules, a castle triple-towered, argent; in
base a lion passant gardant, or ; supported by two angels, with wings ex-
panded, that on the dexter side holding a sword, and the other a sword in
the sinister hand, all proper. The crest is a cap of maintenance.
CORPORATION OF NORWICH. (1863-'4).
Mayor, Osborn Springfield, Esq. Recorder, Peter Fdk. O'Malley, Esq., Q.C.
ThQpast Mayors since 1836, are T. 0. Springfield, T. Brightwell, S. S. Beare,
J. Marshall, (twice), P. J. Money, E. Willett, S. Mitchell, and W. Freeman, Esqrs.,
Sir Wm. Foster, Bart., J. Betts, J. Colman, and G. L. Coleman, Esqrs., Sir S.
Bignold, Kut., [tivice], and H. Woodcock, [tioice), C Winter, R. Coaks, R. Cham-
berlain, (twice), J. G. Johnson, E. Field, G. Middleton, J. H. Tillett, W. J. U.
Browne, and H. S. Patteson, Esqrs.
Sheriff, Frederick Brown, Esq.— Under Sheriff, P. E. Hansell, Esq.
The past Sheriffs since 1836, are, H. Bolingbroke, J. Bateman, J. Francis, H.
Woodcock, J. BarweU, R. Coaks, W. Storey, W. Freeman, G. L. Coleman, J. Betts,
J, Colman, (twice), C, Winter, J. Watson, R. Chamberlain, E. Blakely, R. W.
NOKWICH COBPOKATION.
173
Blake, G. Womack, H. Birkbeck, E. J. H. Harvey, T. Steward, R. Seaman, C.
Crawshaw, H. S. Patteson, J. Underwood, D. Dalrymple, A. J. Cresswell, and
J. J. Colman, Esqrs.
Aldermen. — Philip Back, Addison John Cresswell, Canuel Darkins, James
Dawbarn, Francis Gostling Foster, Wm. Hall, Wm. Manning Kitton, and Henry
Willett, Esqrs., ivho retire in 1865 ; and Wm. Birkbeck, Wm. Boswell, Eobert
Fitch, Ctiarlea Hart, Henry Staniforth Patteson, John Oddin Taylor, Jacob Henry
Tillett, and John Yoaugs, Esqrs., who retire in 1868.
Waeds and Councillors.
The Figures shew the year each Councillor retires from Office.
First Ward. — Containing the parishes of Sts. Helen, Martin- at- Palace, Simon
and Jude, Michael-at-Plea, Peter-at-Hungate, George-of-Tombland, and Peter-per-
Mountergate ; and the Precincts of the Cathedral, and the Liberty of the Bishop's
Palace.
George Ives 1864
John Underwood . . 1864
Geo. Wm. Minns .. 1865
David Penrice .... 1865
Second Ward. — The parishes of St. Andrew, John-of-Maddermarket, Gregory,
Lawrence, Margaret, and S within.
John B. Morgan ... 1866
Edw. K. Harvey .. . . 1866
Richd. N. Bacon. . .
John F. Watson
1864 J. Copeman, jun.,. 1865
.. 1864 A.M. F. Morgan... 1865
Third Ward. — The parishes of St. Benedict and St. Giles, and the hamlets of
Heigham and Earlham.
E. C. Bailey 1864 I Robert Home 1865
Robert A. Gorell. . . 1864 | Henry Ling 1865
Fourth Ward. — The parish of St. Peter Mancroft.
Simms Reeve 1866
Robert Thorns 1866
James Winter 1866
George Gedge 1866
Thomas Brightwell 1864
Carlos Cooper 1864
Sir W. Foster, Bt. . . 1866
Charles Winter 1866
J.J. Colman 1865
Edward Willett.... 1865
Fifth Ward.— The parishes of St. Stephen, St. John's Timberhill, and All
Saints ; the Town Close, and the hamlet of Eaton.
Edward Field . .
Fredk. E.Watson
Charles W. Jolly.... 1866
Nathl. H. Caley 1866
1864 Sirs. Bignold,Knt. 1865
1864 Henry Thompson.. 1865
Sixth Ward. — The parishes of St. Julian, Etheldred, Michael-at-Thorn, Peter
Southgate, and John Sepulchre ; the hamlets of Lakenham, Trowse, Carrow, and
Bracondale ; and the Precincts of the Castle and Shirehall.
George Kitton . . .
Thomas W. Crosse
1864 John G.Johnson.. i865 1 Henry Hindes 1866
1864 C. J. M. Spencer.. . 1865 / Henry Lovett 1866
Seventh Ward. — The parishes of Sts. Clement, Edmund, Saviour, Paul, and
James ; the hamlets of Thorpe and Pockthorpe ; and that part of Sprowston, which
is within the boundary of the city and county of Norwich.
Wm. Andrews 1864
Wm. Sadd, jun 1864
JohnW. Dowson... 186c j Wm. P. Nichols ... 1866
Thomas Jarrold . . . 1865 | A. F. C. Bolingbroke lb66
Eighth JVard. — The parishes of 3t. Michael-at-Coslany, Mary, Martin-at-Oak,
George of Colegate, and Augustine ; and the hamlet of Hellesden.
John Bid well 1864
Robert Hood 1864
George Chaplin 1866
Osborn Springfield. . 1866
J. G. J. Bateman.. 1865
William Kemp 1865
Justices of the Peace. — The Mayor, the ex-Mayor, Sir Samuel Bignold, Kt.,
Dr. Copeman, and W. J. U. Browne, C. Evans, Nathaniel Palmer, Horatio Boling-
broke, Edw. Willett, J, Wright, Hy. Browne, J. G. Johnson, J. H. Gurney, M.P,,
Wm. Freeman, Osborn Springfield, A. Towler, J. Betts, Henry Woodcock, R.
Chamberlin, John Sultzer, R. J. H. Harvey, R. W. Blake, Charles Winter, Chas.
E. Bignold, Fredk. Brown, Robert Fitch, A. J. Cresswell, Robert Seaman, Henry
Willett, and J. 0. Taylor, Esqrs.
Judge of the Borough Court of Record. — Nathaniel Palmer, Esq.
Registrar of Court of Record. — Henry Miller, Esq.
Town Clerk. — Wace Lockett Mendham, Esq.
Clerk of the Peace. — A. Dalrymple, Esq.
Clerk to Magistrates. — William Day, Esq.
Clerk to Local Board of Health. — Henry Blake Miller, Esq.
Clerk to Burial Board. — Arthur Preston, Esq.
City Surveyor. — T. D. Barry, Esq. City Treasurer. — F. Simpson, Esq.
City Coroner. — Wm. Wilde, Esq. Chief Constable, — Mr. Rbt. Hitchman.
Sanitary Inspector. — Mr. Samuel Clarke.
174 OFFICEES OF NORWICH CORPORATION.
Collector op Tonnage Duties. — Mr. Joseph Dixon.
Collectors of Market Tolls. — Messrs. S. Clarke, W. Bone, and H. Lucas.
Revising Assessors. — Samuel H. Asker and Henry Pulley, Esqrs.
Clerk to Visiting Justices of Gaol and Asylum. —E. S. Bignold, Esq.
Inspector of Corn Returns. — Mr. T. S. Day.
Clerk to Tax Commissioners. — Frederick E. Watson, Esq.
Summoning Officer. — Edward Peck. Messenger. — Wm. Chapman.
Town Crier. — Josiah Berry. Water Bailiff. — Nicholas Bone.
Beadle and Hallkeeper. — Francis Widdows.
Shei-iff's Officers. — Edward Provart and Henry Goreham.
The Guild Hall, a large antique edifice, chiefly of flint, at the north
end of the market place, was originally a small thatched building, erected
for the purpose of collecting the market tolls, whence it took the name of
the Toll booth. In Edward the Third's reign, a room built of stud, and
covered with straw, was added ; and it then assumed the dignified title of
Guild Hall, though it contained only sufficient sitting room for the first
magistrate and six other persons. In 1407, when Henry IV. granted them
a charter for a mayor, instead of the two bailifi's, the corporation determined
on building a new Guild Hall, prisons, &c., and for this purpose they had a
warrant " to raise money, and press all carpenters, carters, and other
workmen." But the whole building was not completed till 1413, when the
windows of the council chamber v^eve glazed, chiefly with stained glass, illus-
trative of scriptural and municipal subjects, with the arms of some of the
contributors ; but all these ornaments have disappeared, except in the three
east windows, and even these have been much mutilated. The furniture of
this room is of the time of Henry VIII., and the woodwork is ornamented
with the linen pattern. Small figures of a lion, greyhound, and dragon are
used as poppies, and in the panels are the arms of the city, of Henry VIII.,
and of several of the cit}'' companies. There are also many paintings in
this chamber. On each side of the entrance are two fine full lengths — on
the left that of Sir Benj. Wrench, and on the right that of Thos. Emerson,
Esq., both painted b}^ Heias. Besides these there are several fine old por-
traits ; amongst the rest, Archbishop Parker, Chief Justice Coke, Alan
Piercy, f priest, 1549,) Serjeant Windham, (recorder,) Sir Peter Reade, Knt,
Sir Joseph Paine, Knt., Sir Thos, White, Knt., Wm. Doughty, (founder of
Doughty's Hospital) , and many others, who were either members of the cor-
poration or benefactors to the city. Several paintings were removed here
from St. Andrew's Hall, in 1844. Here is also the sword of the Spanish Ad-
miral, Don Xavier Winthuysen, taken at the battle off Cape St. Vincent, in
1797, by Rear- Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson, and presented by him to the
city ; it is enclosed in a glass case, with appropriate embellishments, and ac-
companied by the original letter, in the handwriting of the Norfolk hero. The
principal court is on the ground floor, towards the west ; it is neat, but not
very remarkable. The OrandJury chamber is on the east side of the porch,
and immediately over the fire-engine house. The Common Council chamber
lies to the west, and was much enlarged and improved in 1806. There was
a chapel on the south side, dedicated to St. Barbara, the peculiar saint of
prisoners, but falling into deca}'-, it was pulled down, and a porch and other
offices erected on its site. This porch was rebuilt in 1861, with Town
Clerk's ofiices, waiting room, two cells, &c., at a cost of £'800. A winding
staircase still leads from the porch down to several dark, damp, unhealthy
dungeons, undoubtedly the oldest parts of the building. In the lowest of
these, which has a groined roof, the pious martyr Bilney spent the last
hours of his life. The east end of the hall is ornamented with curious
chequer work of flint and freestone, with the royal and the city arms, now
much defaced. The Assizes and Quarter Sessions for the city are held
herC; and Petty Sessions are held daily, at twelve noon. The Guildhall is
also used for determining the municipal and parUamentary elections, and
all other matters relative to the city. The Sheriff is the returning officer.
HISTORY OF NORWICH. 175
The city regalia consists of a gold chain, worn by the mayor, presented by
Matthew Goss, in 1757 ; another gold chain, used by the deputy mayor,
purchased with £'100 left by Thomas Hall, in 1715 : a sword of state, pre-
sented by Saint George's Company, in 1705 ; a curious mace, given by
Queen Elizabeth, of silver gilt, vnth. a beautiful crystal ; two maces, silver
gilt, presented by the Duke of Norfolk and Sir Robert Walpole, in 1670
and 1734; four beadles' staves, with silver heads, &c., &c. The hall is sur-
mounted by a transparent clock, given by Henry Woodcock, Esq., during
his mayoralty in 1849-'50.
The CiiY Police Foece and Fire Brigade consists of a chief constable,
1 superintendent, 4 inspectors, 9 sergeajits, 1 warrant officer, and 75 con-
stables. The annual cost, amounting to nearly ^6000, is defrayed out of the
borough rates. Mr. Robert Hitchman is the chief constable, and has his
office at the Guildhall ; J. S. Garthon, Esq., is the surgeon ; Wm. Barnard,
superintendent; and Wm, Curtis, Henry Waller Moore, George Steward,
and Edward Peck, inspectors.
St. Andrew's Hall is a noble structure, in the perpendicular style of
architecture, with some few details of an earlier date; and is used for the
general assemblies of the corporation, for the triennial musical festivals, and
for other pubUc meetings. Having by long neglect become much dilapidated,
it was beautifully restored in 1863, at a cost of about ^65000, so that it is
now one of the handsomest and best proportioned civic halls in the king-
dom. In was erected early in the 15th century, probably about the same
time as the west front of the Cathedral, and was originally the nave of the
church attached to the Convent of Dominican or Black Friars, the choir of
which is now partitioned off as the Dutch Chiu'ch. The Black Friars first
located themselves in Norwich in 1226, and soon obtained great wealth and
influence. Their first establishment was on the north side of the river in
St. George's Colegate parish, and covered a large extent of ground ; but in
1307 they obtained a grant of the house of the dissolved Friars of the Sack,
which stood a httle north of the site of St. Andrew's HaU, and immediately
commenced the erection of a new house in the decorated style, to which they
removed in 1309. The beautiful cloisters and other lai*ge portions of these
buildings still exist, and for many years were used as part of the Workhouse,
but are now attached to the Commercial School, which was built in 1862.
The site of the present HaU does not appear to have been fuUy acquired by
the community till 1345, and it is probable that they then erected a new
church upon it, instead of that of wluch the building now known as Becket's
chapel is beheved to have been the crypt. An accidental fire in 1413 so
materially damaged the convent as to oblige the friars to return to their
old house beyond the river, where they remained until another fire there, in
1449, induced them to return again to St. Andrew's parish, where they had
doubtless some years before commenced the erection of the present magni-
ficent structure, though it was not completed till 1470. Blomefield asserts
that the building was commenced in 1415, by Su' Thomas Erpingham, and
finished by his son Sh Robert, who was a monk on the foundation, but his
only ground for saying so, appears to be, that the Erpingham aims are be-,
tween each of the clerestory windows outside, and also in painted glass in
those windows. Sir Robert died in 1445, and very probably apphed the
Erpingham property in aid of the funds for the erection of the conventual
church, which induced tlie brethren to commemorate him in the manner
stated ; but the ai'chitecture of the clerestory is of the later period of the
perpendicular stj^le, and cannot have been erected earlier than 1450. At
the dissolution of the monasteries, the site and buildings were, by the
strenuous exertions of Alderman Steward and others, obtained for the city,
with leave to " make the church a fair and large hall for the mayor and
his brethren, with all the citizens to rej)aLr unto at a common assembly."
The nave of the church was then converted into a civic hall, the choir
176 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
became a chapel for the corporation and the several guilds, and the other
buildings were made into granaries. The ancient and numerous guild,
called Saint Georges Company, usually held their meetings in the south
aisle. They were first associated in 1385, as a society of brethren and
sisters, for the purposes of charity and posthumous prayer. In 1416, they
received a charter of incorporation. From that time this guild was in great
repute, and reckoned among its members some of the first persons of abihty,
rank, and fortune ; and at one period its annual festivals were held in the
grand hall of the Bishop's palace. After the Reformation, it assumed
more the form of a municipal than of a religious society. The annual feast
or guild was held on St. George's day, and was a sumptuous festival. On
this occasion a procession was made through the city to the cathedral, by
the magistrates, corporation, masters, brethren, and sisters of the company,
all on horseback. One of the brethren was dressed to represent St. George,
and one of the sisters personated St. Margaret, called the Lady of the
Guild. The procession was preceded by the figure of a dragon, called
" Snap," constructed of wicker-work, covered with canvass, and painted
and gilt. In 1731, the remaining members of the company resigned then*
charters to the corporation ; their plate and paraphernaHa were sold, their
debts paid, and their meetings dissolved. In 1544, the first mayor's feast
was held in St. Andrew's Hall. Among the distinguished guests enter-
tained here at various periods, were Queen Elizabeth and Charles II. with
his Queen. By degrees the use of the hall and chapel for rehgious pur-
poses passed out of the hands of the Established Church, and about the
beginning of the I7th century, the Dutch were in the habit of using the
hall for divine service. They subsequently obtained a grant of the chapel ;
and an annual sermon in Dutch is still preached there, bat at other times
the place is used by a body of dissenters called the " Free Christian
Church." Other portions of the conventual buildings were subsequently
used by Presbj^terians, Baptists, and Independents. Between the years
1650 and 1725, the corporation several times proclaimed the hall " a public
exchange for the despatch of business between merchants and tradesmen,"
and about the beginning of the 18th century it was used for the city assizes,
courts being built at each end for the purpose. In 1796, the hall was
opened as a Corn Exchange, and continued to be so used till 1828. The
beautiful octagon steeple which stood between the nave and choir was built
about 1459, and fell down in 1712. It was of two stories above the church,
and -was a gi*eat addition to the external appearance of the building. The
hall is 124 feet long, and consists of a nave 32 feet wide and two aisles
of 16 feet each. The nave is divided from the aisles on either side by six
lofty but slender moulded columns, having handsome moulded arches over ;
above which is a celestory pierced by fourteen handsome four-light tracery
windows of late perpendicular character. There is a splendid five-light
perpendicular window at the west end of the nave, and beneath it is a
spacious and handsome doorway. The aisles have each six elegant tracery
windows, besides one at either end, all of perpendicular character, except
five of those in the south wall, which are decorated, and appear to have
belonged to the old building. A door at the north-west communicates with
the cloister of the old priory, but the principal entrance to the hall is near
the south-west end, through a handsome porch. This porch is situated
in the second bay from the west, and has a chamber or parvise above it.
There is another entrance under the window in the fifth bay from the west
end. The organ and orchestra are at the east end of the nave, and occupy
the space over which the tower formerly stood, which has been recently
opened to the hall by the insertion of a magnificent stone arch, nearly 30
feet wide. The roof of the nave consists of hammer beams and arched ribs,
deeply moulded, but the rafters, which were originally exposed, are now
plastered beneath, and form oblong panels. The aisle roofs are formed of
ST. Andrew's hall. I77
straight timbers, moulded, and divided into panels like the nave, the prin-
cipals having circular brackets filled with tracery. The roofs are beautifully
decorated throughout, and have a very fine eff'ect, especially when the hall
is Hghted by the nine magnificent brass coronae, which are pendant from
the roof. The panels are coloured deep blue, filled in with gold stars ; the
hollow moulded parts of the timber are of bright vermiUion, those form-
ing the arched ribs of the roof and those surrounding the clerestory windows
being ornamented with gilt fiowers at stated distances. The remaining
timbers are of drab and oak colour. The walls are decorated with more than
50 valuable paintings, chiefly portraits of the mayors of Norwich, but there
are also portraits of Queen Anne, George, Prince of Denmark, Robert, Earl
of Orford, Horace Walpole, Lord Hobart, and Admiral Lord Nelson. The
latter, by Wm. Beechy, is esteemed the best likeness ever painted of the
illustrious hero, and was the last for which he sat. The flag of the French
ship Oenereux, taken by Lord Nelson, is also suspended in the hall.
Several excellent rooms for the use of committees and for retiring rooms,
were erected on the north side of the hall during the recent restorations,
and some of the windows will shortly be filled with stained glass represent-
ing the arms of the past mayors of Norwich and of the boroughs of Lynn,
Yarmouth, &c.
The old City Gaol was in the rooms at the end of the Guild Hall until
1597, when it was removed to a building, anciently the Lamb Inn, on the
site of the present x^ubhc library, where it remained till the completion of
the City Gaol and House of Coerection, at the end of St. Giles' street,
in Heigham hamlet. This commodious prison was begun in 1824, and
finished in 1827, from a plan by Mr. Philip Barnes, a native arcliitect. It
cost about 5680,000, and is a large quadrangular building, with towers at
the angles of the four wings, and encloses an area of 1a, 2r. 34p. The
front elevation is massive, and has three pediments supported at the re-
cessed entrance by two rusticated Tuscan columns. In the wings are
niches, with cross arrows. It is conducted on the separate system, and
contains 120 cells and eight airing yards. The prisoners are employed in
mat making, and earn about ^130 a year. The annual expenses of the
gaol amount to ^62300, of which about £'750 are for salaries of officers, of
whom there are more than a dozen. The buildings are well ventilated, and
are supplied with water pumped by the tread-wheel into the cisterns of the
four towers, and sent thence in pipes to the various apartments. Six of the
airing yards are sunk three feet below the others, so that the governor may
command a full view of the whole, from the inspection gallery of his house.
Mr. John and Mrs. Howarth are governor and matron ; Rev. Rbt. Wade,
chaplain; W. H. Day, Esq.,swr^eo/i; Nathl. Bacon, scAooZm«s^^?- ; Rt. Far-
rington and W. Armstrong, turnkeys ; Eleanor Alderton, female warder ;
Chris. Hall, cooTi ; Dl. WsLnt, tasJcmaster ; and W. Green, iiatchman. The
Old Bridewell, near St. Andrew's church, is one of the finest pieces of
flint work in England. It is now occupied by a tobacco manufacturer, and
is supposed to have been built by Wm. Appleyard, who was elected the first
mayor of Norwich in 1403. It has good windows in the upper story, and
the lower stoiy has windows of two wide lancets coupled, of the late decor-
ated period.
The Castle of Norwich, although it has undergone so many alterations,
is still an interesting study for the antiquary. Tradition assigns a very
early date to its foundation, and Gurguntus, son of Belinus, the twenty-
fourth king of Britain, is said to have built a fortress here, which was com-
pleted by his successor, Guthulinus. However this may be, there can be
no doubt that the superior advantages of the site would be soon perceived
and taken advantage of by the ancient Britons, and it was probably from
this stronghold that the warlike and intrepid Boadicea issued forth upon
her terrible work of retribution. Uffa, king of the East Angles, threw up
M
178 HISTOEY OF NORWICH.
bold entrencliments here about the year 575, and for a long period after-
wards it was the seat of royalty, but was frequently attacked, and several
times nearly destroyed, by the marauding Danes. Alfred the Great is said
to have considerably improved the fortifications, but they appear to have
been thrown down again by Sweyn, whose son Canute afterwards rebuilt
them. The hill on which the castle stands is chiefly the work of nature,
and is of an irregular circular form, surrounded by a broad ditch. On its
south side is a large open semicircular space, which was formerly enclosed
by a bank and ditch, now levelled ; and on its eastern side is another space,
called the castle meadow, which was also surrounded by a bank and ditch,
of which some shght vestiges still remain. The Romans do not appear to
have had a camp here, or to have altered the intrenchments ; for their
stronghold at Caistor seems to have been erected because they could not
obtain possession of Norwich until very late in their operations in this dis-
trict, when fortresses had ceased to be a necessity. Blomefield conjectures
that the castle built by Canute was taken down to make room for one erected
by Roger Bigod, in the reigns of William I. and II., and afterwards repaired
and beautified by Thomas de Brotherton, in the reign of Edward II. The
only fragments now remainmg of the Norman buildings are the bases of
two towers, one on each side of the top of the bridge, the arch of the bridge,
and the great tower ; all vestiges of the chapel, Idtchens, halls, lodgings,
and offices have been long swept away, and even the great tower itself has
been so considerably altered by modern repairs as to have lost much of its
interest and value. The bridge which crosses the moat on the south side
of the castle is of the original span, but has been refaced with flints, and
finished with white brick quoins. The gatehouse, which stood upon the
centre of it, was destroyed about the middle of the eighteenth century.
The great tower, or keep, stands on the south-west part of the hill, and is
a massive pile, 96 feet long by 92 feet broad, and about 70 feet high. It is
of plain Norman architecture, exhibiting flat buttresses the whole height
of the building, with several tiers of long narrow windows between them,
and is crowned by a battlemented parapet. Nothing but the shell of this
once magnificent building now remains, the whole of the interior apartments
having been removed, and a series of brick cells constructed in their stead.
The approach to the first floor was by a flight of steps on the east side,
leading to a platform j)rojecting from the wall, but now covered in and
forming a spacious vestibule. The grand entrance is a very remarkable
specimen of early Norman. One large arch encloses a large elaborately
ornamented doorway and a smaller one to the right of it. The capitals of
some of the columns remaining are decorated with carved figures of men
and animals. The tower over the entrance is usually called Bigod's Tower,
as it is supposed to have been originall}'- built by Roger Bigod, in the reign
of William II., but it was entirely rebuilt in 1824. The grand entrance
opened into a large and lofty hall, hghted by four windows in the north
wall. In the south-east angle of the keep was a room which has been
called the " Chapel," but it contains no trace of altar, piscina, or sedilia ;
and the rude carvings which remain upon the wall, and have been called
the " altar piece," are clearly but the efforts of some unfortunate prisoner
to beguile his time. Several galleries remain in the thickness of the walls,
but nothing more of the original apartments is to be seen save the arches
and outlines on the face of the walls.
In the 14th of Edward III. it was enacted that " gaols which were wont
to be in the wards of the sheriffs, and annexed to their bailiwicks, should be
rejoined to the sheriffs of counties." This was occasioned by the conduct
of the Earls of counties, who fi-equently prevented the sheriffs from im-
prisoning criminals in the royal castles, (of which the said Earls were
commonly constables;) but this of Norfolli was a county gaol as early as
1293, if not earlier, and from the date of the above-named act, it has con-
NORWICH CASTLE. 179
tinued as such, tlioiigli it was ciistomary for the king to appoint a constable
for the defence of the castle and city in times of danger. In 1774, the ap-
pearance of the castle hill was not very pleasing, and the ditch formed a
common receptacle for rubbish. As an amendment, the sides of the hill
were then planted with trees and shrubs, and a bank was raised round its
summit ; but these being much damaged by the idle and ill-disposed, a
successful remedy was provided by dividing the ditch into garden plots, let
to private occupiers, in 1784. The outer ditches on the south side were
levelled in 1738, since which time the cattle market has been kept there.
In 1746, the Sliire House on the castle hill (built in 1578), was destroyed
by fire, but was rebuilt in 1749. A large pile of buildings was added to
the east side of the castle in 1793, at an expense of £'15,000, as a new
gaol, but this and the old Shhe Hall were levelled to make room for the
present gaol, which is on a more extensive and convenient plan. The
Precincts of the Castle and Shire Hall were formerly extra-parochial, but
now form part of the parish of St. John TimberhiU, and were added to the
borough of Norwich by the Keform Acts of 1832 and 1835. They contain
6a. 1e. 13p. Under an Act of Parhament, passed in 1806, the castle and
precincts are vested in the justices of the peace for the county of Norfolk,
in trust, by which they are empowered " to build, repak, or alter any part
belonging to it, as they may think proper."
The County Gaol and House of Coeeection, commenced in 1824, on
the site of the old prison, on the east side of the castle, were completed in
1828, at a cost of about £'50,000. The governor's house contains, besides
the family apartments, a chapel and committee room. Brandling from it
are tliree radiating wings, each containing two stories, with double rows of
cells. The number of cells in these wings is 225, and there are 36 in the
old keep. The diagonals, crossing the radiating wings at right angles, con-
tain only a single row of cells, each having an arcade for the use of the
prisoners when the weather will not permit their walking in the yard. Be-
hind these are three other diagonal wings of larger dimensions, w th arcades
below, and double rows of cells on the upper floor. The governor's house
being octagonal, and x^laced in the centre, commands a view of all the wings
and yards. The tread- wheel is on the right hand side of the entrance,
and the prisoners are employed upon it in pumping water for the use
of the establishment. It is arranged so that the prisoners cannot see
or speak to each other; and the prison is conducted on the separate
system throughout. Some of the prisoners are engaged in weaving mat-
ting, making sacks, clothing, shoes, &c., and various other kinds of useful
labour, producing an annual profit of over £200. The average daily
number of prisoners confined here in 1862 was 134, and the total num-
ber 862, of whom 103 were debtors. The Officers of the Gaol are about
20 ui number, and their united salaries amount to £1443, whilst the total
expenditure of the gaol is about £3654. Mr. Geo. Pinson is the governor ,
Rev. J. L. Brown, chaplain ; Alfred Master, Esq., surgeon; Mrs. Pinson,
matron; John Harrod, Thos. Caton, and Robert Revell, turnheys ; John
Jay, John Bertram, and James Smith, uarders ; Wm. Smith, taskmaster ;
Robert Frost, engineer ; Saml. Leeds, sc/iooZwas^^?'; and Levi Kemp, ^;oit^r.
An annuity of £9, left by a Mr. Morris, is expended in donations of books
or small sums to well-conducted prisoners. The Visiting Committee, con-
fiisting of 14 magistrates, meets every Saturday.
The Shiee Hall, erected from a plan by Wm. Willdns, Esq., was com-
menced September 9th, 1822, and opened September 27th, 1823, and is a
wretched imitation of the Tudor style of architecture. It stands on the
north-east side of the castle, and is a substantial brick edifice, cemented in
imitation of stone, and possessing all the usual accommodations. Attached
to the cro-«Ti court is a small room, called the prisoner's lobby, communi-
cating with the cells on the castle hill, from whence prisoners are brought
m2
180 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
by a descending shaft through a subterraneous passage. In the gi*and jury
room are excellent portraits of Lord Wodehouse and the late Earl of
Leicester, painted by Sir T. Lawrence, and one of the late Henry Dover,
Esq., chairman of the Quarter Sessions. The whole of the new buildings
on the castle hill are enclosed by a high wall, cased with Scotch granite,
and terminated wdth freestone battlements. The upper boundary of the hill
is 360 yards, enclosed with iron palisades, fixed in a basement of stone;
these are continued upon the parapet of the bridge, and terminate at
the porter's lodge. The boundary at the bottom of the hill is about 570
yards in circuit. This is likewise encircled by iron palisades of larger
size, elevated by a low wall, and lighted by lamps. The hill is open to the
pubUc, and commands an interesting panoramic view of the city and neigh-
bourhood. The headquarters of the County Gonstahulary are near the
Shirehall, at the base of the castle mound. Lieut. -Colon el Black is chief
constable ; Mr. Hemy Atthill, secretary ; and Mr. Francis Palmer, chief
clerk. (See page 21.)
The County Court is held at the Shirehall every month. Thomas J,
Birch, Esq., of Wretham Hall, is judge ; Jonathan Townley, Esq., trea-
surer ; Thos. H. Palmer, Esq., registrar ; Mr. Wm. Wilde, jun., high bailiff;
and Henry Goreham, assistant bailiff. The County Court OrncE is in
Redwell street, and the Norwich District comprises Acle, Alpington, Arm-
inghall, Ashby, Attlebridge, Barford, Bawburgh, Beeston St. Andrew,
Beighton, Bergh Apton, Bixley. Blofieid, Bowthorpe, BraconAsh, Bracon-
dale, Bradiston, Bramerton, Brooke, Brundall, Buckenham, Burlingham St.
Andrew, St. Peter, and St. Edmund, Caistor St. Edmund, Cantley, Carleton
East and St. Peter, Carrow, Old and New Cation, Claxton, Colney, Colton,
Cossey, Cringleford, Crost^yick, Drayton, Dunston, Earlham, Easton,
Eaton, Felthorpe, Fishley, Flordon, Framingham Earl and Pigot, Fretten-
ham, Hainford, Hardley, Hassingham, Heckingham, Heigham, Hellesden,
Hemblington, Hethersett, HiUington, Holverstone, Honiugham, Horning,
Horsford, Horsham St. Faith's, Horstead, Howe, Intwood, Keswick, Kirby
Bedon, Old and New Lakenham, Langley, Lingwood, Ludham, Markshall,
Marhngford, Great and Little Melton, Morton, Moulton, Mulbarton, New-
ton Flotman, Newton St. Faith's, Nor\\dch, Panxworth, Great and Little
Plumstead, Pockthorpe, Great and Little Poringland, Postwick, Rackheath,
Ranworth, Bingland, Rockland St. Mary, Salliouse, SaxHngham Thorpe
and Nethergate, Shottesham All Saints, St. Mary, and St. Martm; Sisland,
Spixworth, Sprowston, Stanninghall, Stoke Holy Cross, Strumpshaw, Sur-
lingham, Swainsthorpe, Swardeston, Taverham, Thorpe Hamlet and St.
Andrew, Thurton, Trowse, Tunstall, Upton, Walsham St. Lawrence and
St. Mary, Weston, Wliitlingham, Witton, Woodbastwick, Wroxham, and
Yelverton.
The Quarter Sessions and Assizes for the city are held at the Guild-
hall, and for the county of Norfolk at the Sliirehall. Only one assize and
general gaol dehvery was held here yearly till 1832, when an Act of Parha-
ment was obtained for the removal of the Lent Assizes from Thetford, for
which petitions had been frequently sent from Norwich during the pre-
ceding fifty years. These assizes generally occupy nearly a week, which,
from the great attendance of company, is the gayest period known to the
inhabitants of Norwich. Petty Sessions for the Hundred of Taverham are
held at the ShirehaU every Saturday, and Roger Kerrison, Esq., is clerk to
the magistrates.
The Walls and Gates which formerly environed the city, are already
noticed at pages 140, 149, and 150. Seven of the twelve city gates were taken
down in 1792, and the other five were all removed before 1809 ; but many long
pieces of the wall stiU remain, to show its ancient form and strength. The
ditches have been filled up, and the houses built upon them are considered
to be within the ambit of the city, though on the outside of the walls. The
HISTORY OF NORWICH. 181
Dungeon Tower, in St. Giles' Hospital meadow, at the eastern extremity of
the city, on the west bank of the Wensum, is a circular building, about 52
feet in height and 24 in diameter, -with the remains of a spiral staircase
reaching to the top. It was an advanced post and watch tower to the
castle for the defence of the river pass, though Blomefield thinks it was
built " in order to levy the river tolls then belonging to the prior and
church ;" and says it was used as a prison for the jurisdiction of the cathe-
dral. It is said to have been rebuilt in 1390, at the expense of the city.
The Governor's Tower, in the parish of St. Peter Southgate, is the finest
and largest of the towers of the city walls. It is faced with flint, and occu-
pies a commanding situation. The Boom Towers, near Carrow Bridge,
stand on opposite sides of the river, and between them the boom or chain
was formerly hung to prevent the entrance of hostile vessels. They are
round towers, built of flint, and form picturesque ruins. Between St.
Martin's gate and the river there is another tower, the basement story of
which has a good groined ceiling.
The Cavalhy Barracks, on the opposite side of the river, in Pockthorpe,
were built by Government in l791-'2, and '3, on the site of the old manor
house, called Hasset's Hall, at a cost of about £'20,000, including the pur-
chase of the land, more than ten acres, enclosed with a high wall. These
Barracks are built of red brick in a very substantial manner, and consist of
a central building facing the south, with large wings on the east and west,
forming three sides of a square, and containing commodious lodging rooms
and stables for three troops of cavahy. There are no permanent barracks for
infantry in Norwich, though two large buildings in Coslany street were
converted to tliat use during the late French war.
The Inlamd Revenue Office is on Orford liill, and Wm. Brown, Esq.,
is the collector ; Messrs. John Baker and Wm. Hawkins, supervisors ; and
Joseph Buxton and E. L. Brooksby, clerTts. The Stamp Office is in
Bank street, and F. G. Foster, Esq., is the distributor for all Norfolk, ex-
cept Yarmouth and Ljiin, and Messrs. R. Cocksedge and John L'Estrange
are his clerks. The Tax Office is at Orford liill, and Messrs. H. Haworth
and F. Horner are the surveyors for Norwich and the surrounding district.
There are also the following surveyors for otiier parts of the county, viz. : —
Messrs. George Browne, Yarmouth ; J. Walker, Dereham ; W. S. Lecky,
Lynn; John Yule, Falienham; John Wilcox, North Walsham ; and G. C.
Barker, Thetforcl. Mr. R. G. Hedgeman, of Norwich, is inspector of stamps
and taxes.
The Board of Health was established in 1851, under the powers of
the Public Health Acts of 1848-'9, and is now managed in accordance with
the provisions of the recent Local Government Act, by a committee of the
corporation, subdivided into a " Paving, Sewage, Cleansing and Lighting
Committee," a " Sanitary Purposes Committee," and a " Finance and
Rating Committee." The sanitary condition of the city has gradually im-
proved, and the rate of mortahty decreased, o'^^ong to the wise and judicious
measures which have been so well carried out by the Board, which now
expends about i;16,000 per annum in paving, improving, lighting, cleansing,
and watering the streets and pubhc thoroughfares; scavenging courts
and alleys ; emptying privies, cesspools, and dustholes ; paying interest on
mortgages, &c. The whole of the city hamlets are now Ughted, and in
1859 about ^610,000 were spent in draining the noi-thern pai-t of the city.
The rates levied by the board during the year ending August 31st, 1862,
amounted to ^£12,831, besides which the sum of iglOOO was obtained on
loan, and of this sum 563367 were expended in the i^urchase of property
for the improvement of streets. Henry B. Miller, Esq., is clerh ; Thos. D.
Barry, Esq., surveyor ; and Mr. Samuel Clarke, inspector to the hoard.
The Tonnage Act for levying a duty on all goods brought up the river
into the city, for the reparation of the bridges and staithes and the ap-
182 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
proaches thereto, was obtained by the corporation in 1725. This Act was
amended by another Act, passed in 1839, under which the tonnage dutie,
are now let by the corporation for iJ2300 per annum, besides which the^
receive, for the same purposes, one-fifteenth of the profits of the Norwicl
and Thetford tui*npike.
Gas Works were first established in Norwich under an Act passed ii
1820, and the gas was generated fi-om oil ; but in 1825 the oil works, Avliicl
Btood in St. Stephen's Back street, were sold to the British Gas Ligh
Company, who, in 1826, obtained an Act of Parliament to amend and en
large the powers of the former Act; and in 1830 erected new gas works
near Bishop bridge, in the hamlet of Thorpe, at a cost of nearly ^640,000
In 1851, additional works were erected in AVorld' send lane ; and in 1858
a new Act of Parliament was obtained in heu of the former ones, with th(
requisite powers to enable the company to Hght the city and its suburbs
Gas is now supplied at 4s. per 1000 cubic feet. There are five gasholderi
capable of containing 700,000 cubic feet ; 220 fireclay retorts ; 45 miles o
main piping; and about 1000 pubhc lamps. Roger Kerrison, Esq., is cler'l
and secretary to the company, and Mr. Chandler Tadman is engineer o^
the tvorJes.
The Waterworks, of which the steam engines, depositing reservou-, an(
filter beds are at Heigham, supply the city with water from the river Wen
sum, which after filtration is forced up to the distributing reservoir at Laken
ham, at a height of 134 feet above the level of the river at C arrow Bridge
whence it flows by gravitation to all parts of the city and suburbs. TIk
present company has a capital of ^800,000, in .£10 shares, and was incor
porated under an Act of Parhament passed in 1850, the powers of whicl
have been enlarged by subsequent Acts, so that pure and wholesome watc:
is now constantly supplied at liigh pressure and on reasonable terms
Excellent provision is made for a gratuitous supply of water for the ex
tinguishment of fires, by fixing hydrants at every 100 yards, from wliich i
voluminous jet of water, suflicient to flow over the tops of the houses is in
Btantaneously afl'orded. The city was supphed from a very early perio(
from works on the river belonging to the corporation, wliich were let oi
lease, together with the New Mills, the lessees being bound to supply th^
inhabitants according to a table of charges" fixed by the corporation. Thi
New Mills were first built by the city, in 1430, and for several centuries al
the city bakers were obliged to grind their corn there ; but the abbo
of St. Bennet's-at-Holme, considering his property injured by these mills
persecuted the city, and the dispute ended in a riot in 1441, when tlie flood
gates were pulled up and destroyed. The New Mills and Waterivorks wer^
rebuilt in 1710. Water was conveyed from thence in the reign of Elizabetli
to the Guildhall and to the Cross in the Mariict place ; but the general sup
ply of the inhabitants was not attempted till 1G97. The works were greatl;
improved and extended between tlie j'-ears 1790 and 1800, and were let oi
lease for 99 years in 1793, but the present company purchased the lease ii
1850. Ai'thur Dalrymple, Esq. is secretary ; Thos. Hawksley, Esq., C.E
engineer; and Thomas Ayris, Esq., C.H., manager. The oflices arc ii
Surrey street.
Improvements. — The new paving of the city commenced soon after tlii
passing of the Act in 1800, but this necessary work suflered several lonj
interruptions for want of money. During the last fifty years the im
provemcnts and enlargements of the city have been vcr}"- extensive, thougl
it still retains a number of crooked, narrow streets, with projecting gable
and quaint huH'-timbcrcd fronts. ]\Iany new streets and handsome rows o
houses [have been built on the site of and be3'ond the city walk
and the largest of these modern suburbs is the New City, extend
iiig from St. Stephen's to St. Giles' gate, and laying chiefly in the parishe
■of St. Stephen and llcigham, the latter of which has now more than 14,0Ui
IMPROVEMENTS IN NORWICH. 183
inliabitants, though in 1811 it had only 842. A similar increase has taken
place in St. Clement's, St. Stephen's, Lakenham, and Thorpe, and some of
the other parishes have more than doubled their population since IbOl.
The approaches to the Market-place have been much improved by the for-
mation of Exchange, Post-office, and Duke streets-, and Davey place ; and
the -widening of Briggs street, London street, Bridge street, and some other
public avenues, where obstructions have been removed, and the angles
rendered less acute. Among other improvements are the rebuilding of
Foundry Bridge, the formation of Victoria street, the renewal of the em-
banlonent along the river between Carrow and Foundry Bridges, the widen-
ing of St. George's bridge street. Golden Dog lane, St. Giles street. Wen-
sum street, and Tombland corner, where projectmg houses have been partly
taken down and new fi'onted. Recently, a fine new road has been formed
from the Castle meadow to Foundry Bridge, thus giving a better access
to the Thorpe Ptailway station. It is called the Prince of Wales Road, and
has been carried out by a public company at a great cost, but will probably
prove remunerative. The old Shirehall Tavern has also been taken down,
by which means an easier entrance to the Cattle Market from the Prince
of Wales road and Rose lane has been obtained, instead of the former nar-
row and often dangerous approach. The centre of the castle hill has been
lowered so as to afford easier gi'adients in the road from the SMre Hall to
Golden Ball street and Orford hill, and the surplus soil has been used to
form a more level approach on the side next Pump street. The road
between Golden Ball street and the Bell Inn has been lowered, and the
Ball Inn and some adjoining j)roperty have been removed, so as to obtain a
commodious entrance to the Cattle Market from Ber street.
The Markets, held every Wednesday and Saturday, are abundantly
supplied witli provisions of every description, and the latter is one of the
largest corn and cattle marts in the kingdom. Tomhland Fair, held on the
day before Good Friday, is a large fair for horses and cattle, which are now
exposed for sale in the cattle market, but stalls for toys, sweetmeats, &c.,
formerly set up in the open square called Tombland, adjoining the entrance
to the Cathedral close, are now set up in Castle Meadow. The two ancient
fah's formerly held on Tombland, on the feast of St. Mary Magdalen, and
the Tuesday after Michaelmas day, have long been obsolete, ^and the plea-
sure fau's held at Bishop's bridge on Easter and ^Vhit- Mondays and Tues-
daj^s, are nearly so. The Maeket Place is about 200 yards long and 110
broad, but haK of the area on the western side of the south end is occupied
by the Guildliall, the church of St. Peter Mancroft, and some other
buildings. The Cross, or market-house, wiiich stood in the centre of the
area, was erected in the reign of Edward III., and contained a small chapel,
or oratory ; but after beiug rebuilt in 1503, and subsequently repaired and
used for various purposes, it was taken down in 1732. A handsome iron
piUar, supporting four gas lamps, was erected on or near its site in 1837,
and this in its turn gave place in 1851, to a bronze statue of the Duhe of
Welling t07i, 8 ft. 6 in. high, erected by subscription, at a cost of .i'lOOO. This
statue is upon a granite pedestal, sui-rounded by a low raihng, with lamps
at the corners. The Seed and Skin Market is held in the Old Hay-
market, at the south end of the Market place, the whole of which is now
well paved and lined with weUstocked shops, though some of the buildings
are ancient. The Fish Market is on the western side of the Market
place. It consists of two rows of shops, with an open space between, and
w^as rebuilt at a cost of ^£0000 a few years ago. The Cattle Market is
held on the south side of the Castle hill (see page 17 'J) every Saturday, and
presents a busy and interesting scene. The alterations and improvements
it has recently undergone at a cost of more than j£30,000, render it the
largest and most commodious provincial Cattle market in the kingdom.
The Corn Exchange, in Exchange street, is a massive sti'uctui'e of brick,
184 HISTORY OP NORWICH,
with stone dressings, and was erected by a company of shareholders in 1861,
at a cost of £17,000, inckiding the site. A smaller building, which was
erected for the same purpose in 1826-'8, at a cost of £6000, was taken down
to make room for it. It is internally 125 feet long, 81 feet wide, and 66
feet high to the apex of the roof. Its roof is chiefly of glass, and at the
east end of the hall are full-length portraits of John Culley, Esq., the
originator of the building, and Thomas Wm. Coke, of Holkam, afterwards
Earl of Leicester, who is justly regarded as the father of Norfolk agricul-
ture. The corn market is very extensive, and was held in St. Andrew's
Hall from 1796 till 1828.
The Old Street Architecture of Norwich is rapidly vanishing before
the hand of modem improvement. Many of the half-timbered lath and
plaster houses, remarkable for their grotesque gables and picturesque ap-
pearance, having given place to plainer, but more comfortable and con-
venient dwellings, some of which have handsome fronts, especially in the
principal streets, where there are many elegant and well-stocked retail shops.
There are, however, numbers of ancient and half-timbered buildings still
remaining, and many of them are either sufficiently remarkable in them-
selves or are connected so intimately with the history of the city, as to be
not only worth preservation, but to deserve the special attention of the
antiquary. The Duhes Palace, wliich was a large quadrangular building
near Blackfriars Bridge, is entirely gone, and its site covered by modern
buildings ; but one of the rooms of the Museum is supposed to have formed
part of the chapel attached to it. Tliis palace was purchased by the Duke
of Norfolk in the reign of Henry VIII., and rebuilt on a larger and more
splendid plan in 1602, by Henry, Duke of Norfollj, whose grandson defaced
it, owing to the mayor's refusal to allow his company of comedians to enter
the city with trumpets, &c. From that time it was entirely neglected, and
after being used as a common staith, and partly as the Workhouse, the site
was sold to various persons. Among its accommodations for amusement
were a theatre, tennis court, and bowling alley, the latter said to have been
the largest in England. In 1671, Charles II. and his court were sump-
tuously entertained at this splendid palace ; and Evelyn, who was present
describes its choice jewels and gems, rare cabinets, pictures, tapestries, and
plate, and tlie state and magnificence maintained, as surpassing the treasures
and grandeur of any prince in Europe. The drinking cups were of gold,
and even the fire-irons of silver ;and dancing and banquets were kept up
nightly. Near St. James' Church is a house now occupied by a baker,
formerly the residence of Sh John Fastolfi, Knight, and called Fastolff's
Palace. In Siu'rey street, a portion of Surrey House, once the occasional
seat of the Earl of Surrey, still forms part of a private house. Opposite
the east end of St. Andrew's church is the entrance to a very curious speci-
men of ancient domestic arcliitecture. The portal bears the merchant's
mark of John Clarke, mayor in 1515 and 1520. The vaulted and groined
roofs of the building now used for cellars and offices are in excellent pre-
servation. The projecting angle of the house is supported by a richly
carved bracket. At a house opposite the alley leading to St. Julian's
church is a brick vault of the 14tli century, with a verj'- good doorway witli
decorated mouldings and fiiiial. The external doorway is also decorated,
and has a well moulded ogee arch, with a perpendicular doorway built over
it. The house occupied by Messrs. Page and Son, at Fye Bridge, is a
curious antique structure, and was formerly the residence of Robert Woody
sheriff and mayor, who was knighted by Queen Ehzabeth on lier visit here
in 1578. The interior of some premises in Church alley is well worth in-
spection. In the small court yard are the remains of an open gallery and
other buildings. This was the residence of Alexander Thurston, mayor in
1600 and M.P. in 1601. On a chimney-piece of the house are his mark and
the date in one spandril, and the arms of his wife in the otlier. Adjoining tliis
OLD HOUSES IN NORWICH. 185
is an old flint house, in which is a large spandril, with the date 1570, and a
smaller one with the initials of John Aldrich and his wife. Here is also
an ancient carved door, which, from the inscription upon it, appears to
have been brought in the time of Henry VIII. from the residence of the
priors of Walsingham, on St. George's plain. It is dated 1503. A house on
the Walk in the Old Haymarket, was once occupied by John Curat, sheriff
in 1529, the rebus of whose name occurs in various devices upon many
curiously carved oak panels. In the parish of St. John Madder-market is
a fine old hall of a mansion of the time of Hemy VIII. It has long been
used as a storehouse, and is traditionally termed the Strangers Hall. It is
nearly perfect, and retains the original bay window and its groining, and
the well-moulded tie beam and king-post of the roof. At one end are two
small doorways, and the other end is cut off by a partition through which
is an entrance to the priest's house connected with the adjoining Roman
Catholic Chapel. The Sothertons owned the house in the time of Edward
VI., and some of the family made great alterations in it about the time of
James I., when the staircase and some other windows were inserted. The
entrance portico is groined and vaulted, with two perpendicular doorways
and an original external staircase, ornamented with a sculptured griffin. The
Old Music House, in Lower King street, was so called from haviug been at
one time the resort of the City Waits. It has long been a pubUc house,
and appears to have been built about the I7th century, but there is an
older building attached to it, which from its ecclesiastical style seems to
have formed part of the chapel of Alan de Freston, archdeacon of Norfolk,
who resided here iu 1290. In 1626, it belonged to John Paston, Esq., and
in 1633 it was the city residence of Chief Justice Cohe. On the south side
of St. Saviour's church lane is the house in which Jeremiah Ives, the founder
of a family of municipal celebrities, resided till 1742. The dining room
contains a beautiful marble chimney-piece, elegantly ornamented.
Worthies. — To sketch the actions and characters of the numerous
eminent men who hold a place in the Norwich temple of fame, would furnish
ample materials for a large anfl interesting volume ; we must therefore con-
fine ourselves to a brief enumeration of a few of the most distinguished,
passing over the Bishops of Norwich and some others already noticed.
Matthew Parher, born here in 1504, was archbishop of Canterbury, and
author of that excellent work, " Antiquitates Britannicae." John Kay,
better known by the latinised name of Caius, born here in 1510, was an
eminent physician, and founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
He was also distinguished as a linguist, a critic, an antiquary, and his-
torian. Edward Brown, another eminent physician, was bom here in
1642, and died at Northfleet, in Kent, in 1704. Dr. 8. Clarice, a learned
polemical divine, was bom here in 1675, and died in 1730. Wm. Cunning-
Itam, a physician of Norwich, bom in 1531, wrote several learned treatises
on astronomy, cosmography, chronology, and medicine, and died in 1559.
Luke Hansard, the celebrated printer of the parliamentary debates,
was born in 1752, in St. Mary's parish. Those distinguished botanists,
Lindley, HooTter, and Sir James Smith, were also natives of Norwich.
Thomas Legge was a learned antiquary, and twice filled the office of vic-
chancellor of Cambridge University. He died in 1G07. John Cosin, another
native, bom in 1594, became bishop of Durham in 1061, and died in 1672.
Edivard King, F.R.S. and F.S.A., an erudite antiquar}'-, was born here in
1734 ; was for some time recorder of Lynn, and died in London in 1807.
Sir John Fenn, born here in 1739, was editor of " Original Letters from
Persons mentioned in our early History," in 5 vols., among which are the
" Paston Letters," for which he was knighted by George III. in 1787.
Timothy Goodwin, archbishop of Cashel, was born here, and died in 1729.
Thomas Amyott, F.R.S. , treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries, and editor
of " Speeches in Parliament of the Right Hon. Wm. Windham," and many
130 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
historical subjects, was a native of Norwich. Peter Barlowe, F.R.S., wag
born in St. Simon's parish in 1776, and was a distinguished mathematician
at the mihtary school at Woolwich. Charlotte Elizabeth, the celebrated
poetical, religious, andpoHtical writer, was the daughter of the Rev. Michael
Browne, Rector of St. Giles, and was born here in 1790. 3£rs. Elizabeth
Fry was the third daughter of John Gurney, Esq., of Earlham Hall, and
was born in 1780. She married Jph. Fry, of London, in 1800, and died in
1845. Her labours as a prison philanthropist have earned for her a world-
wide fame, and few v/omen have done more real good to suffering humanity.
Her brother, the late beloved Josej)h John Gurney, Esq., was born in 1788,
and was an excellent classical and oriental scholar. He aided Mrs. Fry in
many of her schemes for improving prison disciphne, and travelled over
most of Europe and America, endeavouring everywhere to amehorate the
condition of the unfortunate and miserable. He died in 1847 amidst the
universal lamentations of his fellow citizens, who had long looked up to
him as a father, and esteemed him as a friend. Mrs. Amelia Opie, the
well known authoress, was the daughter of Dr. James Alderson, and was
born in Calvert street, in 1769, and died in Norwich in 1858. Miss Har-
riet Martineau, the celebrated writer on political economy, &c., was also
born in this city. Edward Maltby was born here in 1770, and became
bishop of Durham. Of the Taylor, Martineau, Dah-ymple, Bacon, Steven-
son, and some other families, of which nearly every member has been more
or less distinguished, it is impossible to say more within the limits of this
work than that Norwich has every reason to be justly proud of them.
The Norwich Public Library, which was commenced in 1785, occu-
pies a handsome building with a Doric portico, erected for its use in 1837,
on the site of the old city gaol, opposite the Guildhall, in the Market place.
It contains a valuable collection of 28,000 volumes. The proprietary sub-
scribers are about 300 in number, and pay an admission fee of ^65. 5s., and
a yearly contribution of £1. Is. ; but others are admitted to the use of the
library for an annual subscription of i^l. Os., or a quarterly subscription of
7s. 6d. A president, vice-president, and coniinittee are elected yearly. Mr.
Edward Laugton, the librarian, attends daily (Sundays and hohdays ex-
cepted), from ten in the morning till nine in the evening. J. W. Dowson,
Esq., is president.
The Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution occuioies part of a
large and handsome building in St. Andrew's street. It was established in
1822, and has now more than 20,000 volumes in the various departments of
literature. The shareholders (of ,£5. each), pay £1. lis. 6d., and the other
subscribers ^62. 2s. yearly. The number of members is about 280. The
library is open from ten morning till nine evening, and Mr. John Quinton
is the librarian.
The Norfolk and Norwich United Medical Book Society was in-
stituted m 1824, and now comprises about 50 subscribers, possessing a
library of more than 4000 volumes, in rooms in connection with those
occupied by the Literary and Philosophical Institution. Dr. Copeman is
the secretary.
The Norfolk and Norwich Museum is in the same building, and was
founded in 1K24. This museum of natural liistory, antiquities, and curiosi-
ties, is extensive and highly interesting. It contains a splendid collection
of birds, many Celtic, Roman, and Saxon curiosities found in the neigh-
bourhood, a valuable herbarium, numerous illustrated books, and many
objects well worth inspection, and is open gratuitously to the public on
Mondays and Saturdays, from ten to four. On other days subscribers and
their friends only are admitted. There are about (iO subscribers of 21s.,
162 of lOs. 6d., and 12 of 5s. i)cr annum. The Earl of Leicester is patron ;
J. II. Gurney, Esq., 'M..V.,2}residcnt ; Ily. Stevenson, Esq., hon. secretary ;
Messrs. Ilarveys and Hudsons, treasurers; Mr. J. Quinton, assistant secre-
tary ; and Mr. J. llccvc, curator.
HISTORY OF NORWICH. 187
The Dean and Chapter Library, in the Close, comprises about 6200
volumes, chiefly theological and classical works, many of which were con-
tributed by the late Dr. Sayer, in 1817.
The Free Library, a large and handsome building at the comer of
St. Andrew's Broad street and Duke's Palace street, was erected in
1856-'7, at a cost of more than <£8000, and adjoins the Norwich Museum.
It was opened in 1857, and is ]'egulated by the " Public Libraries Act"
of 1855, by which the corporation is empowered to levy an annual rate
not exceeding Id. in the pound for the purchase of books and speci-
mens of art and science, and the general expenses of the institution.
Many donations, both of money and books, have been received by the
committee, and the library now contains about 4000 volumes, besides
nearly 2000 volumes which formerly belonged to the City Library. The
building is of brick, with stone dressings, in the Italian style, and
contains thi'ee spacious vaults in the basement, now let as stores ; the
ground floor contains two lai-ge rooms occupied by the library and museum,
the first story also has two rooms, one of which is let to the Literary In-
stitution ; and the upper story has two large and four smaller rooms, occu-
pied by the School of Art. Mr. E. D. Rogers is lion. sec. to the committee,
and Mr. George Hai'per, librariaji. The parochial Library and Reading
Room of St. Mark's, Lalcenham, is at the corner of St. Catherine's plain,
nd contains about 800 well-selected books, besides a good supply of the
London and county newspapers. Its subscribers pay 4s., 6s^, or 8s. per
annum ; and in winter, interesting lectures are delivered in connection witli
the institution.
The School of Art occupies the upper floor of the Free Library building,
and is attended by about 200 pupils, many of whom display considerable
talent. Besides those who attend the central school, about 400 pupils are in-
structed in the national and other schools of the city. The fees payable for
the private or public classes for ladies and gentlemen are 21s. and 10s. 6d.
per quarter, in addition to entrance fees of 5s. and 3s. respectively ; the arti-
zan classes pay 23. per month and Is. entrance fee. The school derives about
5^90 a year from voluntary subscriptions, and ,£160 from fees. B. B. Cab-
bell, Esq., F.R.S., IB president ; Robert Cochrane, Esq., headtnaster j F. T.
Keith, Esq., hon. secretary ; and Mr. Wm. Hohnes clerk and collector.
The Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society was established
in December, 1845, to collect the best information on the arts and monu-
ments of the county, including primeval antiquities, numismatics, architec-
ture, genealogy, manorial rights, civil and ecclesiastical history, &c. Four
general meetings are held in each year, when interesting papers are read
by members of the society. Many of these papers have been published,
and akeady fill six large volumes, containing an immense mass of valuable
and interesting matter, amply illustrated by numerous woodcuts, htho-
graphs, &c. The Prince of Wales and the Bishop are 2Jatrons ; Sir J. P.
Boileau, Bart., F.R.S., Y.I',S.A., president ; Robert Fitch, Esq., F.S.A.,
and the Rev. C. R. 'M.simimg,'M..A., hon. secretaries ; and Mr. John Quinton,
collector. There are also local secretaries in various parts of the county.
The Church of England Young Men's Society, in St. Peter's street,
has for its objects the jDromotion of the moral and spiritual welfare of young
men, by bible classes and lectures. It has a good Hbrary, a well supplied
newsroom, and a very numerous list of honorary and benefit members.
The Bishop is patron ; Archdeacon Hanldnson, j^^'^sident ; R. A. Gorell.
Esq., treasurer; Rev. E. Hall and Mr. F. J. Page, secretaries; and Mr.
S. Sutton, librarian.
The Young Men's Christian Association was established in 1856, and
has similar objects to those of the above-named society. It has comfort-
able rooms in St. Giles' Broad street, with a library of about 800 volumes,
and a reading room containing all the principal newspapers and periodicals.
J. J. Colman, Esq., is president; Hemy Bii-kbeck, Esq., treasurer; and
Messrs. C. Moore and R. Maystou, lihrarians.
188 HISTOBY OF NOEWICH.
Four Newspapers of considerable circulation are now published in Nor-
wich, viz. : the Norwich Mercury (2d.) commenced in 1721, as an advocate
of Whig principles; the Norfolk Chronicle and Norwich Gazette (3^d.),
established in 1761, and professing Conservative politics; the Norfolk
News (2^d.) commenced in 1845, by a body of proprietors of the Advanced
Liberal School ; and the Argus (Id.) established in 1863, and professing
Independence in poUtics. The Mercury is published every Wednesday and
Saturday, and the others on Saturdays only. The Nonvich Spectator is a
monthly Magazine, published by Messrs. CundaU & Miller. Two monthly
time tables and several almanacks are also published here.
..-• The Freemasons' Hall, which occupies the site of the College-in-the-
iPields, was built in 1754, as an Assembly House, and continued to be used
for balls, concerts, and other public meetings, until 1860, when it was pur-
chased by Benj. Bond CabbeU, Esq., F.R.S. & F.S.A., the highly esteemed
Provincial Grand Master of the Freemasons of Norfoll?, and presented by
him to the fraternity. This munificent gift was suitably acknowledged at
the Prov. G. Lodge, held August 2lst, 1868, when a life-like portrait of the
venerable P.G.M., who is now in his 87th year, was presented to him on
behalf of the brethren by Sir H. J. Stracey, Bart., M.P. The picture, which
cost two hundred guineas, is from the pencil of H. O'Neil, Esq., A.R.A.,
and is a three-quarter length, representing the right worshipful brother
sitting in an arm chaii-, wearing the coUar and badge of his high office.
For nearly half a century Bro. Cabbell has been known throughout the
kingdom for his masonic zeal and benevolence, and since 1856, when he
was appointed to preside over the brethren of Norfolk, he has by his
example, liberahty, and careful attention to the business of the province,
not only raised the craft to its present high position, but gained the love and
esteem of every individual member. There are 10 lodges in Norfolk, of which
the following is a list, with the dates of their establishment, their numbers on
the register of the Grand Lodge of England, and their days of meeting : —
No. Name. Place and day of meeting. Date of Warrant.
52 ZJmow.— Norfolk Hotel, Norwich, First Tuesday 1736
(Old warrant lost. Warrant of Confirmation dated 1819.) >^ ?-* v^;
85 Faithful — Exchange Rooms, Harleston, Mon. on or before F.M. 1753
93 Social — Freemasons' Hall, Norwich, Second Tuesday 1755
(Old warrant lost. Warrant of Confirmation dated 1797.)
100 Friendship.— Cvovm and Anchor, Yarmouth, Fourth Monday ... 1757
102 Unanimity. — King's Arms, North Walsham, Mon. next F. M... 1758
107 Philanthropic. — Duke's Head, King's Lynn, First Monday 1759
213 Perseverance. — Freemasons' Hall, Norwich, Third Tuesday 1795
313 United Friends. — Star Hotel, Yarmouth, Second Monday 1797
807 Cabbell — Freemasons' Hall, Norwich, Last Thursday 1863
943 Sincerity. — Freemasons' Hall, Norwich Fourth Tuesday 1863
Royal Arch Chapters are attached to Lodges 52, 102, 107, 213, and 807.
There is also an Encampment of Knights Templar held quarterly in the
Freemasons' Hall, Norwich, and called the " Cabbell," in honour of the
Prov. G.M., who is also P.G. Superintendent of R.A. Masons, and P.G.
Commander of the Templars. The Hall is of red brick, and has a Grecian
front. The spacious vestibule has a richly panelled ceiHng, mth centre
flower and Grecian cornice ; its walls are decorated with festoons and pilas-
ters, and the gallery is formed with moulded balustrading, cornice, and
Corinthian columns and capitals. The two rooms right and left of tlie
entrance measure respectively 22 ft. 10 in. by 21 ft. 4 in., and 27 ft. 6 in. by
21 ft. 6 in., and have plain panelled ceilings. At tlie furtlier end of the
vestibule are two larger rooms, that on the right being 66 feet long by 26 ft.
8 in. wide, and that on the left, in which the regular lodge meetings are held,
is 50 ft. 6 in. in length by 27 ft. wide. Both these rooms have Grecian
moulded cornices, panelled ceilings with centre flowers, galleries, &c., and
HISTORY OF NORWICH. 189
are liclily painted and gilt, the walls being enriched with festoons,
wreathed flowers, &c. The annual provincial grand lodge meets here in
August. W. Leedes Fox, Esq., of Harleston, is the Prov. Grand Secretary,
The Temperance Society, established in 1858, has a numerous list of
members, and has been the means of reclaiming many drunkards from their
miserable vice. Weekly meetings are held in the lecture room of the Free
Library, when instruction and amusement are aflorded by speeches, songs,
recitations, &c.'; and there are numerous open-au' meetings, and occasionaUy
a gala or a fancy fair to further the objects of the society. A small Hbrary
has been formed, and will be gradually increased as the fands permit. J.
W. Dowson, Esq., is president ; "Mr. Jas. Porter, treasurer ; Messrs. Harbord
and Newhouse, secretaries ; and Mr. N. Smith, ageiit. There is a Ladies'
AuxiUary in connection with the society, of which Mrs. Dowson is presi-
dent ; Mrs. Newhouse, treasurer ; and Miss Greaves, secretary.
The Norfolk and Norwich Anglers' Society, formed in June, 1857,
for the prevention of illegal fishing in the rivers Wensum and Yare, and the
sale of fish of a size proMbited by law^ is supported by a number of mem-
bers paying 5s. each per annum. R. N. Bacon, Esq., is president ; E. S.
Bignold, Esq., treasurer ; and Mr. James Skippon, to whom the society
chiefly owes its origin, is the honorary secretary.
The Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Society was estabhshed
Oct. 22, 1829, and holds five exhibitions of flowers, fruit, and vegetables
every year, when prizes are given both to members and cottagers, amounting
to about ^6150. The society possesses several large and handsome mar-
quees, so that the exhibitions can be held conveniently wherever the com-
mittee may wish. R. J. H. Harvey, Esq., is, president ; John Kitson, Esq.,
treasurer ; Mr. Hy. Pulley, hon. sec. ; and Mr. W. Hussey, assistant sec.
The Norfolk Agricultural Association, as already noticed at page
63, was formed in 1840, and holds an annual exhibition at midsummer at
one of the market towns, when premiums amounting to about ^500 are
annually given. The Prince of Wales is patron ; Sh- Willoughby Jones,
Bart., president; Wm. Burroughes, Esq., and Rev. Philip Gurdon, hon.
secretaries ; and Mr. E. C, Bailey, of Norwich, acting secretary.
The Chamber of Commerce was estabhshed in June, 1847, for the
promotion of measures calculated to benefit and protect the trading interests
of the city. J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., ispresident; R. J.J. Harvey, Esq.,
treasurer ; and Mr. C. S. Gilman, sec. Theoj6&ce is in St. Giles' street.
The Norfolk and Norwich Microscopical Society was estabhshed in
1852, and holds monthly meetings at the houses of the members alternately.
The presideiit, Thos. Brightwell, Esq., has recently presented to the society
a valuable microscope and a collection of more than one thousand objects.
Mr. J. Mottram is the honorary secretary.
Norfolk Volunteer Service Association was established three years
ago, and occasionally offers prizes to the amount of from ie200 to ^£300 to
the best shots amongst the Norfolk Volunteers.
The Musical Festival, which has been held triennially in September,
in St. Andrew's Hall, since 1824, for the benefit of the Norfolk Charities, is
celebrated all over the kingdom, and has the Hberal support of the
nobihty and gentry of the county. The profits of each festival vary from
^eiOOO to X'3000, and the large sum of ^9070 has been already contributed
out of them to the following charitable institutions, viz. : — £'5768 to the
Norfolk and Norwich Hospital; ^679 5 West Norfolk and Lynn Hospital ;
^67 70 Yarmouth Hospital; ^£'38 7 Norwich Dispensary; ^6292 Eye Lifirm-
ary: £287 Blind Hospital; £230 Sick Poor Society; £140 Lying-in-
Charity; £140 District Visiting Society; £105 Shipwrecked Mariners'
Association ; £50 Benevolent Society for Decayed Tradesmen ; £65 Jenny
Lind Infirmary; £30 National Life Boat Association; and £10 to the
Stanley Home. At the recent Festival in September, 1863, the gross
190 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
receipts were about ^5000, and after payment of the necessary expenses
there will be a very handsome sum at the disposal of the committee for
purposes of charity. The Earl of Leicester is president ; Lord Suffield,
chairman of committee ; F. J. Blake, Esq., treasurer ; and I. O. H. Taylor,
Esq., lion, secretary.
The Theatre is a large and commodious building, in the street to
which it gives name, erected in 1826, near the site of the old one, built
in 1757. It has been the nursery of many eminent performers, amongst
whom may be mentioned Louisa, Countess of Craven, Miss Faucit, Miss
Greville, Mrs. Henry Siddons, Mrs. Webb, and Quin. The Koyal Bazaae,
in St. Andrew's street, is a large and handsome building, the first stone of
which was laid on Sept. 8th, 1881, the Coronation day of WilKam IV. It
was built by a company of shareholders, but is now the property of Mr.
Samuel Jarrold, who lets it for concerts, auctions, lectures, &c. The Ball
and Concert Room, in Theatre square, belonging to Mr. Noverre, is 70
feet long by 35 feet wide ; and has convenient ante-rooms, a conservatory, and
a fine lawn in connection with it. The Choral Society, which was com-
menced in 1824, had its origin in the establishment of the Musical Festival,
which has since been held triennially in St. Andrew's Hall, as noticed at
page 189. This society is partly supported from the funds of the festival,
and is highly celebrated for musical talent, both vocal and instrumental.
Its members meet for practice at St. Andrew's Hall once a fortnight, and
and Mr. J. F. Hill is conductor, and Mx. J. Harcourt, organist. The
Philharmonic Society meets weekly at Mr. Noverre's rooms during the
winter, and gives two concerts every season. The Madrigal Society
meets weekly at St. Andrew's Hall during the winter. Here is also a
Church Choral Association, which gives a service at the Cathedral once
a year. Races were formerly held on Mousehold heath (enclosed in 1810),
and they were revived at the coronation of her Majesty (June 28th, 1838),
but have not been held since 1842.
The Norfolk and Norwich Savings' Bank is a provident institution
for the beneficial investment of the savings of the humbler classes, esta-
blished in April, 1816, at 07, Broad street, but removed in 1844 to a hand-
some building erected for its use, in the Haymarket, at a cost of <£'3000,
including ^'1500 paid for the site. It is in the Italian style, and has a
dwelling for the actuary. The bank is open every Monda}^, Wednesday,
and Saturday, from 12 to 2. The deposits on the 20th November, 1862,
amounted to ^349,706. 19s. 2d., belonging to 11,820 individuals, and 151
Charitable and 86 Friendly Societies ; and the surplus fund in the hands of
the Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt, and the trustees
of the Bank, was i'4983. 4s. 6d. The Earl of Leicester, the Rev. Lord Bayn-
ing, the Dean of Norwich, H. N. Burroughes, Esq., Sir Samuel Bignold,
Knt., Chas. Evans, Esq., and the Rev. Chas. Fellowes, are the trustees ; R,
J. H. Harvey, Esq,, is the treasurer ; the Rev. Edward Cole, B.A., lion. sec. ;
and W. C. Hotson, Esq., sujierintendent. Interest at the rate of ^2. 18s. 4d.
per cent, per annum is allowed, and sums as low as Is. are received.
The Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society, established in 1797,
was the first to introduce the principle of returning a portion of the profits
to the insured. It now ranks as the third ofiice in the kingdom, having a
capital of £'550,000, and insuring property to the amount of .£70,000,000.
Partly under the same management, but distinct in its capital and accounts,
is the Norwich Union Life Insurance Society, commenced in 1808,
on the equitable principle of mutual guarantee, and now liavmg a capital
of £2,000,000. This society has issued above 36,000 policies, and paid to
the representatives of 8000 deceased members about £6,500,000. The
offices for both are in Surrey street, and Sir Samuel Bignold, Knt., is the
secretary. The Norwich Equitable Fire Insurance Society has its
pfiaces in Bank street, and was established in 1829, with a capital of
HISTORY OF NORWICH. 191
J100,000. "NVm. Skipper, Esq.,, is registrar and secretary. The General
Hail Storm Insurance Societt, established in 1844, with a capital of
£'150,000, in £10 shares, has its offices in St. Giles' street, and Charles
Suckling Gilman, Esq., is the secretary. The Norfolk Farmers' and
General Assurance and Investment Company (limited), estabhshed in
1849, with a capital of £50,000, and the Norwich and London Accident
and Casualty Insurance Association, established in 1856, have their
head offices in St. Giles' st., and Chas. Rackham Gilman, Esq., is the sec.
Besides the provident institutions alread}^ noticed, there are in the city a
number of Friendly Societies, for mutual assistance in sickness, superan-
nuation, &c. : and partaking of these benefits here are many Lodges of Odd
FeUoiis, Druids, Orangemen, Foresters, d-c, &c.
Ecclesiastical History. — Nor^dch was distinguished at an early period
for its numerous monasteries. In the reign of Edward the Confessor it is
stated to have contained twenty-five 7?rtroc/?!aZ churches, and in the time of
the Conqueror forty-three chapels were in the patronage of the burgesses,
most of which were afterwards made parochial. During the reign of Ed-
ward III. there were 58 parish churches and chapels ^^ithin the walls.
Besides these there were the cathedral ; a monastic college and chapel in
the precincts ; also, four houses of friars, with a chapel to each ; a conven-
tual church, four hospitals, with their chapels, &c. ; in addition to which,
were several cells and other small religious foundations, amounting in the
whole to seventy-six places of Christian public worship. At the same time
here were several anchorages for recluses ; each of the twelve gates had its
hermit, and outside five of them were lazar-houses, each of which was
doubtless provided "udth its oratoiy and chaplain. Here was also a
Jewish synagogue. There are at present within the city and county of the
city no less than 43 churches, exclusive of the cathedi'al ; the Bishop's
Chapel, which is used by the parishioners of St. Mary-in-the-Marsh ; the
French and Dutch churches ; and about thirty places of worship belonging
to dissenters. Nine of the churches are in. the suburban hamlets.
Cathedral. — It has been seen, in the History of the Diocese (see pages
40 to 57) ih^ii Bishop Herbert de Losinga removed the See from Thetford to
Norwich on the 9th April, 1094. He was consecrated on the same day by
Thomas, Archbishop of York, most probably in an ancient church, wliich
there is good reason to believe stood on the site of the present cathedral,
and was dedicated to the Holy Trinity ; but as he had purchased the bishopric
and other ecclesiastical preferments of WilKam Rufus, he was enjoined by
Pope Paschal II. to build certain churches and monasteries, as an atone-
ment for these simoniacal practices. In obedience to this injunction, he
laid the first stone of the Cathedral in 1096, and in five years had pro-
ceeded so far with his work as to be able to place 60 Benedictine monks in
the Priory on the south side, endowing it with sufficient lands to maintain
the same; and on the 24th of September, 1101, the Cathedral Chiu'ch was
dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Herbert lived eighteen years after this,
but how much of the fabric he completed is not clearly defined, tliough
according to Blomefield, the origiual church, as left by him, was " the
whole of the choir, tower, and two transepts, T\-ith the north and south
aisles of the choir, beyond the transepts, and the extent of it then was to
the division between the nave and ante-choir, and no further." Eborard,
his successor, is said to have built the whole nave and its two aisles, from
the ante-choir or rood-loft to the west end ; but it is more probable that
the entire monastery and church were completed before the death of
the founder, if not before the consecration ; for in every direction we find
traces of Early Norman work, rude and plain, evidently the work of Bishop
Herbert's time ; nor is it likely that any architect would have ventured to
raise the tower so high above tlie roof of the choir and transepts without
192 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
the support of a building on its western side. Thus the building stood,
though not fitted up, till 1171, when it was damaged by fire ; but it was re-
paired by John of Oxford, the fourth bishop of Norwich, in 1197. About
1247, Bishop Sufiield built St. Mary's, or the Lady Chapel (since de-
stroyed), at the east end, which is supposed to have completed the edifice
as it stood in 1272, when a great part of it was burnt, and many of the
ecclesiastics were killed by the citizens, who assembled for the purpose of
punishing the monies for the disorderly conduct by which they had long
disgraced their profession. For this retribution, however, the city was
placed under a papal interdict ; all concerned in the riots were excommuni-
cated, many of the lower order put to death, and the principal citizens were
condemned to pay a sum of 3000 marks, with which sum, and the liberal
donations of the great, the cathedral was repaired in 1278. A new tower is
likewise said to have been built by Bishop Walpole, in 1295, at his own ex-
pense ; but it was doubtless the spire and not the tower wliich that prelate
erected. The old chapter-house, and that part of the cloister which extends
from the chapter-house to the grand door into the church, were also erected
by Bishop Walpole, and three more arches on the same side were erected by
Richard Uppehalle, the clerk of the works. The remaining five arches, and
the south side of the cloister to the door leading into the ancient refectory,
were erected by Bishop Salmon, with the assistance of the monks, who on
tliis occasion suppressed the office of Pittancer, and expended on the work
ihQ inttances of the convent. The north side, towards the church, was
built by Henry de Well, who gave 210 marks himself, and obtained several
donations to carry on the work. He was also allowed a portion of the
pittance-moiwy. The west side, with the highly ornamented entrance to
the refectory, the lavatories, and the doorway into the pilgrims' hall, were
built by Jeffery Simonds, the then rector of St. Mary-in-the-Marsh. The
part extendmg from the pilgrims' hall doorwaj^ to the entrance into the
church inclusive, was the work of Bishop Wakering, who, in his life time,
erected a new chapter -house, which was afterwards destroyed in the civil
wars. The rest of the cloister was successively executed by the sev-
eral famiUes of Morley, Scales, Erpingham, Gournay, Mowbray, Thorpe,
Savage, &c., whose arms and cognizances were to be seen emblazoned in
the windows before the fine stained glass was demohshed. Towards this
work; Walter de Burney, citizen of Norwich, had previously made a dona-
tion of ^6400. Thus, A.D. 1430, in the 133rd year from its commencement,
was finished this spacious, elegant, and justly celebrated cloister, in the
prelacy of Bishop Alnwyk.
In 1361, a violent ^wmmwe blew down the upper part of the steeple,
and did much injury to the choir. For the reparation of this damage
Bishop Percy gave .£400 out of his own purse, and obtained an aid of nine-
pence in the pound from all his clergy. At that time the present spire was
built. About 1430, the west door and window were inserted and other
architectural alterations made in the west front by Bishop Akiwyk, whose
arms, with the arms of the See, are in the spandrUs of the door, enclosed in
a garter with the inscription, " Orate pro anima Domini WiUelmi Almvyk,
Epi." In the year 1463, the church was much damaged by hghtning, but
was repaired and considerably improved by Bishop Lyhart, by whose
generosity, and that of his powerful coadjutors, many ornamental additions
were made. At this time the cathedral was paved, the stone rood loft
erected, and an elegant tomb raised over the ashes of the founder ; but the
latter was demolished in the civil wars. During Lyhart's prelacy, the noble
stone roof of the nave was constructed and adorned witli sculptures re-
presenting various stories from the Old Testament. His successor. Bishop
Gold well, beautified the tower, erected the present light and elegant cleres-
tory and stone roof over the choir; fitted up the choir with collateral
NOEWICH CATHEDEAL. 193
chapels, and covered the whole vaulting with lead. In 1509, the transepts
being injured by fire, were repaired by Bishop Nix, and covered with a
roofing of stone, similar to the other parts of the church, by which the
whole roof was completed in an uniform manner.
At the Dissolution of the monasteries, much curious work was destroyed
in the cathedral, and several crucifixes, images, niches, tabernacles, and
even paintings, were removed. In 1601, part of the spire was again struck
by Hghtning, but was speedily repaired. Thus it remained till the civil
wars in 1643, " when that contempt for the venerable remains of the arts,
which pervaded the majority of the people, under a pretence of extraordinary
zeal and purity, could only be exceeded by the folly with which it discarded
the wisdom of antiquity." Then the puritanical reformers entered all the
churches, " defacing the ornaments, breaking the windows, filing the bells,
and robbing the stones and monuments of then' brasses," and Sherifi" Tofts
is said to have stolen from the cathedral alone no fewer than 100 brasses.
They demoHshed the organ and carried away the vestments, which, with
the singing and service books, they burnt in the Market place. The cathe-
dral was partially fitted up again at the Restoration, when a new organ
was erected, and the corporation gave <£100 towards the communion plate.
From that time to the present, repaii's and restorations of various portions of
the building have been repeatedly efiected at considerable cost, and in many
instances with very questionable taste. The cathedral is situated so low,
and is so much surrounded by buildings, as to prevent its being viewed as a
whole from any near point. It is seen to most advantage from the rising
ground near the church of Thorpe Hamlet, whence it appears to possess
all the dignity and importance of a cathedral of the first magnitude. The
tower and spke are, however, the only features which possess any external
attractions ; the rest of the building presents but a mean and irregular ap-
pearance, unrelieved by the buttresses, which are too flat to be called pro-
jections ; and it is perhaps fortunately almost entirely concealed from pubHc
view by the cloisters, the bishop's palace, and other premises which sur-
round and adjoin it. The edifice was dedicated by its founder to tlie Holy
Trinity, but since the reign of Henry III. it has been commonly called
Christ's Church, by which name it is still designated.
The architecture of this noble pile of building is chiefly of the early
Norman style, wherein the semichcular arch and massive short column
are the leading features. These are considerably varied in size, moulding,
and ornament in difierent parts of the edifice. The plan displays a nave
with aisles, transept without aisles, and a choir with a semicirciilar east-end
and an aisle surrounding it. Attached to, but projecting fi-om this aisle, near
the east end, is a small chapel dedicated to Jesus, and of exti'emely curious
form and character. Its walls are portions of two intersecting ckcles of
difierent diameters, having a round projection at the point of intersection.
The windows are pointed, and evidently modern insertions. Above them
is an arcade of round-headed arches upon short plain circular pillars, and
higher still a series of blank Norman windows. A similar adjunct on the
opposite side, at the south-east angle of the church, is called St. Luke's
chapel. A square building, projecting from the south side of the choir, is
now used as the Consistory court. Between this and the ti-ansept is Hey-
do7is chapel and the old Chapter house. Adjoining the south transept is
St. Edmund's, or the Prior s chapel. West of this, and attached to the
south side of the nave, are the Cloisters. Such are the component parts of
the cathedral, which adjoins the bishop's palace on the north side and the
deanery on the south. The length of the whole fabric, from east to west, is
407 ft. ; the length of the transept is 178 ft. ; and the length of the nave from
the west door to the screen, is 204 ft. ; and its breadth, with the aisles, 72 ft.
The Cloisteks form a square of 174 feet within the walls, and are sur-
passed by none in beauty of architecture and solemnity of efi'ect. They
N
194 NORWICH CATHEDRAL.
branch off from the south transept, and enclose a square court or area ;
eleven noble mndows or arched openings are on the western side, twelve
on the east, eleven on the north, and eleven on the south. All these
windows are divided into three lights by two columns, and decorated with a
variety of beautiful tracery. They are of decorated architecture, except
eight on the north side, which have perpendicular tracery in decorated
arches. The upper portion of the tracery of all the windows appears to have
been once filled with stained glass. The roof is supported by groins, spring-
ing from clustered columns, and ornamented with very bold elaborately
carved bosses at their points of intersection, representing a number of scriptu-
ral subjects. The door -way leading from the eastern aisle of the cloisters to
the nave is very curious, being a pointed arch with four columns on each
side, having corresponding archivolt mouldings, in front of which are seven
canopied niches with richly sculptured crockets, and each containing a
statue. That in the centre is our Saviour, and the other figures represent
two angels, a bishop with a model of the church in his hand, a Idng, St.
John the Baptist, and Moses with the tables of the law. Into these clois-
ters are passages from several of the prebendal houses ; and over three sides
of the quadrangle is an upper story, lighted by small windows looking into
the court. In the east wall of the cloisters are tliree beautiful decorated
arches, now filled with a light iron railing of appropriate pattern, but for-
merly used as the door and windows of the vestibule of the chapter house,
which has been entirely destroyed. Near these are several walled-up
doors, which used to lead into the dormitory, the slype, &c. Very little
remains of the monastic buildings, the dormitory, refectory, kitchen, and
strangers' hall being almost entirely destroyed, except those portions which
form the walls of the cloisters. The ancient lavatories remain at the south-
west angle in an almost perfect state, and at the north-west angle is a modern
door, which has replaced the ancient one, leading into the great locutory
and entrance to the monastery. This is now the kitchen and larder of one
of the Canon's houses, and has some noble Norman arches over the eastern
part, but the fine west window and the rest of the vaulting is early Enghsh.
The West Front has none of that dignity and magnificence for which
many of the western fagades of other cathedrals are so justly celebrated. It
presents a large central compartment, fronting and corresponding with the
width and height of the nave ; also two lateral divisions corresponding with
the side aisles. The elevation of the former displays an immense perpendi-
cular window of nine lights, divided by a transom, an exact counterpart of
the west window of Westnmister Hall, and which, however beautiful and well
proportioned in itself, is far too large for its position, and 'constitutes a great
defect in the appearance of the west front, both externally and internally.
Above it is a gable with a small window in it, and on the top an ornamental
cross. Beneath it is the grand entrance, formed by a deep vaulted portal
of perpendicular architecture, within a square head, and having its spandrils
and side fascia much enriched with mouldings, niches, pedestals, and other
sculptured decorations. The lateral divisions of this front retain their
Norman character, except that the small stairway turrets at each extremity
are now, like the central turrets, disfigured by modern jDinnacles. Above
each of the doors opening into the aisles is a series of four blank arches,
separated by small columns, over which are three other arches, in the centre
and largest of which a pointed window of two lights has been inserted.
The battlements are of the perpendicular period.
The Nave and Aisles display in their external elevation five tiers of win-
dows and arcades, though part of the lowermost is obscured by the cloisters.
A-bove this is a series of blank arches or arcades, of the Norman style,
divided into fourteen compartments by a flat buttress between each, and
every division consists of seven arches. In the next tier upwards each com-
partment shews tliree semicircular arches, tJie central of which is opened
NORWICH CATHEDRAL. 195
and glazed, whilst the two latter are blank. Over this is a flatly pointed arch
window, with two mnllions in each division. This constitutes the eleva-
tion of the aisle, which is unusually lofty and narrow. Above this is a
modem parapet. The clerestory displays in each compartment a pointed
arch window in the middle, with a semicu'cular moulding over it, and two
lateral blank ai'ches. The sides and front of the transepts nearly cor-
respond in the number and style of arches with the division just described.
At the intersection of the transepts with the nave and choir, rises a lofty
toiver, surmounted by an elegant spire, the whole height of which is 313 ft.,
exceeded only by that at Salisbury. The tower exliibits four stories, be-
sides that of the battlements, and each is covered with arcades, columns,
and tracery -mouldings of very varied and curious workmanship. It is an
interesting and highly ornate specimen of the Norman style of ai'chitecture,
exemphfjong it at that period when the semicircular and intersecting arches
with tall light columns were prevalent, and just before the pointed arch was
generally adopted. The battlements and pinnacles at the angles are of the
perpendicular period, as also is the octagonal spire, which has bold crockets
attached to and running up the ribs at each angle.
In the exterior of the Choir and its Aisles a very dissimilar style of archi-
tecture is exhibited ; for the former has large lofty windows with pointed
arches, ornamented with transoms, mullions, and tracery ; whilst the latter
display several with square heads, divided by three mullions and tracery.
These windows are curious and rare examples of form. Bold flying buttresses
project from the upper part of the choir, across and over the aisles. As
akeady observed, the east end of the choir is semicircular, with an aisle
and projecting chapels, &c., and presents curious traces of the original
structure built by Bishop Herbert de Losinga; but the clerestory above it is
pentagonal, and is siu-mounted by a richly decorated and embattled parapet.
The Interior is grand and solemn in the general effect, and the piers,
columns, arches, and mouldings are of bold and substantial workmanship.
The nave is of fourteen bays, and the arches, which are all semicircular and
of great depth and solidity, are ornamented with the billet moulding, and
rest upon massive piers, except in two instances, where instead of piers are
placed cylindrical columns of vast thickness, ornamented with spiral
flutings, one on each side of the nave and opposite to each other. The
triforium is of great height, and is composed of piers and arches similar to
those on which they stand. These arches exhibit the chevron moulding,
and are not subdivided by a pillar and smaller arches as is usually the case.
The arcade above this is unusually low, and contains three semicircular
arches in each compai'tment, with very simple mouldings resting on short
cylindrical columns ; the middle arch being three times the span of the
outer ones. Through the larger arches are seen the clerestory windows.
The magnificent stone vaulting of the nave was the work of Bishop Lyhart,
whose rebus occurs frequently on the corbels of the shafts which support
the roof. The sculptured bosses contain a complete series of historical
figures, commencing at the tower end with the Creation, and ending at the
other extremity with the Last Judgment. Exactly in the centre of this
roof, between the choir screen and the west door is a circular opening of
considerable size, from whence was suspended the large censer swung
lengthwise in the nave at the festivals of Easter and Whitsuntide, and fi:om
which a white pigeon was let fly to symbohze the coming down of the Holy
Ghost. The great west window is filled with stained glass, of great bril-
liancy of colouring, but in very bad taste. It represents the Adoration of
the Magi, the Finding of Moses, the Ascension, the Brazen Serpent, Christ
Blessing Little Children, Moses with the Tables of the Law, and figures of
patriarchs, prophets, evangehsts, &c. ; and is a memorial to Bishop Stanley,
who died in 1849. About half way down the nave on the south side,
betwixt the 6th and 7th piers, is the tomb of Chancellor Spencer, upon
n3
196 NORWICH CATHEDRAL.
which the chapter rents were formerly received ; and the stone is com-
pletely worn by the frequent ringing of the money. Between the 7th and
8th piers on the same side, is the beautiful monumental chapel of Bishop
Nix, in the latest perpendicular style, with elaborate vaulting, and highly
ornamented panels, niches, and canopies. In it are still visible the reredos, the
piscina, and the u'onwork on which the bell hung. The chou: screen appears
to have been originally erected by Bishop Lypart. Behind it, on each side
of the central door, were small chapels enclosed in wooden screens, the
altar on the north side being dedicated to St. William (a boy said to have
been crucified by the Jews in 1137), and the other to St. Mary. The pis-
cina of the former stni remains. The ante- choir occupies the space imder
the organ loft, between two columns, and was in mediaeval times a chapel
dedicated to our Lady of Pity. The side aisles of the nave are nearly in
their original state ; their vaulting is exceedingly plain and ponderous,
without any mouldings, ribs, or bosses ; and they contain several stained glass
windows. The transepts are of the same height as the nave and choir, and
like them are richly vaulted with stone. They contain several stained glass
windows, but have no aisles, and are intercepted by the choir, which is
partly under the central tower and stretches beyond it to the third pillar
in the nave. On the east side of the north transept is an apsidal chapel,
now used as a sextry, and formerly dedicated to St. Anne. There was for-
merly a similar chapel on the east side of the south transept, but it has
been long destroyed, and on its site is the present vestry, which is of the
decorated period. The bosses of the roofs of the transepts have carved
figures, representing the Nativity and various subjects illustrative of the
early history of Christ. The choir is of unusual length, and very imposing
in its effect. The lantern of the tower is set upon four semicircular arches
with plain mouldings, and supported by four massive piers of the same
solid description. Above these arches is a bold and simple arcade, pierced
with a passage leading to the roofs of the bmlding. Above it, another
arcade just reheves the plain wall, except at the extremity of each face,
where it is pierced by a large circular aperture, which does not, however, go
quite through the wall. Higher still, the wall is again recessed for another
passage, in front of long narrow windows, three on each side, the shafts of
the columns being of considerable length, and admirably proportioned to
the great height at which they are placed. Nine of these windows are
fiUed with stained glass, and though the ceiling above is of stucco, and
very poor and out of place, the effect of the whole lantern is very grand
and beautiful. The stall- work of the choir is very good perpendicular
work, and has been recently judiciously restored. The stalls are sixty- two
in number, and each of them retains its siibsellium or miserere, most of
which have elaborate designs carved upon them with great vigour and
skill. The side pillars and arches of the chou' are concealed by screens of
richly decorated perpendicular work, surmounted by elegant perforated
parapets. The arches of the apse are not concealed, and retain their
original Norman character, as also does the triforium all round the chou'.
The clerestory of the choir is magnificent, and is one of the finest spe-
cimens in tliis country of the pointed style engrafted on original Norman
work. It is of the perpendicular period, and the windows are of four lights
each, lofty and weU-proportioned, with transoms and elaborate tracery.
Between the windows on both sides are lofty, deep niches, feathered and
canopied, which doubtless once had statues. The windows in tlie cleres-
tory of the apse are of the same size and character as those on each side of
the choir, but they are so close together that there is no room for anything
between them but a cluster of three slender shafts, from the top of which
spring the main ribs of the vaulting, which is similar to that of the nave
and transepts, but much less ornate. This part of the clerestory is pen-
tagonal, and is very cleverly set upon the triforium of the apse, which is
NORWICH CATHEDRAL. 197
semicircular. The three easternmost windows are filled with stained glass
of appropriate design. Below the steps of tlie high altar a simple slab
marks the spot where Bishop Herbert, the founder of the cathedral, lies
buried ; but, doubtless, a sumptuous altar tomb once existed iu its place.
The monument of Bishop Goldwell, in the ai'ch betwixt the sixteenth
and seventeentli pillars on the south side of the choir, was erected about
1499, and consists of an altar-tomb of white marble, with several niches,
canopies, and pedestals at the sides and ends, a recumbent effigy of the
bishop on the top, and a canopy adorned with panelling, arches, freize,
parapet, &c., of perpendicular architecture. The e^gy of the bishop, now
much defaced, is distinguished by the richness of its vestments, consisting
of the cope with a rich border of lace, closed on the breast with a large
square morse or fibula ; beneath the cope is the dahnatic, alb, stole, &c. ;
and hangiug from the left arm is the maniple. The crozier and mitre, for-
merly richly ornamented, have long been mutilated. The head rests on
two cushions, and the feet against a crouching lion, on which is an open
book, and a small broken figure of a clerk or priest. At the top are the
bishop's arms. The magnificent monument of Bishop Bathurst was erected
in November, 1841, and stands in a recess between the seventeenth and
eighteenth pillars on the north side, where Queen Elizabeth sat during her
visit to this city. The figure is of the purest Carrara marble, somewhat
above the natural size, and seated, in full episcopal costume. The counte-
nance is peculiarly expressive of the benevolence, frankness, and mild intel-
ligence which characterised the venerable prelate. It is said to have been
the last work of Sir Fras. Chantrey, but appears more fitted for a college-
hall than for an ecclesiastical edifice. In the north-east angle of the recess,
and almost behind the pedestal of the monument, is a glazed quatrefoil,
which for a long time formed a subject of discussion amongst antiquaries,
and was usually supposed to have been a confessional ; but there appears
no reason to doubt that it was the speculatory through which the sepulchre
light could be watched during the ceremonies at Easter, without entering
the chou'. The lectern is ancient, and represents a pelican vulning herself ;
with figures of a bishop, a priest, and a deacon at the bottom. The side
aisles of the choir are of the same age and style as those of the nave, and
vaulted in a similarly plain and ponderous manner. In the south aisle is
a fine decorated arch leading into the noble chapel said to have been
founded by one WiUiam Beauchamp, and now used as the Consistory
Court. The roof is groined, and has bosses illustrating the life, death, and
assumption of the Virgin. There remains on the east side a beautiful niche
with elaborate canopy on the north side of the altar ; and a ledge for images
on the south sid-e. The piscina has also been recently uncovered in the
south wall. A similar chapel, dedicated either to St. Andrew or St.
Stephen, formerly existed next the north aisle, but all trace of it has been
long obliterated. St. Luke's and Jesus chapels have abeady been de-
scribed. The painted wooden reredos of the latter is now in the vestry. It
is of the fourteenth century, and is divided into five compartments, repre-
senting The Scourging, Bearing the Cross, Crucifixion, Resurrection, and
Ascension. The backgi-ounds of these paintings are ^ded, and diapered
in curious patterns, and some of the ornaments are in slight rehef. In the
north aisle is a low vaulting of the decorated period, supporting a gallery
raised a few feet above the level of the floor of the choir. There are two
bays of this vaulting, and in the head of the arch of the eastern one is the
before-mentioned quatrefoU speculatory, or hagioscope. The original Nor-
man Lady Chapel was of an oval form, but gave place in 1265 to a large
oblong chapel of eariy Enghsh architecture, erected by Walter de Suffield.
This is said to have been a very noble building, 70 feet long and 30 feet
broad, and was disgracefully destroyed by Dean Gardiner. It was entered
from the aisle by two acutely pointed arches, with bold mouldings, and the ^
198 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
dog-tooth ornament, resting on a lofty central shaft, with a quatrefoil open-
ing in the space above.
The Bishop's Palace, an irregular edifice, on the north side of the
cathedral, is an extensive pile, erected by various prelates, in the different
styles of architecture which prevailed when they respectively flourished.
During the usurpation of Cromwell this palace partook of the general in-
juries committed by the Puritans in all ecclesiastical buildings. The
greater part of it was let off" in tenements, and the grand hall converted
into a puritanical meeting house. At the Restoration, Bishop Reynolds,
with some difficulty and at great expense, made the palace habitable ; and
it has since been frequently repaired and beautified by succeeding bishops,
so that it is now a convenient residence. One of the rooms is lined with
ancient but richly carved oak wainscot, brought from the abbey of St.
Bonnet's at Holme, and placed here by Bishop Rugg. On the upper row
of panels are the names and profiles of several worthies of ancient times.
Formerly there was a covered way, vaulted with stone like the cloisters,
from the door of the north transept to the entrance of the grand hall,
which was 110 feet long and 60 broad, but was destroyed by the Puritans
after they had used it some time as a preaching-room. In the garden, be-
tween the palace and St. Martin's gate, stands a fine ruin, known as Bishop
Salmon's gateway. It is an interesting specimen of decorated arcliitecture.
In 1858, the palace was restored and improved at a cost of about ^£'5000.
The Bishop's Chapel, at the east end of the Palace, was built by BishoxD
Reynolds, in 1662, near the site of the old one, which was erected by Bishop
Salmon, and had its windows filled with beautiful stained glass, represent-
ing bishops and saints ; but these and a great part of the building were
destroyed by Sheriff Tofts, Alderman Lyndsey, and their Puritan followers.
The present chapel is ornamented with Connthian pilasters, and fitted up
•with wainscot sides, and a flat stuccoed ceiling. It is now used by the
parisliioners of St. Mary's-in-the-Marsh as their parish church. Near the
altar is a monument and bust of the founder.
The Deanery stands near the south side of the cathedral, and was
anciently the porter's lodge. It is a large square pile, originally built by
Bishop Herbert, but has undergone so many alterations at different times
that no part of the original structure remains. It contains several fine
windows and arches of the early English decorated and perpendicular
periods; and near it are the Prehendal Houses, and three massive clustered
columns of great antiquity. These pillars were opened out to view when
the Dormitory was taken down for the purpose of improving the entrance
to the deanery in 1804. They are of the late Norman period, and their
shafts appear to have been painted green, and the capitals gilt. At the
general dissolution, the revenues of Norwich Cathedral Priory were seized
by the crown, but the prior ant? monhs being converted into a dean and 2)r€-
bendaries, they were restored, and William Castleton, the last prior, be-
came the Jirst dean in 1538.
The Charnel House, near the west end of the cathedral, was built by
Bishop Salmon, about the year 1316. He dedicated it to St. John the
Evangelist, and endowed it for four priests, one of whom was to be custos,
to sing mass for his soul, those of his parents, and of all his predecessors
and successors in the See for ever. It was afterwards converted into a
charnel house, but in the reign of Elizabeth became the property of the
Corporation, when the Free Grammar School was transferred to it from the
infirmary of the Black Friars. It consisted of a chapel, with offices for the
priests, and a crypt beneath. The latter has a groined and vaulted roof,
and is divided lengthwise by a row of pillars 14 feet high. In it the sacrist
was allowed to deposit all bones proper for removal, " to be reserved tiU
the day of resurrection." The buttresses at each end of the south side are
ornamented with columns representing trunks of trees, with branches spring-
OATHEDEAL PEECINCTS. 199
ing from the tips, and were built in 1702. The portico at the south end is
a low vaulted structure, with curiously sculptured bosses and niches, and
was built by Bishop Lyhart.
There are two principal Gates communicating with the cathedral close
and precincts, and one forming the entrance to the palace garden. Erping-
Tiam Gate, which leads to the west front of the cathedral, is a curious piece
of architecture, which Blomefield says was built by Su' Thomas Erping-
ham, at the instance of the warlike Bishop Spencer, as a penance for his
being an abettor of Lollardism, or favourer of WicMiffe ; but this is a very
improbable story, as the knight did not marry his second wife till 1411, and
the arms of both his wives ai)pear upon the gate, whilst Bishop Spencer
died in 1406. The style of architecture leads to the inference that the gate
was erected about 1420. Its outer elevation displays a lofty pointed arch,
and is enriched with columns, mouldings, and thirty-eight small statues of
male and female saints, &c., designed with great freedom and elegance,
under canopies of luxuriant foliage, exquisitely carved. The spandrils are
highly decorated with tracery, mouldings, and shields, and the whole is
enclosed in a sort of square frame, with semi- octagonal buttresses. Each
of these is divided into four compartments, covered with statues, niches,
shields, pedestals, &c., and on numerous scrolls is the word " yenJc"
(think), which was mistaken by Blomefield for " p)enay In a canopied
niche in the pediment (which is plain, and composed of flint), is a kneeling
statue of the founder. The inner front is plain and quite unworthy of its
beautiful exterior. The house in which Sir Thomas Erpingham resided
stood in the parish of St. Martin-at-Palace, at the further end of World's
end lane, and was pulled down in 1858. St. Ethelbert's Gate, which leads to
the south end of the Upper Close, was built by the citizens, as a recom-
pense for the old gate and the church of St. Ethelbert which adjoined it,
both of which were burnt down in the conflict between the citizens and
monks in 1272. The chapel over it was for some time used by the now
dissolved parish of St. Ethelbert. This gate has a modem pediment over
the west front, composed of stone tracery, inlaid with flints. Beneath is a
series of blank niches, with a statue in the centre, and four small windows,
or loop-holes, now closed up. In the spandrils of the great arch are figures
in basso-relievo, of a man with a sword and a round shield, attacking a
dragon. The east front consists of stone tracery and flint, with a pointed
arch window in the centre. Attached to this gate is a porter's lodge, this
being the only place of egress or ingress to the precincts during the night.
St. Martin's Palace Gate, leading to the palace garden from St. Martin's
plain, was founded by Bishop Ahiwyk, who did not live to complete it,
but made a provision for that purpose in his will. It has a lai'ge pointed
arch of several mouldings, with shields and tracery on each side of it. The
principal door has much carving, as also has a smaller one, on which
amongst other ornaments, a heart and mitre frequently appear — the sup-
posed rebus of Bishop Lyhart.
The Peecincts of the Cathedeal include the Upper and Lower Close,
Life's Green, and 15a. 2e. 38p. oi garden ground, extending eastward to the
river Wensum, between Sandlins Ferry and Bishop's Bridge. This dis-
trict is enclosed on every side, except next the river, by walls and houses,
and forms a peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean and Chapter, and the p)arish ,
of Trinity, or St. Mary-in-the-Marsh. The whole is the property of the
Dean and Chapter, and the gardens, building sites, &c., ai'e let to various
persons on 40 years' leases, renewable every 14 years, by paying fines equal
to 1\ year's rent. In 1782, the Loiver Close was enclosed by Dean Lloyd,
and a handsome garden made. A great quantity of the mould, mixed with
human bones, being brought out of the cloister gi-aveyard to level this plat,
it obtained the name of Skeleton square, and some severe lampoons were
published on the occasion. In 1806, this square was further improved by
200 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
taking down several houses at the north-east corner. In 1825, the Upper
Close was enclosed with iron palisades, and laid out in a similar manner.
In 1863, a beautiful new residence for one of the Canons was built on
Lifes Oreen, at a cost of ^62500, in lieu of an old house, which adjoined
the south-west corner of the cathedral, and is now removed. The building
is of flint, coloured brick, and cut stone, and of Venetian Gothic design.
Before the erection of the cathedral this pecuhar jurisdiction was called
Cow Holm, being the marsh where the cows fed. Cow Holm was anciently
in the parish of Thorpe, and had a chapel till 1094, when Bishop Herbert
de Losigna removed tlie See to Norwich, and purchased this district for
the site of his cathedral, palace, prebendal houses, &c. The old chapel was
pulled down to make room for the cathedral, but the bishop built in its
place a parochial church, called St. Mary-in-the-Maksh. This church
stood near Life's Green, but was desecrated by Bishop Parkhurst, in
1562, and converted to the use of the cathedral, where the parishioners
were allowed the use of the chapel of St. John the Baptist. In 1563, it
was purchased by Dr. Gascoigne, then chancellor, who x)ulled the greater
part of it down, and the rest was subsequently converted into a dwelhng,
but was finally demolished in the year 1760, when a handsome row of houses
was built partly on the site. The inhabitants now use the Bishop s Chapel
as theu' parish church, but until recently they used the chapel of St. Luke
the Evangelist, at the east end of the cathedral. The living is a perpetual
curacy, valued in K.B. at ^£5. Os. lOd., and now at ^6110. It was aug-
mented with ^600 of Queen Anne's Bounty, from 1737 to 1767. The Dean
and Chapter are the patrons; the Rev. J. C. Matchett, M.A., is the rector ;
and John Elmer, clerk.
The Monastic Institutions which existed in Norwich before the Refor-
mation amounted to no less than nineteen, at the head of which was the
Benedictine Priory at the cathedi'al, founded by Bishop Herbert de Lo-
singa, as noticed at page 191. To this was di Benedictine Cell, dedicated to
St. Leonard, and estabhshed by the same founder, on Household Heath,
opposite Bishop's Bridge, and much resorted to on account of its miracu-
lous image of Henry VI. At the dissolution, it was granted to Thomas,
Duke of Norfolk, whose son, Henry, Earl of Surrey, built a sumptous
house upon the site. Near this priory cell was 8t. Michael's Chapel, which
was served by the monks, and afterwards became the rendezvous of Kett
and his associate rebels (vide page 152), from whence it obtained the name
of Kett's Castle. The Benedictine Nunnery, at Carrow, was founded in
1146, by two sisters, named Seyna and Leftelina, and received a consider-
able endowment from King Stephen. It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary,
and had a prioress and nme nuns. The boundary wall, part of wliich
remains, enclosed an area of about 10 acres. It was granted to Sir J.
Shelton. The seal of this nunnery is now in the possession of Robt. Fitch,
Esq., F.S.A., and was found amongst the debris of St. Paul's Church, Nor-
wich, during the reparation of that edifice in 1841. It is of lead, of an oval
pointed form, and represents the Virgin crowned, sitting upon a throne,
holding our Saviour in one hand and a sceptre in the other. The Chap)el
of our Lady -in-the- Fields, founded about 1250, by John le Brun, was ori-
ginally a hospital, but in a short time became a noble College, consisting
of a dean (the founder being the first), a chancellor, precentor, treasurer,
and seven other prebendaries, with six chantry priests. The premises were
extensive, and were granted by Henry VIII. to Miles Spencer, the last
dean. The Theatre and the Freemasons' Hall stand on the site. The
Austin Friary stood near the church of St. Michael, in Conisford, where it
was founded m the reign of Edward I. The monks afterwards obtained
hcense to add that church to their estabhshment, and unite its parish with
St Peter-per-Mountergate. They re-built the church in 1300, and dedicated
it to St. Mary the Virgin and St. Augustine. Their possessions, bounded
MONASTIC INSTITUTIONS. 201
on the north by St. Faith's-lane, extended as far as the river, and were
granted at the Dissolution to Sir Thomas Heneage. A great source of their
wealth was derived from a chapel called Scala Cell, of which kind there
were only two others in England (at London and Westminster), all of them
having equal privileges with respect to indulgences, &c,, as one of the same
name at Rome. The Black or Dominican Friars first settled here in 1226,
in the church of St. John the Baptist, which occupied the site of the pre-
sent Octagon Chapel, and which they made their conventual church, and
united the parish to St. George at Colegate; hut the friars afterwards
removed to a more magnificent establishment, part of which is now St.
Andrew's Hall. (See page 175.) The Grey or Franciscan Friars settled
here about 1226, on the site now partly occupied by Cook's Hospital, in
Eose-lane, and their possessions were granted to Thomas, Duke of Norfolk,
who sold the premises to the Corporation. Their church, dedicated to St.
Francis, was of magnificent proportions, the nave being 150 feet long from
the west window to the folding doors of the tower and steeple (probably a
transept tower), and 50 feet from thence to the folding doors of the choir.
The breadth of the nave and aisles was about 80 feet, and the cloister was a
square of the length of the nave. Connected -udth this church were two
anchorages. The White or Carmelite Friars had a flourishing convent
near the bridge to which they gave name, and part of the cloisters remain
in the cellars of a public -house, si ill called the White Friars. Their church
was completed in 1343, and must have been a splendid building, the cloister
having been 60 yards square, the nave 46 yards long, and that and two
aisles 36 yards broad, and the transepts 30 yards. John Bale, author of
the " Enghsh Votaries," and a great instrument of the Reformation, was a
monk in this priory, which was granted at the Dissolution to Richard An-
drews and Leonard Chamberlain. The Friars de Domina founded a con-
vent in 1290, on the west side of King street, on the south side of St. Julian's
churchyard, but they perished in the plague of 1349, and their convent
became private property. The Friars of St. Mary had a small priory in
the churchyard of St. Martin in Balliva, but on the reduction of the lesser
orders they were united to the White Friai-s. The Friars de Pica had a
house at the north-east comer of the churchyard of St. Peter-per-Mounter-
gate, but being obhged to join one of the four principal orders, their house
became the property of the Hospital of Bek, at Billingford, the master of
which made it his city house. The Friars de Sacco had a house in 1250,
opposite St. Peter's-of-Hungate church, but it was granted to the Black
Friars in 1307. The Domus Dei or Gods House, in St. Giles'-street, was
founded as an almshouse, by Jolin le Grant, in the reign of Edward I., and
rebuilt by Bishop Lyhart, whose successors nominated the almsmen till the
Reformation, when the hospital became private property. Hildehrondes
Hospital, founded about the year 1200, by Hildebronde, the mercer, for a
master and brethren, was dissolved at the Reformation, though merely a
charitable institution. Five Lazar Houses existed here in the time of
Edward III., for the reception of persons afflicted with leprosy, then a very
prevalent disease. These houses were situated without the gates of the
city, and were supported by the contributions of the inhabitants and tra-
vellers. There was one without St. Augustine's gate, called the Hospital
of St. Mary and St. Clement, and its site is now occupied by the Infirmary
Asylum. The other four were without the gates of St. Bennet, St. Giles, St.
Magdalen, and St. Stephen, and the latter was accounted part of the pos-
sessions of the priory of Horsham St. Faith. All these five houses were
in being, and had rehef out of the treasury for the King's Bench and Mar-
shalsea, in 1602 and 1604. St. Giles Hospital, in Bishopgate-street, was
founded by Bishop Suffield, for four chaplains to celebrate mass daily for
his soul ; to support any poor and decrepit chaplains of Norwich diocese,
and thirteen poor people in lodging and one meal a day. In 1256, the
202 HISTOKY OF NORWICH.
founder signed tlie statutes of the hospital, to which a provision was added
for seven poor scholars to have their dinner daily. Edward VI. gi'anted
this hospital, with all its revenues and appurtenances, to the corporation of
Norwich, to be held for ever of the king in socage, by fealty only, as a
place and house for the rehef of the poor, to be called God's House, or the
House of the Poor, in Holme-street, in the city of Normch, " of the founda-
tion of King Edward VI., and King Henry VIII. liis most noble father."
It was now stipulated for the establishment to maintain a priest, to be
chaplain to the parish of St. Helen and to the poor in the hospital, and
another priest to be chaplain to the city gaol ; also a master and usher for
a grammar school ; a caterer or steward ; a collector of rents ; a porter, and
a convenient person to cook, bake, and brew for forty almsmen, with four
women to attend them. It was also provided that as the revenues increased,
the pensioners were to be augmented. This hospital was afterwards re-
founded for the reception of aged poor, and is now called the Great Hos-
pital, as wiU be seen in an account of the almshouses and other charities,
at a subsequent page ; and its chapel is now the parish chiu'ch of St. Helen.
The " Preachees' Money," formerly in trust with the Corporation in
the " Sword Bearer's Account" is now dispensed by the city Charity Trus-
tees. This fund now produces about ^£169 per annum, arising as follows :
— ^126. 10s. from the site of the City Gaol, and seven acres of land ad-
joining, left by 8ir John Pettiis, in 1613 ; ^£10 from a rent-charge in Great
Hautboys, left in 1610 by Edward Nutting ; £18 out of the manor of Bar-
sham, left in 1626, by John Suckling ; £9. 10s. fi'om tenements in St. Law-
rence, left in 1619, by Henry Fawcett ; and £b from j£100, left by Lawrence
Ooodwin. Out of the above, 2ls. is i^aid to each of the preachers in tlie cathe-
dral, called the Norfolk and Suffolk preachers. On Easter-day and the Sun-
day following Whit Sunday, Trinity Sunday, the four Sundays in Advent,
and the six Sundays in Lent, and also on Christmas Day, the bishop, the
dean, or one of the prebendaries or archdeacons preaches. On every other
Sunday, and on seven other days (fasts or festivals) the incumbents of livings
in Norfolk and Suffolk, or in the city of Norwich, are appointed by the
bishop to preach in the cathedral, and each of such preachers receives 2ls-
for each sermon ; or if, in case of absence, one of the minor canons preaches
in his stead, the minor canon receives that sum ; but nothing is paid if
the dean or one of the prebendaries preaches in his stead. The sums paid
for such sermons in the cathedral, amount to about ^£45 per annum, and the
rest of the income is dispensed pursuant to the wills of the donors, viz.,
about <£5 for sermons at the churches of St. Simon and St. Jude, St.
Saviour, and St. Andrew ; £8. 6s. 8d. to the poor of tlie i)arishes of St.
Saviour, St. Andrew, St. Augustine, and St. George's Colegate ; and the
surplus, which, after x^ayment of incidental expenses, amounts to about £90
a year, is paid into the city treasury, pursuant to the will of Sk John Pettus.
The minister of St. Peter-per-Mountergate, has £2. 3s. 6d. yearly from tlie
property left to the Great Hospital by Alderman Codd, in 1558. Thos. Hall,
in 1713, left i:200 to the Corporation, in trust, to pay the interest thereof
yearly for a monthly lecture, to be preached alternately in the churches of
St. Peter Mancroft, St. Andrew, St. George Colegate, and St. John Timber-
hill. The yearly sum of £8 is paid as the interest of this legacy. For a
sermon every Thursday in St. Andrew's church, ^£20 per annum is paid
from Benj. I'rappett's Charity.
Ai.L Saints' Church, at the east end of Wastlegate, is a small plain
edifice, comprising nave, chancel, north aisle, south porcli, and a square
west tower containing three bells. The chancel contains some decorated
windows, but the other portions of the church are perpendicular. The
east window is modern, and isfilled with poor stained glass ; but there are
■ some fragments of ancient stained glass, containing heads of bishops, &c.,
in the windows of the aisles. The font is octagonal, and is a fine specimen
PARISH CHURCHES. 20S
of perpendicular workmanship. On it are carved figures of St. Michael,
St. George, the twelve Apostles, and other saints. It was restored a few
years ago, and some of the figui-es were re-cut. There are three monu-
ments with merchants' marks upon them. The rectory, valued in K. B. at
^3. 14s. 7d., is consohdated with the rectory of St. Juhan and St. Edward,
valued in K.B. at £,0. The joint benefices are now worth about ^300 per
annum. They were augmented with ^600 of Q. A. B. in 1769 and 1810,
and with £'200 given by John Drinkwater, Esq., in 1768, and £"500 given
by Samuel Thornton, Esq., in 1800 and 1805. The Rev. C. F. Sculthorpe,
M.A., is 2)(ttron, Rev. John Russell Jackson, M.A., rector, John Madgett,
clerk, and Henry Drew, sexton. The church estate consists of three houses,
let for 06I5 a year. The parish of St. Winewaloy, or St. Catherine in New-
gate, was nearly depopulated in the great plague of 1319, after which it
was consohdated with All Saints, and its church desecrated.
St. Andkew's Chuech, in the Broad street to which it gives~name, is
esteemed the best parochial church in the city, excepting that of St. Peter
Mancroft. It is a fine large perpendicular structiu*e, consisting of nave,
chancel, aisles, clerestory, and tower. The latter, which has seven beUs
and a clock, was rebuilt in 1178, and the nave and chancel in 1606. The
interior contains many ancient as well as modern monuments and inscrip-
tions, and two brasses to John Gilbert, 1527, and Wm. Layer and his wife,
1538. At the end of the north aisle, formerly the chapel of St. Marj'-, en-
closed with iron palisades, is a sumptuous monument, on which are re-
cumbent effigies of Sir John Suckling and his lady, erected by their son. Sir
John Suckling, the poet. To the altar belongs a handsome and costly set
of plate, of which two noble flagons, weighing neaily 60 ounces each, were
given by Lawrence Goodwin, Esq., in 1701. In the east window was a
beautiful representation in stained glass, of the Brazen Serpent and the
stoning of the man who gathered sticks on the Sabbath ; but these devices
are now nearly obhterated. The organ was erected in 1808. In one of
the windows near the east end of the north aisle is a figure in stained glass,
of Robert Gardener, a former mayor of Norwich. The blue and ruby in
this glass are much admired. There are sediUa for three jDriests in the chan-
cel, and several old stalls with misereres. The gallery which obscured
the noble tower-arch, was removed in 1863, and the fine screenwork so lone
hidden, has been brought to Hght. There is no chancel- arch, but the rood-
stab turret still remains on the south side ; and under the east window,
externally, are some good niches and panels. A beautiful carved stone
reredos was erected in 185 6-' 7, by subscription, in memory of the late Rev.
James Brown, B.D., who was incumbent of this parish fi'om 1807 to 1856.
The church of St. Grouch, which stood near St. Andj:ew's, was demohshed
in 1551, and its parish divided between those of St. Andrew and St. John
Maddermarket ; l3ut the chancel remained till 1838, and formed part of the
Hole-in-the-Wall Inn. St. Christopher's church, which also stood in this
vicinity, was burnt down in the reign of Heniy III., and its parish united
with St. Andrew's. Some curious crypt work in a neighbouring buildincy
doubtless belonged to it. The benefice is 2i perpetual curacij, valued in
1831 at £90, and augmented from 1756 to 1786, with £800 of Queen Anne's
Bounty, and with a grant of £600 m I8l5. The Church estate is let on
long leases for £22. 16s. a year, but is worth considerably more. Part of it
was given by Robt. Davy. The parishioners are i\\Q patrons, the Rev. Arthur
Chas. Copeman, M.B., incumbent, and Daniel Vyall, clerk. Wjn. Appleby,
the first mayor (1403,) and Wm. Moore, the last mayor under the city char-
ters, (1835,) both resided in St. Andrew's parish; and of the latter, there
is a neat monimaent in the chiu'ch. The Parsonage House stands near the
church, and is a plain but commodious building. A house for the minister
was purchased by the parishioners in 1670 ; and in 1607, Mr. Rugg gave a
house for the clerk's residence. The sacramental lecture is preached in
204 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
this church on the Fridays preceding the first Sundays in April, August,
and December. (See page 202.)
St. Augustine's Church, on the east side of Gildencroft, is mainly of
perpendicular architecture, and consists of nave with aisles, chancel with
aisles, south porch, and tower. The latter contains a clock and three bells,
and it and the porch are of red brick, and bear the date 1726, as also does
the ceiling of the chancel. The roof of the north aisle of the chancel is
finely carved, and the clerestory is built of flint. The rood-stair turret still
remains, and its upper portion being open to the church forms a pew, or
very small gallery. The tower-arch is built up, and the pulpit is placed at
the ivest end of the church. In the south aisle of the nave is a marble monu-
ment in memory of Thos. Clabburn, manufacturer, who died in 1858. It was
erected by the subscriptions of more than 600 weavers of Norwich, as a
tribute of esteem to his many virtues. The rectory, valued in K.B. at
£6. 7s. e^d., and now at i6150, was augmented in 1781 with i^200 of Queen
Anne's Bounty, and in 1810, '11, and '21, with ^61400 in parliamentary
grants. The Dean and Chapter are the patrons, the Rev. Matthew John
Rackham, rector, and John Fiske, clerk.
St. Benedict's Church, in the street to which it gives name, is a small
perpendicular building, with nave, chancel, north aisle, and tower. The
latter contains three bells and is round at the base and octagonal above.
The chancel contains a piscina, and the font, which is octagonal, is now
much mutilated, but was once finely carved. The church was re-roofed,
thoroughly repaired and drained, and had a new east window inserted a few
years ago at a cost of nearly ^6150, and the gaUery is about to be removed
and the pews replaced by ox^en benches, at a cost of ^250. The Hving is a
perpetual curacy, valued at <£95, and was augmented from 1739 to 1813,
with ^1800 of royal bounty, partly laid out in the purchase of 20a. of land
at Shelton. The parishioners ave patrons, the Rev. Wm. Goodwin, M.A.,
incumbent, and Wm. Metcalf, clerk.
St. Clement's Church, in Colegate street, is one of the most ancient
churches in the city, and belonged originally to the manor of Tokethorpe.
It is principally of the perpendicular period, and has a square tower with
three bells, a nave without aisles, and a chancel; and has a few old brasses
and several modern monuments. The chancel contains four dedication
crosses and is separated from the nave by a fine arch. The tower arch is
blocked by the organ and gallery. The font is ornamented with flowers,
&c. In the churchyard is a tomb to the memory of the parents of Arch-
bishop Parker. Here is also the " Leper's Tomb," which tradition says
was raised over the remains of a leper, who, being permitted burial here,
bequeathed his lands, &c., to the church ; but Blomefield discredits this
legend, and conjectures that the leper died in the Lazar-house, without St.
Augustiae's gate, (now the Infirmary Asylum,) which entitled him to burial
here, that building being in one of the detached parts of the parish. The
communion plate weighs about 88 oz., including a silver gilt cup, given by
S. Sofyld, in 1569. The three Parish Houses are let for ^£26. lOs. a year,
which is applied with the church rates, except a reserved yearly rent of
3s. 4d., payable to the Great Hospital, pursuant to a lease for 500 j^ears,
granted in 1569. The rectory, valued in K.B at ^7. 9s. 2d., and now at
^96, was augmented in 1738, with 56200 of Queen Anne's Bounty, and
^6200 bequeathed by the Rev. Edward Brooke. It is in the patronage of
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and incumbency of the Rev. Richd.
Rigg, M.A., who is also rector of St. Michael Coslany. Wm. Burrows is
the clerk. St. Clement's parish increased its population from 853 in-
habitants in 1801, to nearly 4000 in 1861. This large increase occurred
chiefly in that northern suburb of the city called New Catton, which in
1842 was constituted an ecclesiastical district, and assigned to Christ
Church, which had been built in the previous year, as afterwai'ds noticed.
PARISH CHURCHES. • 205
St. Anne's chapel, which was desecrated some centuries ago, stood in
St. Clement's parish, neariy adjacent to the river ; and in Fybrigge gate
or Wensum street were the churches of All Saints, St. Margaret, and
St. Botolph the Abbot, of which no vestiges remain.
St. Edmund's Chuech, in Fishgate, is a small fabric, of late perpen-
dicular work, with nave, chancel, south aisle, and tower containing one
bell. It was originally founded about the time of William the Conqueror.
The arches of the nave are nearly flat, and the sub-arches are carried on
shafts with moulded caps. Two of the piers have small narrow arches cut
through them apparently to give greater lightness. The roof is of plain
open timber work, and bears in the centre a large wooden boss, with the
arms of the city, St. George, and St. Edmund, and a scroll inscribed,
" S. Edmwidus,Jios Martirum, velut rosa aut lilium." The old parish chest
is strongly bound with iron. Among the rehcs formerly preserved here was
a piece of the shirt of St. Edmund the King and Martyr, kept in a box of
crystal, and visited with great reverence. The rectory, valued in K.B. at
£4.. 6s. 3d., and now at ^£165, was augmented in 1726 with ^£'200 given by
the Revs. Wm. Stanley and R. Corey, and from 1726 to 1819, with £'1000
of royal bounty. The Rev. G. Blake Everett, M.A., i^ patron and incumbent.
St. Etheldred's Church, in King street, is supposed to be the oldest
church in the city, and had in its burial ground a very ancient anchorage
or hermitage, which continued till after the Reformation. It is a small pile,
with nave, chancel, and tower. The latter contains one bell and is round
at the base and octagonal above. It is chiefly of flint, but the upper portion
has brick quoins and mouldings of the perpendicular period. The nave is
thatched, and has a step gable at its east end. The south porch and some
of the windows are perpendicular, and there are a few decorated windows ;
but the south doorway and the mutilated piscina in the chancel are Norman,
and the Norman stiings are still to be seen on the walls outside. A plain stone
bench in the sill of a window formed the sedilia. The font is octagonal and
panelled. In the chancel is a monument, dated 1611, to Wm. Johnson, an
alderman of Norwich, with figures of himself, wife, one son, and three daugh-
ters. The benefice is a perpetual curacy, certified at £2. 14s.. and valued at
^677. It was augmented from 1745 to 1802, with ^800 of Queen Anne's
Bounty. The Trustees of the Great Hospital are patrons ; the Rev. James
Deacon, M.A., incumbent ; Rev. P. S. Aldrich, B.C.L., curate; and George
Hawes, clerh. St. Edward's Church formerly stood on the west side of King
street, and the east end of its churchyard extended nearly to the south-west
comer of St. Etheldred's churchyard. It was desecrated some centuries
ago, but its ruins were visible in Blomefield's time. Joining the west end
of St. Edward's church was a chapel, founded by Hildebronde, a mercer, who
also founded a hospital in connection with it, which was dissolved in 1540.
The Music-House, the remains of which are still to be found in a public house
on the east side of King street, nearly opposite St. Etheldred's churchyard,
was used as a chapel for divine service by Alan de Freestone, Archdeacon of
Norwich, but was disused after his death, about 1290. It obtained its name
through being in former times the place of resort for the City Waits.
St. George's Colegate is a large and handsome perpendicular church,
rebuilt at different periods, viz., the tower and nave, about 1459 ; the chancel
in 1498 ; the north aisle, with the chapel of St. Mary, in 1504, and the south
aisle, with the chapel of St. Peter, in 1513. The tower is lofty, and has a
clock and three bells. The rood-stair turret still remains on the south side.
The church is neatly fitted up, and has a good organ. In the north aisle is
a fine altar- tomb to Robert Jannis, a great benefactor to this church and the
city; and near it is a beautiful mural monument to John Herring, Esq.,
(mayor in 1799,) executed by the younger Bacon. In the same aisle is a
fine brass of Wm. Norwiche, dated 1475 ; and also a piscina. The east
window is of three lights^ and is filled with painted glass, by Mr. Swan,
206 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
representing Faith, Hope, and Charity. The churches of St. Margaret at
Colegate, and St. Olave, in Cherry lane, were taken down, and their cures
consolidated with St. George's ; the former in 1349, and the latter in 1546.
The living is a perpetual curacy, valued at ^098, and augmented from 1737
to 1792 with ,£1000 of Queen Anne's Bounty. The Dean and Chapter are
patrons, the Rev, Alex. Warham Durdin, incumbent, and C. Woolmer, clerh.
The " sacramental lecture" is preached in this church on the Fridaj^s pre-
ceding the first Sundays in January, May, and December. (See p. 202.)
St. George's Tombland has a handsome square tower, which contains
five beUs, and was erected by the parishioners in 1445. There is also a
clock given by George Maltby, in 1786, and a sanctus bell. The nave,
aisles, and chancel are covered with lead, and have spacious galleries and
many monumental inscriptions of ancient and modern times, one of which
has the representation of a man and his wife at the fald-stool. The build-
ing is chiefly of the perpendicular period, but some portions appear to be of
much older date. The living is a> perpetual curacy, valued at ^6144. It is
in the gift of the Bishop, and was augmented from 1741 to 1817 with .flOOO
of royal bounty, and in 1789 with ^£'200 given by Dr. Lewis Bagot, Bishop
of Norwich, and in 18 L 7 with £200 given by the Rev. Charles Sutton, D.D.
The Rev. K. Trimmer, B.A., is the incumbent, and J. P. Sturgess, clerk.
St. Giles' Chuech was founded in the reign of Wilham the Conqueror,
by Elwyn the priest, who gave it to the Monks of Norwich, and conse-
quently it is now in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter. In ancient
records it is frequently called St. Giles-ou-the-Hill. It is a fine perpen-
dicular structure, and the eminence on which it stands commands an ex-
tensive view of the lower parts of the city. It was wholly rebuilt in the
reign of Richard II., and is now one of the handsomest churches in Nor-
wich, though the chancel has been demolished since the year 1581, when
the Dean and Chapter, to acquit themselves of the expense of repairing it,
gave all the materials to the parish, for " a stock to be put out for the en-
couragement of poor traders," which has long been lost. The east window
now fills the chancel arch, and there is a small window over it. The tower-
arch is blocked by the organ gallery. The nave is of five bays, and has a
good open timber roof, supported by angels bearing shields emblazoned with
the arms of England, France, and Castile. The clerestory windows have
been modernised. The remains of a colossal fresco painting of St. Chris-
topher were some time ago discovered on the waU of the north aisle, and
may still be seen, but two consecration crosses found at the same time have
been obhterated. The south porch has a fine groined vault with fan tra-
cery, and is surmounted by a parvise and a rich parapet and cornice. The
tower is 120 feet high, and contains a clock and eight bells. It is battle-
mented and crowned with a small bellcot. The nave and aisles are 81 feet
long, divided by slender piUars, and lighted by large and elegant windows.
The costly altar plate is double gilt, and was given by Robert SneU, in
1738. Here are many old brasses, and among the modern monuments is
one to Sir Thomas Chiu-chman, Knight] The perpetual curacy, valued at
£70, was augmented from 1744 to 1791, with £1000 of Queen Anne's
Bounty. The Rev. Wm. Nottidge Ripley, M.A., is the incumbent, Rev.
Edmund Hall, LL.B., curate, W. F. Cully er, clerk, and Alfred Ames, sexton.
The Church Estate consists of several tenements, &c., given by Thos. Parker
and others in 1534, and now let on long leases for £14 a year.
St. Gregory's Church, in Pottergate street, is a lofty perpendicular
fabric of great antiquity, but the chancel was rebuilt in 1395, and the whole
pile has received many subsequent repairs. The nave and aisles, with tlie
two chapels at the cast end, were new leaded in 1537. In 1597, a wooden
spire, covered with lead, was erected on the tower, and was the only spire
in Norwich, except that of the cathedral, but bemg considered unsafe, part
of it was taken down after the vane had been blown off in 1806. In the
PABISH CHURCHES. . 207
towei* ai*e a clock and six bells, the latter given by the parishioners in 1818.
The tower- arch is very lofty, and across it is the original stone gallery for
the singers, with groined vaults above and beneath, the lower part forming
a western porch opening into the north and south porches, which are also
groined. There are four well-moulded arches on each side of the nave,
with clustered shafts having embattled caps. The rood- stair turret remains
on the north side of the church. The altar platform is raised on an arch
over a street. The clerestory windows have decorated tracery, and tho
windows of the aisles are of mixed character, under arches recessed in the
walls. At the west end of the north aisle is a large and curious fi*esco
painting of St. George and the Dragon, supposed to have been the work of
a native of Norfolk. It was uncovered some years ago, and has been re-
stored at the expense of Wm. Smith, Esq., one of the churchwardens, by
whom and the incumbent about £'800 were collected in 1861, #or the pur-
pose of restoiing the church and re-seating it with oak. Part of the old
roof and a few old stalls in the chancel still remam, and there is also a
curious brass scutcheon, which was formerly on the door, and had a knocker
attached to it, called the " sanctuary knocker." The brass eagle-lectern is
dated 1496. In the church is a paU of black stuff ornamented with needle-
work, representing crowned angels bearing small figures, probably meant
for souls; and under each angel is a fish hke a dolphin, swallowing a
smaller one. It is apparently intended to symboHze death and immortality.
The old altar cloth is of crimson velvet, woven with gold thread, and was
made out of a cope ; but a beautiful new altar cloth has been wrought by
Miss Blencowe, who also worked the one for Ely Cathedral. Among the
monuments is one to Sir Francis Bacon, a judge of the Court of King's
Bench in Charles the Second's time. Here are also some ancient brass
inscriptions, but no efiigies. Of two " Parish Houses," held suice 1598,
one is occupied rent free by the clerk, and the other is let on lease for £2,
which is carried to the church rates. The perpetual curacy was certified at
^£3, and is now valued at ^£120. It was augmented from 1747 tol8l2, with
£'1400 of royal bounty, partly laid out in land at Ray don and Fritton. Tiie
Dean and Chapter aie patrons, the Rev, Wm. Rt. Sharpe, M.A., incumbent,
and John Moore, sexton.
St. Helen's Chukch, in Bishopgate street, belonged to the monks, who
demolished it, and consolidated the cure with the church of St. Giles'
Hospital, now called the Great Hospital, on the opposite side of the street,
soon after the foundation of the latter by Bishop Suifield, in 1250. The
whole of this hospital church, which serves also as the parish church of
St. Helen, and is partly converted into lodgings for the almspeople, is still
standing, but it is encimibered with many excrescent buildings. It has a
square perpendicular tower at the south-west comer, containing one bell ;
the choir is turned into lodgings for the almswomen ; and that part of the
nave and aisles extending from the tower to the south porch, is divided
into apartments for the men ; the intermediate space, with a south chantry,
being all that is left open for divine service. The altar is in the chantry,
and opposite to it stands a modern seat of handsome Gothic carved work.
The church is neatly fitted up in a similar style, with open seats. Kirk-
patrick, the learned antiquary, who did so much for the History of Nor-
wich, is buried here. The perpetual curacy received by lot ^£200 of Queen
Anne's Bounty in 1816, and was valued in 1831, at i'16, exclusive of the
glebe house, but it is now worth =£200 per ann. The City Charity Trustees
are patrons, the Rev. \V. F. Patteson, incumhent, and J. S. Silcock, clerh.
Nearly the whole of the small parish of St. Helen belongs to the Great Hos-
pital. The parsonage is a commodious residence in the Hospital grounds.
St. James' Church, in Cowgate, includes mthin its parish the hamlet
of PocJithorpe, and part of Mousehold Heath, and was a weU endowed rec^
tory tiU 1201, when it was appropriated to the cathedral priory, and is now
208 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
a peculiar of the Dean and Chapter. It is a small fabric of poor architec-
ture of the late perpendicular period. The tower is square and of stone at
the base, but the upper part is octagonal and of brick and contains one
bell. The rood-stair turret still remains on the north side. The porch has
a parvise, which externally forms part of the aisle, and on its gable are three
sitting figures as pinnacles, one of wliich represents a mitred bishop, but the
others are so mutilated as to be undistinguishable. The font is octagonal,
and richly ornamented with panels filled with figures representing the
Apostles and Evangelists, and eight female saints. In 1860, the church un-
derwent a partial restoration at a cost of <£318, raised by subscription. The
perpetual curacy, certified at 20s., and now valued at ^150, with Pockthorpe
annexed, was augmented from 1740 to 1765, with 5O6OO of Queen Anne's
Bounty. The Dean and Chapter are patrons, Rev. Thomas Clark, M.A.,
incumbent, and N. Stewardson, clerh. For many years, till 1843, the curacies
of St. James and St. Paul were united.
St. John's Maddeemaeket is an ancient but large and handsome
perpendicular church of flint and stone, consisting of a nave, two aisles, two
porches, six bells, and a fine tower under which is an arched road, and on
the top are four figures at the angles. The lead was removed and the roof
covered with slate in 1835. In the interior is a fine-toned seraphine, and
many ancient sepulchral inscriptions, with nine brasses, and several mural
monuments. The fine decorated east window is of five Hghts with flowing
tracery, and seems to be built into the chancel arch, for although a street
passes immediately beneath, it is probable that there was formerly an arch
across it to carry the chancel, as in the adjoining church of St. Gregory.
The north porch has a richly-groined vault, and its outer doorway is deeply
recessed. The roofs of the chapel of All Saints at the east end of the north
aisle, and of St. Mary the Virgin in the south aisle, are boarded under, and
painted with angels holding books and scrolls, with sentences from the Te
Deum, the Angehcal Salutation, &c., and diapered with the monograms
I.H.S. in a crown of thorns, and MR. crowned. This church has just been
restored at a cost of ^61200. Lady Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk (second
wife of the Duke who was beheaded in Elizabeth's reign), died at the
Duke's Palace in this parish in 1563, and was interred with great pomp on
the north side of the chou', v.'here a mural monument was raised to her
memory by Lord John Howard, of Waldon, in 1791. The benefice is a
discharged rectory, valued in K.B. at £,1. 10s. 2d., and now at £110. It
was augmented from 1714 to 1814, with 5^1800 of royal bounty. It is in
the patronage of New College, Oxford, to which it was granted by Hen. VI.
St. John Sepulchere is a large church, at the south end of Ber street,
dedicated to St. John the Baptist and the Holy Sepulchre, and founded in
the Confessor's reign. It consists of a nave, chancel, a sort of transept
chapel on each side, and a lofty tower with five bells and a clock. It is of
perpendicular architecture. The font is octagonal, and is ornamented with
angels, hons,]&c. The east window is of three lights, filled with stained glass,
the centre light having a figure of St. John Baptist. It is in memory of the
Rev. Saml. Stone, M.A., incumbent of this parish, who died in 1848. Here
is a fine mural monument of the Watts family. The rood-stau* turret still
remains, and on the south side of the chancel is a fine consecration cross.
The living is a. perpetual curacy, certified at .£9. Is., and now valued at ^'144,
It was augmented from 1737 to 1812 mth ^61600 of royal bounty. The Dean
and Chapter are patrons, the Rev, Thos. Calvert, MA,, incumbent, Robert
Butler, clerh, and Wm. Rumsby, sexton. Five tenements, let for £6. 6s. a
year, were left by Thos. Doughty in 1621, for augmenting the minister's in-
come, and paying lOs. yearly to the clerk, who has also a yearly rent-charge
of 21s., left by an unknown donor. The church of St. Bartholomeiv, in Ber
street, was desecrated in 1549, when its bells and ornaments were carried to
St. John Sepulchere. A portion of this church was standing in 1814, but
converted into an outhouse.
HISTOBY OP NORWICH. 209
St. John's Timberhtll, at the north end of Ber street, (or Burgh street,
as it was anciently called, because it led to the burgh or castle,) was founded
soon after the Priory of Norwich, to which it was apj)ropriated ; and it was
dedicated to St. John the Baptist. It has a naye, chancel, south porch with
parvise, and two aisles with chapels at their east ends ; that on the north, a
part of which is now used for the vestry, was called our Lady's Chapel. The
tower, which was square, and contained five bells, on the largest of which
was the inscription, "■Per mejideles invocantur ad preces" suddenly fell
down on Aug. 26th, 1784, and considerably damaged the west end of the
church. Its foundations still remain, but the bells were sold to pay for the
repairs, and a wooden cupola with a single small bell, was substituted on
the west gable. There is a hagioscope, or squint, on the south side of the
chancel, and near it is a small decorated piscina. The font is cu'cular and
Norman, The whole building is in a very dilapidated state, and needs a
thorough restoration. The jJ^^'p^tual curacy was augmented from 1738 to
1813 with XIOOO of royal bounty, and valued m 1831 at £75. The Dean
and Chapter are j;airo/z5, the Rev. Samuel Titlow, M.A., has been the m-
cwnhent since 1831, and Thomas Dann is the clerh. The " sacramental
lecture" is preached in this church in the afternoon of the Fridays preceding
the first Sundays in Feb., June, and Oct. (See p. 202.) The "Parish
House and Yard," given by John Forster, in 1542, are let for ^13 a year.
St. Julian's Church, in King street, is a very small and ancient church,
founded before the Conquest ; and comprises nave, chancel, north porch, and
tower. It is principally of the Norman period, but the tower, which is
round, is by some believed to be Saxon, and most of the windows are deco-
rated and perx^endicular insertions. The tower has a deeply recessed Nor-
man arch, slightly pointed, and having shafts with caps and bases. It has
also a small Norman loop window in the thickness of the wall, splayed both
inside and out. The south doorway is a very fine specimen of Norman ar-
chitecture, and was restored in 1845, when the chancel was rebuilt and the
church thoroughly restored at a cost of £'500. The east window was at
the same time fiUed with stained glass given by Mr. Baxter and friends,
representing our Saviour seated and surrounded by the emblems of the evan-
gehsts. The font is perpendicular, cup-shaped and panelled. In the church-
yard was a hermitage or anchorage for a female recluse, demolished at the
dissolution. The rectory, certified at ^£19. 3s. Id., has long been consolidated
with All Saints, as has been seen at ]). 203 and the cure of the desecrated
church of St. Edward, in Conisford street, was um'ted with it in 1269. The
Rev. C. F. Sculthorpe, M.A., is patron, the Rev. J. R. Jackson, M.A., rector,
and James Manthorpe, clerJe.
St. Lawrence's Church, in St. Benedict's street, was founded in the
Confessor's reign, on the site of an ancient quay for landing fish, but the
original church was taken down in 1460, and the present one completed
about 12 years after. It is of the late perpendicular period, and consists of
nave, chancel, aisles, north and south porches, clerestory, and a fine tower,
112 feet high, containing six beUs. There is no chancel arch, but the arches
of the nave differ from those in the chancel. The tower arch is blocked up,
and a gallery is in front of it. The rood-stair turret still remains, and at
the right-hand side of the priest's door, on the south side of the chancel, is
the old holy water stoup. The roof is of open timber, and the spandrils are
pierced with elegant open w^ork. The font is perpendicular, and its cover
is of the time of Laud. The south porch has a good panelled door. In
the spandrils of an arched door, on the western side, are two ancient can---
ings, one representing the cruel martyrdom of St. Lawrence, (broiling on a
gridiron,) and the other a number of Danish soldiers shooting arrows
into the body of King Edmund, whose head is seen lying in a thicket, as
described in the legend. The windows ai'e large and handsome, and
were formerly decorated with painted glass, all of which was demoHshed by
210 HISTORY OF NORWICH,
the Puritans, in 1643. Here are several good brasses, one of GaKridus
Langley, prior of St, Faith's, rexDresenting a priest in his surplice, but
the canopy has been destroyed. Two others, to the memory of John
Asgar and Thos. Childes, bear the respective dates 1436 and 1452. The
curfew is still rung at this church at eight o'clock every evening. The
rectory was in two medieties, divided between the abbey and the rector, and
the yearly payment of a last of herrings was reserved to the former, but the
medieties were joined about the reign of WiUiam II. It is valued hi K.B.
at ^64. 13s. 9d., and was augmented with ^400 of Queen Anne's Bounty in
1764 and '92, and with a parliamentary grant of ,£1000 in 1813. Its present
annual value is ^682. The Lord Chancellor is patron, Rev. Edw. Augustus
Hillyard, B.A., rector, Wm. Griggs, clerh, and Saml. Drake, sexton. The
Church Estate, on which a factory has been built by one of the lessees, is
let for ,£22 a year. It was given by the Rev. John Bobet and Robert
Theckstone, in 1535 and 1549. St. Lawrences Well was a pubhc spring in
the reign of Edwai'd I., and in 1576 was granted to Robert Gibson, on con-
dition that he should bring the water in a leaden pipe into the public street,
and there erect a pump at his own expense.
St. Margaret's Church, Westwick street, has a square tower, with a
spacious nave, chancel, and south aisle, which were covered with blue slate
in 1830, when four of the five bells were sold to assist in defraying the
expense. It is a plain building of the perpendicular period. The rood-
stair turret remains on tlie north side of the church, and on the south side
of the altar is a small pedestal, on which the bell rung at mass formerly
stood. There is a fine old parish chest in the vestry. The rectory, valued
in K.B, at £5. 4s. 9d., and now at £80, was augmented from 1789 to 1814
with £1000 of royal bounty. The Bishop is patron, Rev. John Wm. Cobb,
rector, and James Widdowes, sexton.
St. Martin's-at-Oak, in Coslany street, has a square tower with three
bells, nave, chancel, and south aisle, the latter being an addition made by
Alderman Wilkin, who died in 1491. It derived the latter part of its
name from a large oak, formerly standing in the churchyard, with the image
of St. Mary in it. This was much visited in the reign of superstition, and
many legacies were given towards repairing, dressing, and painting it.
Another oak was planted on the sgme spot in 1656, but that now growing
in the churchyard was planted about eight years ago. There are a few mon-
uments and brasses in the church ; and on one of the former are effigies of
Jeremiah Ravans and his wife, in alabaster. She died in 1711, and he in
1727. The st>uth porch is now used as a vestry, and the outer doorway is
built up. The building is of flint and stone. It is of perpendicular archi-
tecture, and contains some good slender piers. In 1852 the chancel was
rebuilt, and a new organ was placed in the church, and in 1862 plain open
benches were substituted for the pews in the chancel, at a cost of £40. The
benefice is o. perpetual curacy, certified at 20s., and now valued at £102. It
was augmented with £200, given by WiUiam NockeUs in 1722, and £1000
of royal bounty, obtained from 1723 to 1824. The Dean and Chapter are
imtrons, Rev. Chas. Caldwell, B.A., incunibent, and Thomas Kerridge, clerTt.
The Topers' pubhc house, now let for £9 a year, was given many years ago,
by Jonas Bungay, for the repahs of the church.
St. Martin's-at-Palace stands opposite the entrance to the Bishop's
Palace. It has a nave with aisles, chancel with aisles, clerestory, and a
tower with five bells. It was founded before the Conquest, but tlie upper
portion of the tower is modern. It is of plain perpendicular architectui-e,
and contauis a good panelled octagon font, with eight shafts to the stem, and
panels between them. The two eastern angles of the chancel have very
decided long- and- short work, but it appears to be old material worked uj)
again. The north aisle of the chancel contains a fine altar tomb against
the east wall, to the memory of Elizabeth Caltrop. It staiids befteatJi a
PARISH CHURCHES. 211
three-liglit window of stained glass, inserted by Lord Caltliorpe. There is
another stained window on the north side of the same chapel. At the east
end of the south aisle is a stained window to the memory of the Rev. Thos.
Beckwith, M.A., incumbent of this i^arish fi-om 1781 to 1807, and Jane, his
wife, erected by their childi*en in 1861. The east window of the chancel is
also filled with stained glass, representing the adoration of the Magi, the
Crucifixion, the Resurrection, the Annunciation, Bearing the Cross, and
canying the Sacred Body to the Sepulchre. The building was thoroughly
restored and reseated a few years ago, and in 1863 a new organ was placed
in it at a cost of i'90. In 1300, a boy's singing school was kept here; and
in 1500, John Blomefield gave a robe of worsted, lined with blue silk, for
the use of the " Boy Bisliop" The living is 2i, perpetual curacy, valued at
^70, and augmented from 1743 to 1813 with £'1800 of royal bounty. The
Dean and Chapter are patrons, and the Rev. Saml. Bache Hanis, M.A.,
incumbent. The " Parish House" is let for iSlO. 8s. a year.
St. Mary's Coslany is a fine cruciform perpendicular church, with a
tall round tower of flint, containing six bells. There are no aisles. The
south porch has a good groined vault and a richly moulded doorway, with
a parvise or chamber above. The chancel has a panelled ceiling with
rich perforated work. The pulpit is ancient, and has tracery in the upper
part of the panels with the Imen pattern below, and a perforated iron
j)rojection for the book-rest. The font is octagonal, and has painted shields
of arms in its upper panels. The rood-stair turret is at the intersection of
the north transept and chancel. At the west end of the nave is an old
parish chest, and in the south transept is a square-headed foliated piscina.
There are several ancient stalls remaining, and in the north wall of the
chancel is an EUzabethan tomb of stone, dated 1578, and having incised
figures of Martin Vankermbeck, M.D., and his wife. The perpetual curacy
was augmented from 1733 to 1821 -with £-2-200 of royal bounty, and is valued
at £121. The Marquis of Townshend is jiatron, Rev. Chas. Morse, LL.B.,
incumbent, Thomas Hayden, clerk, and James Barker, sexton.
St. Mart's-in-the-Marsh stood in the cathedral preciucts, but wag
desecrated in 1653, and the only vestige of it remaining is the font in St.
Luke's Chapel in the Cathedral, which, though much mutilated, has been
very handsome, and had the seven sacraments and the crucifixion carved
upon it. The parishioners now use the Bishop's chapel, as noticed at p. 198.
St. Michael's Coslany, commonly called St. Miles, is a spacious and
handsome perpendicular church, with a lofty square tower and eight musical
bells. The nave was rebuilt by John and Stephen Stallon, who were she-
riffs in 1511 and '12. The south aisle was begun by Gregory Clerk, and
was finished by Ms son, who was mayor in 1514. At the east end of the
latter is a chapel founded by Robert Thorp, in the reign of Henry VIL,
dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and encrusted externally with black flinta
and freestone, forming a pecuhar sort of tracery, the appearance of which
has been compared to that of certain old cabinets inlaid with ivory. Two
of the windows contaui some ancient xDainted glass, but the heads of the
figures were taken off to gratify the Puritans in the reign of Cromwell.
The interior of the church is handsomely decorated. The altar piece, by
Heins, represents the ResuiTection and the four Evangehsts, and the floor
in fit'ont is paved with black and white marble, brought from the domestic
chapel at Oxnead, and presented by Mr. Wm. Tuck. Here are a few
ancient brasses and several modern mui'al monuments. The rectory.
valued in K.B. at £13. 6s. 8d., and now at £117, was augmented in 1738
with £200 bequeathed by the Rev. E. Brooke ; in 1818, with £200 given
by the late rector; and from 1738 to 1818, with £1000 of royal bounty.
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, has the patronage of the living,
which is usually given to the oldest bachelor of that college. The Rev.
Richard Rigg, M.A., who is also rector of St. Clement's, is the incumbent.
o2
212 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
St. Michael's-at-Plea, on the north side of Qneen street, was so named
from the Archdeacon of Norwich holding in it his pleas or courts. It is a
cruciform church with a low flint tower and a modern bell turret with two
bells. Its transepts formerly were chapels dedicated to St. John the Bap-
tist and the Virgin Mary. It coiitains several old paintings of the cruci-
fixion, resurrection, &c., on the panels. About two years ago the tower
was restored at a cost of ^250, The rectory, valued in K.B. at M. 10s.,
and in 1831 at ^£85, was augmented with ^600 of Queen Anne's Bounty,
from 1774 to 1791, and with a parliamentary grant of ^1000 in 1816. The
lords of the manors of Sprowston and Horsford (Sii' T. B. Lennard and J.
Morse, Esq.,) are patrons alternately. The Rev. Charles Morse, LL.B.,
who is also incumbent of St. Mary Coslany, is the rector, and R. Wade, clerh.
St. Michael's-at-Thorn, in Ber street, has still a large thorn growing
in its chui'chyard. It is a smaU church, chiefly perpendicular, and has a
tower built in 1436, containing three bells. The south doorway is
Norman, and the door has the original ii'onwork, but the porch is perpen-
dicular. The building has been recently restored and a new organ erected,
at a cost of ^gSOO. The perpetual curacy, valued at ^88, was augmented
from 1744 to 1812, with ^£2000 of Queen Anne's Bounty and parliamentary
grants. The Marquis of Lothian is patron, and the Rev. Cyprian T. Rust,
incmnbent. The church of 8t. Martin in Balliva stood anciently of a trian-
gular piece of ground near the principal entrance to the barbican of the castle,
but was demolished in 1562, and its parish united to that of St. Michael.
St. Paul's Church, in the square called St. Paul's ]3lain, is an ancient
dilapidated building, with a small round tower, the upper jDart of which was
octagonal, but was rebuilt about 1819, of white brick with stone coping.
It has some decorated windows, but is cliiefly perpendicular. There is a
north aisle, and at its east end is a parclose, the two screens of different
patterns, but both perpendicular. The perpetual curacy was certified at
only <£2, but was augmented from 1745 to 1749, with .£200 of Queen Anne's
Bounty, and is now worth ^£150. The Dean and Chapter are patrons, and
the Rev. Bell Cooke, incumbent.
St. Peter Hungate Church, is on Elm Hill, at the west end of Princess
street, which was formerly Hungate, or Hound's-gate, from the hounds
anciently kept there for the use of the bishop, or perhaps from " Hun," a
hill. The original church was demohshed in 1458, wdien tlie present one
was commenced (and finished in 1460} by John Paston and Margaret, his
wife. It is of black flint, in the form of a cross ; having a nave, chancel
transepts, and square to'wer with two bells. On a buttress near the north
door is represented the old tnmk of an oak without any leaves, to signify
the decayed church ; and from the root springs a branch with acorns upon
it, to denote the new church raised where the old one had stood. The east
window of the chancel is filled with ancient stained glass, and contains an
effigy of Thomas Andrew, who was rector in 1457, with an orate under him.
He is clothed in a blue vestment and is kneehng in prayer. In another
part of this window a priest is represented administering extreme unction.
In the south transe^^t is a piscina and niche, and in the north an ambry.
The roof of the nave is ornamented with figures of angels, &c. In 1861,
the lath and plaster ceiling which had so long hidden the roof of the chan-
cel and disfigiu'ed the noble chancel arch, was entirely removed and the
church was much improved at considerable expense. Among the church
plate are a very curious wrought standing-cup and cover, inscribed, " Ex
dono TliomcB Lane et Maria iixoris ejus ;" a large paten with the inscription
" Deo et ecclesi(s Sancti Petri de Hungate, 1675 ;" two flagons ; an ofleriug
dish ; and a valuable modern cup, cover, and stand, given by Mr. Thomas
Goss, who died in 1779. The porch was built by Nicholas Ingham, mercer,
who was buried in it in 1497. One of the bells bears the legend, " In
honore Sancti Marie Virginis." The rectory, valued in K.B. at ^3. Is. S^d.,
I
PARISH CHURCHES. 213
and now at ^£03, was augmented from 1743 to 1810, with ^£600 of royal
bounty. The Lord Chancellor is patron, and tlie Rev. Saml. Titlow, M.A.,
has been rector since 1839. The Well by the Elm, on Elm hill, was made a
common pump in 1G39, and is repafred at the expense of the parish.
St. Peter Mancroft, (Magna CroftaJ near the Market place, is a large
and handsome cruciform church of freestone mixed with flint, begun in
1430 and finished in 1455, on the site of the old one, which was founded by
Earl Ralph Waiet. It is a good example of the pei-pendicular style, and is
considered the finest parish church in the city, measuring 212 feet in length
and 70 feet in breadth, and having a noble tower 98 feet high, covered
with paneUing, and containing an excellent peal of twelve beUs, a clock, and
chimes. The bells weigh 183 cwt. 2 qrs. 14 lbs., and were exchanged for
the old peal of ten, in 1775, at a cost of more than ^800 raised by pubHc
subscription. The tenor weighs 41 cwt. 41b., and the ringers are in great
celebrity. The nave and aisles are 90 feet long, and the chancel 60. The
clustered pillars supporting the roof, witli the arches suiTaounting them, are
lofty and slender, and the windows are large and numerous, so that the
whole has a light and roomy appearance. The west door is deeply recessed,
with rich sculpture in shallow hollow mouldings. There is a good window
above it. Under the tower is a sort of lai-ge porch, with fine side arches
and a groined vault, over which is a gallery open to the church by a lofty
tower arch, but now hidden by the organ. The north porches have rich
groined vaults, with paneUing and tracery, and over the piincipal one is a
parvise. The roof of the nave is of fine open timber work, with a sort of
wooden vault over each windov/ like a stone roof. The celestory has seven-
teen fine windows on each side, with short transoms in the heads, and good
tracery. The vaulting shafts ai'e brought down to the bottom of the celes-
tory -windows, and have niches imder them. There is no chancel arch, the
only division being the steps. On each side of the nave is a chapel or
smaU transept. The font stands under a very remarkable pei*pendicular
canopy supported by piUai-s'and foi-ming a baptistry on a raised platform,
with room to walk round the font. The original veshy behind the altar
under the east window, has two doors, one on each side of the communion
table. The corner turrets at the east end are very curious, and have sin-
gular open canopies. They are approached by stah's fr-om the vestry. The
organ, erected in 1707, is large and finely toned. The crimson furniture of
the altar is elegant, and the plate exceedingly grand, especially a superb
standing cup and cover, given by Sfr Peter Gleane, Knight, in 1633, and
embellished ^^ith a scriptural account of Abigail bringing presents to David,
&c. In the north aisle is a picture rei)resenting the delivery of Peter from
prison, which was painted by Catton, a native artist, and presented to the
church by Aid. Stai-hng, in 1768. The east window is filled with beautiful
stained glass, mostly ancient, and in the vestry are several old books,
among which is a beautiful manuscript bible, written on velliun, in 1340,
and a more ancient manuscript of the Epistles of St. Paul, with a comment,
beautifully illuminated. Here are also several old paintings of St. HUda,
St. Barbara, St. Paul, and the Resiu'rection ; and a portrait of the celebrated
Sfr Thos. Browne. At the west end of the north aisle is a piece of tapestry
dated 1573, representmg the Ascension, but the colours are much faded.
In the vestry is a very curious old coloured carvmg in alabaster of nine
female saints, among wliich is St. Margai-et holding down a dragon. A
similar carving representing male saints is preserved in St. Stephen's
church. Here is a fine brass to the memory of Sir Peter Reade, dated 1518 ;
and many ancient and modern monuments, but some of the former have
lost their inscriptions, and one or two mentioned by Weever are no longer
to be found. The church was restored, the pews replaced by open oak
benches, and a new pulpit, reading-desk, and altar-rail, handsomely and
appropriately carved, were purchased in 1851. During the alterations a
214 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
vault four or five feet deep was discovered under the stalls of the cliou*.
The outer wall of this vault supported the screen dividing the choir from
the nave and aisles, and contained a range of about a dozen earthen jars,
j)laced on their sides, with their mouths open to the vault. The use of
these singular jars has never been satisfactorily settled, but similarly placed
jars have been found in St. Peter-per-Mountergate Church, at Fountains
Abbey, and elsewhere. The benefice is o. perpetual curacy, certified at .£10,
and now valued at £,^7. It was augmented in 1746 with £200 given by
the Rev. J. Francis ; with £100 of royal bounty from 1742 to 1810 ; and
with £400 subscribed by the minister and parishioners in 1818. The ad-
vowson was formerly attached to the college of St. Mary-in-the-Fields, but
afterwards passed into private hands, and in 1581 was conveyed to feoff'ees,
in trust for the parishioners, who purchased it and are still the patrons.
The Rev. Chas. Turner, M.A., is the incumbent, and the Rev. John Fletcher
Burrell, curate, Jas. Bishop, clerJc, and George Potter, sexton. The reader
has £4 a year out of a house in Brigg's lane. The " sacramental lecture"
is preached in this church on the Fridays preceding the first Sundays in
March, July, and November. (See page 202}.
St. Peter-per-Mountergate is a large perpendicular church in ICing
street, deriving the latter part of its name from a gate formerly placed near
the churchyard, at the foot of the Castle mount ; or, as some say, from Par-
mentergate, parchment-dealers' street. The old church was a rectory in the
patronage of Roger Bigod, and was by him given to the prior and convent of
Norwich, who, assisted by several benefactions, rebuilt it in 1486. It is
covered with lead, and has a nave, chancel, south porch with parvise, and
a square embattled tower with five bells and a clock. In the chancel
were 24 stalls, which belonged to a college of secular priests, at the north-
east corner of the churchyard. There are no aisles, but the side windows
are large and lofty. The octagonal rood-stau' turret and some portions
of an ancient screen have been preserved. There is a good niche out-
side the vestry, which is under the east window. The building has recently
been restored and fitted with open benches, those in the nave being stained
deal, and in the chancel, oak. The total cost was about £700. There are
16 ancient stalls in the chancel; and beneath them, a vault vdth earthern
jars similar to that in St. Peter Mancroft, was discovered some years ago.
A large enclosed tomb, on the south side of the altar rails, was erected in
1028, and has upon it recumbent efiigies of R. Berney, Esq., and his wife,
with their family arms and emblematical figures of Faith, Hope, and Cha-
rity. In the nave is interred the famous Thomas Codd, who was mayor in
Kett's rebellion, and was a great benefactor to the city. The heads of his
will are annually read here, on the Sunday before St. Thomas' day. The
benefice is now a perpetual curacy, valued at £78, and augmented with £200
of Queen Anne's Bounty in 1700, and with a parliamentary grant of £800
in 1812. The Dean and Chapter are patrons, the Rev. John Durst, incum-
bent, and John Swash, clerii and sexton. The church of 8t. John the
Evangelist, which stood at the corner of Rose lane, was taken down about
1300, except a small part left for an anchorage; and its parish was annexed
to St. Peter-per-Mountergate, as was also that of St. Michael, in Conisford,
in 1300, when that church was taken down to make room for the new church
of the Austin Friars. St. Vedast's, or St. Faith's church, which stood on
the east side of Cooke's Hospital, and was founded in the Confessor's reign,
was taken down about 1540, having also been consolidated with St. Peter-
per-Mountergate.
St. Peter's Southgate, near the south end of King street, is an ancient
church, with^ a nave, chancel, north chapel, south porch, and a square flint
tower in which arc three bells. Tlie windows are chiefly square headed,
and the arcliitccture is of the late perpendicular period and very poor.
Tliere is a good cross on the east gable and some fragments of painted glass
PARISH CHURCHES. 215
in the windows. Part of an old screen remains in front of the north chax^el.'
Here is a brass of a priest, and in the chancel are a piscina and sediHa, the
latter being merely a plain stone bench. The rectory, valued in K.B. at
^2. 17s. 8^d., and now at £61, was appropriated to the abbey of St. Bennet's-
at-Holme ; and the Bishop of Norwich, as titular abbot of that dissolved
convent, still has the patronage. It was augmented, ft-om 1737 to 1792, with
£1000 of Queen Anne's Bounty, and is now in the incumbency of the Rev.
Jas. Deacon, M.A. Rt. Smith is clerh, and R. J. Merry, sexton. St. Olaves
Chapel, which was parochial before the Conquest, but was demolished before
1345, stood near the waterside, a little to the north-east of this church.
St. Saviour's Church, near Stump Cross and Magdalen street, is asmaU
perpendicular structure, dedicated to the Transfiguration of our Saviour, and
has a square embattled tower vnth. a clock and two bells. It has some mo-
dern monuments, and was appropriated in Bishop Oxford's time to the
almoner of the cathedral convent. The south porch is now used as a bap-
tistry. The font has an octagonal panelled basin, and is supported by four
shafts resting on lions' heads and carried through ogee canopies with pin-
nacles between. The j^erjyetual curacy was certified at £S, and is now valued
at £103. It was augmented, fi'om 1729 to 1813, with £1800 of royal bounty.
The Dean and Chapter ave patrons, the Rev. William Harris Cooke, M.A.,
incumbent, and Robert Brown, sexton.
St. Simon and St. Jude's Church, at Elm hill, adjoining Wensum street,
has a nave, a chancel, and a low flint and stone tower with five beUs. It is of
perpendicular arcliitecture, and contains a few old brasses and several mo-
numents of the Pettus family, upon one of which Hes, in complete armour,
the figure of Sir J. Pettus, the first of the family who was knighted. The
tower arch is very fine, but it is blocked by the organ and gallery. In the
vestry is a good panelled door, with the figure of St. Simon in one spandril
and three fishes entwined in the other. The holy water stoup remains in-
side the south doorway, and in the chancel are two consecration crosses.
This church is of great antiquity, and was held by the bishops before the
removal of the See to Norwich. The rectory, valued in K.B. at £3. 10s.,
and now at £65, was augmented fi.'om 1718 to 1799, with £2000 of Queen
Anne's Bounty. The Bishop is imtron, the Rev. John Fras. Osborne, rector,
and Jph. Metcalf, clerTi. A house, left for the repairs of the church by Sir
J. Pettus, in 1613, is let on lease for £3, but is worth £18 a year.
St. Stephen's Church, at the west end of Rampant Horse street, is a
large and handsome edifice of late perpendicular architecture, with a nave
and clerestory, two aisles, a chancel, two small chapels, and a square tower.
The nave is divided from the aisles by fluted columns with pointed arches.
The windows are large and numerous, and that at the east end is fiUed with
stained glass, representing the whole history of the Blessed Vu'gin's life, and
dated 1610. This church was founded before the Conquest, but has been
all rebuilt at different periods— the chancel about 1520, and the nave in 1550.
The roof is a fine specimen of open timber work, and is richly carved. The
tower stands on the north side of the church, and beneath it is the porch.
Near the south door is an old altar stone on which the crosses are stiU
visible. The organ was purchased in 1814. The church contains some
ancient stalls, nine old brasses, and many neat mural monuments of the last
and present centui'ies. It was thoroughly restored and reseated in 1859, at
a cost of £1500, and a new carved pulpit and reading-desk were erected at
the same time. In the vestry is a manuscript description of the church,
written by Benjamin Mackerell, author of a history of Lynn ; also an ala-
baster carving, similar in execution to that in the neighbouring church of
St. Peter, except that these are all male saints. A curious draughtsman of
bone, foimd in the churchyard a few yeai's ago, and supposed to be of Danish
workmanship, is in the collection of R. Fitch, Esq., F.G.S. The benefice
is a discharged vicarage, valued in K.B. at £9, and now at £212. It was
216 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
augmented, from I7l5 to 1812, with ^1000 of royal bounty. Tlie Dean and
Chapter are patrons, the Rev. Chas. Baldwin, vicar, Eev. J. S. Owen, B.A.,
curate, and Wm. Browne, derJc. The yearly rent of ^£10 from land and
huHdings, left hy John Atkins, in 1558, is carried to the churchwardens'
account, as also are the rents of ^11 from buildings left by Francis Scales,
in 1633, and ^21 from a house, &c,, left by Richard Brown, in 1616.
St. Swithin's Church, between St. Benedict's street and Lower West-
wick street, is a small building with a square tower and three bells. The
roof of the nave is supported on one side by modern square pillars and
Tudor arches, and on the other by octagonal fluted columns and pointed
arches of the perpendicular period. The side windows of the aisles are all
decorated, the clerestory and roof late perpendicular. The east window is
modern, but contains two small portions of ancient stained glass bearing
symboHcal representations of the Sacred Trinity and the Blessed Sacrament.
The tower arch is lofty, but plain. The rood-stair turret still exists, and
part of the old screen still remains with figures of dogs for poppies. It is
about four feet high, and does not appear to have ever been higher. On a
panel belonging to this screen, but now loose and kept in the vestry, is a
portrait of Edward the Confessor, of the time of Henry VII., which was
found in 1834, nailed under one of the seats, where it is supposed to have
been placed for security during the civil wars, or perhaps at the Reforma-
tion. The altar-piece is a pamting of Moses and Aaron, and the plate is
valuable. On the font are carved emblems of the Trinity, with the arms of
East Anglia. There ai-e several brasses, and some stalls with misereres
remaining. The rectory, valued in K.B. at £6. 3s. 4d., and now at ^105,
was augmented in 1755, with i^200 given by Earl Harcourt, and from 1744
to 1816, with ^£1600 of royal bounty. The Bishop is patron, the Rev.
Robert Cory Cavell, incumhent, and Howlett Wilhmont, clerh.
The nine Ohurclies in the Hamlets of the city are as follow: — Earlham
Church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a small building, on the east bank of the
Yare, about two miles W. of the Market place. It is chiefly of very poor
and plain decorated architecture ; but the south porch which has a parvise,
the west window, the rood screen, and the font, are of the perpendicular
period. There is a small chapel on the north side, and at the west end is a
low square embattled tower containing three bells and finely mantled with
ivy. The chancel has arches recessed in the walls, and contains a decorated
piscina with cinquefoil head. In the churchj^ard is the lid of a stone coffin,
ornamented with a floriated cross. The east window is filled with stained
glass ; and the altar-piece is of carved oak, and was given by John Gurney
and his wife, in 3843. Here are mural tablets of the BacoDi, Lubbock,
and other families. The church was restored, at a cost of .^250, in 1861.
The perpetual curacy, valued in K.B. at ^65. 7s. 8^d., and now at £'120, with
Bowthorpe vicarage annexed, is in the patronage of F. Bacon Frank, Esq.,
and incumbency of the Rev. John Hervey Payne, B.A. Wm. Green is the
clerli. Eaton Church, dedicated to St. Andrew the Apostle, stands also on
the Yare, about two miles west of St. Stephen's gate, and is a long ancient
fabric, covered with thatch and having an embattled tower v/itli three bells.
It was originally a Norman structure, but appears to have been rebuilt in
the early English period, and to have been considerably altered in the latter
part of the 15th century. The chancel contains a trefoil-headed piscina, and
a plain recess for the sedilia. Near the north door is a holy water stoup,
and there are still some vestiges of the doorway of the staii'case which led
to the rood loft. About two years ago the church was thoroughly restored
at a cost of about j£400, when a number of beautiful mural paintings were
discovered, many of them in. a very perfect state of preservation and others
much injured. Amongst them were well executed figures of St. John the
Baptist, St. John the J^ivangelist, St. Helen, and St. Jane do A'^alois, and a
highly interesting representation of tha martyrdom of Thomas a Becket,
SUBUEBAN CHURCHES. 217
containing six figures, that of Becket lia\T^ng been purposely defaced, in '
compliance with the edict of Henry VIII. for destroying all memorials ">
of the martyr. These paintings have been again hidden by the colour- S
ing of the walls. The living is a vicarage, not in charge, valued at ^87, (^
and augmented in 1732, with ^200 given by the Earl of Thanet, and 5j
^£200 of Queen Anne's Bounty. The Dean and Chapter are patrons,
the Rev. Geo. Day, M.A., incumbent, and Samuel Perfect, clerk. Heigham
Church, dedicated to St. Bartholomew, stands on an eminence above
the Wensum, about a mile W. by N. of the Market place, and is a
small perpendicular structure, with a nave, south aisle, north porch, chan-
cel, and a square tower in which are three bells. It has a mural mo-
nument to the memory of the i)ious Bishop Hall, who was buried here in
1656 ; and others to members of the Seaman, Hangar, Haylett, Smith, Un-
thank. Parr, and Robins famihes. The hving is a rectory, valued in K.B.
at £Q. 133. 4d., and now at ^£211. The Bishop is -patron, the Rev. George
Chas. Hoste, M. A., incumbent, and the Revs. Wm. Bishop, H. Hethering-
ton, and W. T. Morse, 'B.A., curates. Trinity Church, in Heigham parish,
was commenced in August, 1859, and consecrated in August, 1861, to supply
the great want of church accommodation which had long been felt in the
southern part of this rapidly increasing suburb of the city. It stands in
Essex street, near Unthank's road, and is a large and handsome building of
the decorated style, and consists of nave, transepts, and apsidal chancel,
with a tower containing one bell and surmounted by a slated spu-e rising to
the height of 120 feet. The extreme length of the church is 135 feet, and
there are 1120 sittmgs, of wliich more than 500 are free. The total cost,
including ^£'700 paid for the site, was about ^£7000. Its ecclesiastical duties
are performed by the rector of Heigham and his curates. The parish or
hamlet of Heigham increased its population from 854, in 1801, to 13,894, in
1861 ; and until the completion of Trinity Church, a building in Union
place, originally a Baptist Chapel, was used as a chapel of ease, having been
purchased and altered for that pui'pose in 1838, at a cost of £'624 ; but it is
now converted into a school. Hellesden Chdech, about two miles W.N.W.
of the Market place, stands in Taverham Hundred, though part of the
churchyard is within the county of the city. It is dedicated to St. Maiy,
and is a small building of mixed decorated and perpendicular architecture,
with nave, chancel, north aisle, south porch with parvise, and an octagonal
turret containing one beU, and surmounted by a small wooden spu'e. The
porch was restored about four years ago, by W. Delane, Esq., at a cost of
i'50, and the windows were restored and filled with stained glass at the ex-
pense of J. H. Gui-ney, Esq., M.P. The north aisle contains some fine
brasses of the latter part of the 14tli century. The font is antique, and
there is a double piscina remaining, and also a low side window. The rec-
tory, valued in K.B. at ^£12, and now at ^£700, is consolidated with Drayton,
in the gift of the Bishop, and incumbency of the Rev. Hinds Howell, B.A.
The Rev. D. S. Govett, M.A., is the curate, and George Ricebrook, cleric.
Lakenham Church, about Ih mile S. of the Market place, stands on an
abrupt acclivity above the river Yare, and is a smaU structure, dedicated to
St. John the Baptist and All Saints. It has a tov/er with three bells. There
are a trefoil-headed piscina and a square ambry in the chancel ; and the
font, wliich is panelled and of the perpendicular period, has the emblems of
the evangehsts upon it. The benefice is a vicarage, united to Trowse-Newton,
and with it valued at £'361, in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter, and
incumbency of the Rev. Alfred PownaU, M.A.; Matthev/ Ollett is the clerh.
St. Mark's Church, in Lakenham, was consecrated Sept. 24tli, 1844, and
is a commodious structure of debased perpendicular architecture, consisting
of nave, (without aisles,) and an embattled tower with turrets, pinnacles, and
three bells. It has about 900 sittings, most of which are free, and was
finished at the cost of more than 4-4000, all raised by subscription, except
218 HISTORY OF NOHWICa.
^500 given by tlie Incorporated Society for Building and Enlarging
Churches. It is situated in the now populous suburb called New Laken-
ham, in a burial ground of two acres. The interior has commodious gal-
leries, and is neatly fitted up. The font, communion plate, table, &c., were
presented by several ladies, and the books for divine service by the JDean.
The east window is of five lights, and contains representations in stained
glass of the four Evangelists, and St. Peter and St. Andrew. The perpetual
curacy, valued at ^£150, is in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter, and
incumbency of the Rev. Nicholas Thomas Garry, M.A. The Rev. John
Leach, B.A., is Hiq curate, and Wm. Howe Garnham, clerh. The parish or
hamlet of Lakenham increased its population from 428 in 1801, to 4866 in
1861, and is now divided into two ecclesiastical districts. Christ Church,
in Neiv Catton, is a chapel of ease in the improving jiarish of St. Clement,
which increased its population from 853 souls in 1801, to 3961 in 1861. It
is a neat structure of flint and brick, in the early English style, and com-
prises nave, chancel, transepts, and a bell turret at the west end. It was
finished in Nov. 1841, at a cost of about ^2500, and has sittings for .£600
hearers. It was built by subscription, and by the same means ,£800 have
been invested for its endowment, and £200 for its reparation. The rector of
St. Clement's is patrofi of the peri^etual curacy, valued at i'150, and now in
the incumhency of the Rev. Robt. Wade, B.A. St. Matthew'sXhurch, in
Thorpe hamlet, on the south-east side of the city, was built in 1852, at a cost
of .£2300, for an ecclesiastical district comprising that part of Thorpe parish
within the city liberties and now containing about 2500 inhabitants. It is
a neat structure of Norman architecture, consisting of nave, transepts, and
apsidal chancel. The five windows of the latter are filled with stained
glass. The rector of Thorpe is patron of the perpetual curacy, valued at
£130, which is now held by the Rev. George Harris Cooke, M.A., who has
a handsome parsonage house, erected in 1863, at a cost of £1400, in the
Tudor style.
The Dutch Cpiurch, as has been seen at page 175, occupies the choir of
St. Andrew's Hall, and was formerly the choir of the conventual church
of the Black Friars. It is 100 feet long and 32 feet wide, without aisles or
clerestory, and was originally lighted by ten noble five-light perpendicular
windows, and an east window of seven lights of late decorated pattern, of
enormous size and beautiful tracery. Some of these windows have been
recently restored, and the roof, which is modern, retains a few i^ieces of old
carving, some of which appear to represent St. Matthew, but all the old
fittings are long smce gone. For some time this church was used as a
chapel for the corporation, who leased it to the Dutch for 200 years, in
1713 ; but in 1805 the lease was re-granted to the corporation for the use
of the poor in the Workhouse, reserving to the Dutch congregation the
right of burying their dead in the church, and of preaching one sermon
yearly in their own language, and by their o^^ti minister, who comes from
London for that purpose. It is endowed with £50 a year, of which £30 is
paid to the Dutch minister, and the rest is divided among the few poor
descendants of Dutch families now residing in the city. A religious body,
calling itself the " Free Christian Church," and which originated in a se-
cession from the Unitarian congregation, has, with the concurrence of the
corporation, occupied the building since 1800, when the new Workliouse
having been completed, it was no longer required for the use of the paupers.
About £630 were expended in refitting and adapting it to its present pur-
pose, and the Rev. Joseph Crompton is the minister.
The French Church, in Queen street, formerly belonged to the parish
of St. Mary the Less, which being united to that of St. George soon after
the Reformation, this church was granted by the Dean and Chapter, for
600 years to the city, at 4d. yearly rent. It was afterwards used as a hall
for the sale of yarn ; country dealers being prohibited from selling any
" FRENCH CHURCH. ^19
where else in the city. In 1637, it was granted by the corporation on lease
to the French or Walloon congi'e^ation, who afterwards obtained a grant of
it in fee. Dutch and Flemish artizans were very numerous in Norwich as
early as the reign of Edward III., (see page 149,) and they were greatly in-
creased in the reign of Ehzabeth, by the arrival of the Walloons and other
Protestant refugees who had fled fi-'om the rehgious persecution of the Duke
of Alva, in the Netlierlands. They for some years assembled for rehgious
worship under the Dutch pastor, but when most of the old Dutch famihes
had died off, and their language had become neglected by the trading world
for the French, the greater part of the foreigners then in. the city formed
tliemselves into a French or Walloon Congregation, which became extinct
about 40 years ago, the descendants of the settlers having gradually given
up the use of the French or Walloon language, and joined other rehgious
denominations. The chiu'ch is now let to the Swedenborgians, on condition
that they keep it in repau-. It is a small and venerable edifice, with a
square tower, nave, and chancel, but so closely encompassed with houses
and other buildings, that very Utile of the exterior can be seen. Charities
for the French or Walloon Congregation, left by Fliz. Taverneirs, m 1686;
Tliomas Blondell, in 1730; Elisha Philipe, in 1671; and James Damee, in
1717, produce about ^"150 per annum, arising from freehold and copyhold
estates and two annuities. These charities, with unapphed income amount-
ing to about ^eiOOO, (held by the Martineau family,) were made the subject
of a suit hi Chancery in 1832, and the defendants submitted themselves to
the decision of the court for the future apphcation of the charities, the
Walloon congregation being extinct. Piu'suant to a decree of the Court,
fifteen trustees were appointed, and by them the yearly income arising fi-om
these charities is apphed towards the support of the French Protestant
Hospital in London, except £'50 per annum for apprenticing five poor boys
in Norwich.
The Roman Catholics have two churches in Norwich. St. John's, in.
the pai'ish of St. John Maddermarket, is one of the oldest Roman Catholic
Churches in England. It is a plain brick building, erected in 1794, pre-
vious to which the congregation had attended the chapel in the Duke's
palace. It is commodiously fitted up, but is shortly to be replaced by a
larger and handsomer church, which is to be built upon its site. The roof
is supported by two rows of slender pillars, and over the altar is a painting
of the Crucifixion. The Very Rev. John Dalton, Canon of Northampton,
is the priest, and is well known as a Spanish and German scholar, and as
the author and translator of several rehgious and historical works. The
Church of the Holy Apostles in Willow lane, is a handsome building of white
brick, exhibiting both the Corinthian and Ionic orders of architecture, and
was erected in 1828 by the college of Jesuits, at Stonyhui'st, to be used instead
of the old chapel in St. Swithin's lane, on the site of which a school was
built in 1859, at a cost of £1300. The church is 90 feet long and 40 feet
wide, and is elegantly fitted up ; the decorations of the interior having great
richness in then' general effect, and pecuhar quainlness in their details.
Over the altar, which stands in an apsis, is a large fresco painting on a
gold gTound, representing the coronation of the Virgin in Heaven, which
fi-om its gorgeous coloiu'ing and beautiful execution is well worth inspec-
tion. The enthe sanctuary is painted in gold and colours, with rich scroll
work and diapering ; and the ceihng of the church, the pilasters, window
splays, and organ pipes are similarly decorated. The altar is a copy of that
in the church of St. Ambrose, at IMilan, which dates from the year 850. It
is richly coloured and gilt, and in the centre of the front is a painting of our
Saviour, surrounded by the emblems of the apostles and evangehsts. All
the windows are filled with beautiful stained glass, containing full lengtli
figures of the Good Shepherd, the Vh-gin Mary, and the Apostles. The
Rev. Wm. Mitchell and the Hon. and Rev. Jph. MaxweU are the priests.
220 HISTOEY OF NORWICH.
The Unitarians occupy the Octagon Chapel, in Colegate street, erected
in 1756, on the site of the old Presbyterian Meeting House, built in 1687,
at a cost of ^174. 15s. 8d. As its name imports, it is of an octagon plan,
and has a portico supported by four Ionic columns. Its beautiful dome
roof is sustained by eight fluted Corinthian columns, and the interior is
admirably arranged. The Rev. Jas. D. H. Smyth is the present minister
For endowment, see Chapman's Charity and the Presbyterian School.
The Independents, or Congregationalists, assembled in Norwich before
the year 1640, under the ministry of the Rev. W. Bridges, M.A., in a brew-
house in St. Edmund's parish. In 1693, they completed the erection of the
Old Meeting House, in Colegate street, St. Clement's. This is a large and
handsome square building of brick, with Corinthian pilasters and other
ornaments, and was built on land leased from the corporation, who held it
for the benefit of the Girls' Hospital ; but the freehold was purchased in
1862 for ^523, raised by subscription. The Rev. John Hallett is the
minister. For its endowment, see Chapman's Charity and Balderstone's
School. The Independents have another Chaxiel, in Princes street, of wliite
brick, erected in 1819, at a cost of ^4500, including ,£1000 paid for the
land. It will seat 1000 hearers, and is now under the j)astoral care of
the Rev. John Alexander. Adjoining it is a large Sunday school, with
numerous class-rooms, built in 1800, at a cost of £1300. The Ghajyel-in-the-
Ficlds is a substantial and elegant building, which was erected by the Con-
gregationalists at the cost of about £6500 between the years 1858 and 1802,
and will seat about 900 persons. It is in the Norman style, and is sur-
mounted by two turrets, each eighty feet high. In the front is a Catherine-
wheel window of a more foreign type than is usually found in England,
beneath which is a small arcade, and under it an open porch, with three
Portland- stone arches. The interior is divided into nave and aisles by iron
columns, which are carried quite up to the roof. The nave has a semi-
circular roof, and is finished at the pulpit end by an apse, lighted by four
stained glass windows and containing an organ. At right angles to the
nave are five bays, arched and ceiled, in which arc galleries. Behind the
chapel are lofty school and class rooms, vestries, &c., of similar architecture.
The Rev. Philip Colborne is the minister.
The Baptists have eight chapels in Norwich, but several of them are
small. The General Baptists first congregated in 1680, in a hired building ;
but they subsequently purchased part of the White Friary in Cowgate
street, St. James', on the site of wliich the present chapel was erected in
1812. It has an endowment of about £75 per annum, bequeathed in 1778,
by Mr. Grantham KilHngworth, and is now under the ministry of the Rev.
Hy. Wilkinson. The Particular, or Calvinistic Baptists, assembled about
the same period as the General Baptists, and in 1744, purchased a Chapel
in Southgate, St. Mary's, which was rebuilt in a more handsome manner in
1811, and enlarged in 1838, at a cost of £1000. It has a very beautiful
vaulted roof. The Rev. George Gould is the minister. They have a larger
Chapel in Colegate street, St. Clement's, built in 1814, at a cost of £5000,
for the congregation which had previously assembled in Peacock street, and
is now under the pastoral care of the Rev. Thomas Archibald Wheeler.
The Chapel in Pottergate street, of which the Rev. Henry Trevor is the
minister, was built in 1790, as also was Providence Chapel, in Pitt street,
which was enlarged in 1818. The Chapel on Timber Hill, was a warehouse,
but was purchased by the Particular Baptists and converted into a chapel,
at a cost of £1150, in 1832, and the Rev. John Corbitt is its minister.
Ebenezer Chipel, Surrey road, was built in 1854, and is a large building,
with sittings for 1500 persons. The Rev. Robert Govett is the minister.
The Friends' Meeting House, in Oildengate, is also rented by the Par-
ticular Baptists.
Methodists.— The Revs. John and Charles Wesley paid their first visit
DISSENTINa CHAPELS. 221
to tliis city in 1764, but for several years tlieir votaries were few in number,
and were treated for some time with much ridicule and persecution, so that
they had no settled place of worship here till 1769, when they built a small
chapel in Cherry lane, where the late Dr. Adam Clark was stationed in 1783,
and began to display that mighty genius wliich afterwards " burst forth with
so much splendour on the world." The Wesleyan Methodists have only one
chapel in Norwich. It is in Lady lane, and was built m 1824. Here are
two chapels belonging to the " United Methodist Free Church" That in
Calvert street was erected in 1810 by the Wesleyan Methodists, and is a
large brick edifice, witli about 1000 sittings and two hoirses for the ministers.
The other is in Crooke's place, and was opened in 1839. The Primitive Me-
thodists have chapels on St. Catherine's plain, Cowgate, and Dereham road.
Lady Huntingdon's Connexion occupy the TABEENACLE,near St. Mar-
tin's-at-Palace, built by the Calvanistic Methodists under Mr. Wheatley in
the year 1772, at a cost of ,£1752, previous to which their temporary
chapel on Timber hill had been unroofed and its windows broken by a
misguided mob. In 1775, the Tabernacle was sold to the Countess of Hun-
tingdon, who visited Norwich in the following year and vested the building
in trust with four clergymen and three laymen, to appoint ministers whose
preaching and sentiments are according to the articles and homihes of the
Church of England. It has 1000 sittings. The present minister is the
Rev. Hugh Adolphus Campbell, M.A. There is also a small Hunting donian
Chaxiel on the Dereham road, erected in 1859 by the Rev. John Joseph Jas.
Kempster, its minister.
The Society of Friends forms a numerous and respectable body in this
city, where it originated in the days of its indefatigable founder, George Fox,
who was here in 1655, 1659, and 1667. During his first visit to Norfolk,
he was taken up, with liis companion, by hue and cry, and carried before a
justice on a charge of having broken into a dweUing-house on a certain
night. The plot appears to have been poorly contrived, as it turned out that
both had lodged during the night in question at Captain Lawrence's, at
WrampUngham. " The magistrate regretted that they had not been found
guilty, and they sharply rebuked hun on the impropriety of his conduct. The
constable is said to have been much disappointed at their acquittal, for he
had looked with longing eyes on the two horses wliich they had rode, ex-
pecting to have them for his trouble, if the ' culprits ' had been committed
to the castle. Capt. Lawrence, on becoming a Quaker, had abandoned the
profession of arms." The history of this society is full of the many hardships
its members endured in imprisonment, fines, &c., until the time of the Re-
volution, when a milder system prevailed. In 1683 John Gurney and 14
others were committed to Norwich gaol for refusing to take the oath of alle-
giance, which was again tendered to them in 1685, but they still refused it,
and were consequently re- committed to prison, nor does it appear when
they were released. Their objection was merely because it was an oath,
and not to its contents, for all the friends voluntarily signed a declaration of
allegiance in an address to the members of the city. This persecuted John
Gurney was the direct ancestor and the founder of the fortune of the pre-
sent numerous family of the Gurneys, to whom Norwich owes so much of
its prosperity, and many of whom are now fiUing the most distinguished
stations in the commercial world. His son was a man of eloquence, a
preacher inthe society, and a great friend of Sir Robert Walpole, who wished
him to exchange the Friends' gallery for the House of Commons. The
Friends have two Meeting Houses in Norwich, one in Goat lane, erected
in 1676, but rebuilt in 1826; and the other in Gilden croft, built in 1680, on
an acre of land purchased in 1670 for <£72. The latter building is a large
square fabric, with a roof supported by two lofty oak pillars cut out of
single trees, and is said to be the oldest chapel in Norwich. It is now let to
a congregation of Particular Baptists, but the burial-ground is still used by
222 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
the Friends. Tlie present Meeting House, in Goat lane, is a handsome
building of white brick with stone dressings, and has a Doric portico with four
columns upon an elevated landing of four steps. The general proportion^
of tlie building are in unison with the Grecian style, but divested of many
of its ornaments. The centre part of the building, fitted ux3 for divine ser-
vice, is about 60 feet by 40, and receives most of its light from a large dome
lantern. Behmd this is another building 40 feet by 25, used by the female
Friends at their quarterly meetings. A sum of money was some time ago
left by one John JacTison, for the purpose of apprenticing children of mem-
bers of the Society of Friends ; and in accordance with a new scheme esta-
blished in 1863, when the dividends are not all required for that object, the
surplus is devoted to educational x^urposes.
The SwEDENBORGiANs occupy the French Church, as already noticed at
page 219 ; and the Jews, who are but few in number, have a Synagogue in
Synagogue lane, St. Faith's lane, built in 1849, at a cost of .£1600. It is a
brick building with stone dressings and a small doric portico. The Mop,^
MONiTES have a small chapel in St. Paul's opening, built in 1848 ; and the
members of the Catholic Apostolic Church meet in a room in Clement's
court, Redwell street.
The Rosary Cemetery, in Thorpe hamlet, near Foundry bridge, was
established in 1819, by the late Rev. Thomas Drummond, who being aware
that many of the burial grounds attached to the Dissenters' places of wor-
ship in Norwich, are held on leases under the Corporation, and considering
that most of the churchyards had, from long appropriation, become objec-
tionable, had for some time urged the necessity of a general cemetery on
freehold land, so securely vested in trust that it could not at any subsequent
period be perverted to other uses. The Rosary occupies about eight acres
of land, commanding a fine view of the city aad surrounding country, and
vested in trustees on behalf of the holders of shares. It is divided into sec-
tions, separated by plantings of trees and shrubs, and contains a small
chapel or oratory. It is not consecrated, and ministers of any denomination
may officiate at funerals, there being no regular chaplain. Mr. Britiffe
Edmund Dew is the superintendent, and resides at the Cemetery.
The Norwich Cemetery at Heigham, on the west side of the city, com-
prises about 35 acres of land, prettily laid out and planted. Itwas formed, at a
cost of £7000, by the Burial Board established by the Corporation in 1856 for
that purpose. Part of the ground is consecrated for members of the Church
of England, and the remainder is for the use of Dissenters, except small por-
tions set apart for Roman Catholics and Jews. There are entrances from
the Earlham and Dereham roads. The two principal chapels are of early
English architecture, with porches and apsidal terminations. The one which
is consecrated has also a bell. There is a small chapel for the use of the
Jews ; and one for Roman Catholics will probably be built. The Rev. J.
J. J. Kempster is chaplain of the uiiconsecrated portion, and tlie clergy
attend the funerals of their respective parishioners. Cornelius Taylor and
Jas. Wm. Self are the superintendents of the Cemetery. The average num-
ber of interments is 1400 per annum. Arthur Preston, Esq., is the registrar,
and also clerJc to the Burial Board, which consists of fourteen members of
the Corporation.
The Religious Societies of Norwich are as numerous and as liberally
supported as those of most other places. The Norfolk and Norwich Aux-
iliary Bible Society, under the presidency of the Bishop, was established in
1811, since which it has distributed 323,000 bibles, and remitted to the
Parent Society more than £120,000. The Norfolk and Norwich Church
Missionary Association was instituted in 1813, for the propagation of Chris-
tianity throughout the world, especially in Africa and the East, and since
that period it has raised more than £70,000. The Norwich Diocesan Com-
DaittQQ of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge has its depositary
BELJGIOUS SOCIETIES. g28
^t Mr. S, Waller's, St. Andrew's hill. During the year 1862, 947 bibles,
458 testaments, 2045 prayer-books, 9078 tracts, and 6544 other books were
gold at reduced prices, and a donation of ^£50 was remitted in tlie same year
to the Parent Society. The Prayer Booh and Homihj Society has its depo-
sitary at Mr. Buckenham's, Tombland. The Nor\\icli Diocesan Association
of the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gosjiel in foreign
parts, remits to that institution about ,£3000 a year, and here is also an As-
sociation for Promoting Chiistianity among the Jews, founded in 1821. The
Norwich Diocesan Church Building Association was established in 1836,
and since that time has contributed more than ^£5000 towards the erection
of new, or the rebuilding and enlargement of old churches. The Norfolk
Book Hawking Association was established in 1855, for the sale throughout
the county, by the agency of licensed hawkers, of bibles, prayer-books, tracts,
and books and prints of a religious and instructive character. By its aid
more than 21,000 such pubhcations are annually disposed of, chiefly amongst
fai-m labourers and servants. Its depot is in the Upper close, and the
Bishop is president, and the Rev. H. Howes and Mr. T. W. Hansell
central secretaries. Here are also many other societies for tlie spread of
rehgion, and especially for the support and dissemination of the principles
of the Church of England. The City Mission Society, established in 1836,
is supported by all rehgious denominations, and employs six or seven mis-
sionaiies of both sexes, who visit the houses of tlie poor for the purpose of
imparting religious instruction, in addition to which they are often the
means of bringing seasonable relief to distressed famiUes in times of sickness
and poverty. In connection with it is a Female Refuge, in Church path,
New Lakenham, which has been the means of restoring many fallen j^oung
women to respectable hfe ; and of which Miss Mills is matron.
The first Sunday School in this city was established in St. Stephen's
parish, in 1785, and since then others have been attached to most of the
churches and chapels, and ample provision has been made for the education
of those poor children who can attend, for instruction during six daj's in the
week, as will be seen in the following summary view of the endowed and other
Chakity Schools, which are attended by upwards of 5000 day scholars,
many of whom are clothed as well as educated, and some of them likewise
maintained, but most of them pay Id. or 2d. per week towards the expense
of books, slates, &c. In addition to these, here are upwards of 8000 Sun-
day scholars.
The Free Geammar School, which now occupies the Charnel house,
near the west end of the Cathedral, was founded by Bishop Salmon, in
1325, and annexed to a small collegiate chantry. At the dissolution of this
college, the corporation, by then* Hospital charter, granted in the first of
Edward YI., were required to find a master and usher, and to remunerate
them out of the ample revenues assigned to them by that charter. This
trust was transferred in 1836 from the corporation to the " Charity Trus-
tees." The school was originally kept in the fratory of tlie Black Friars,
jbut after the Reformation it was removed to the Charnel-house, where the
apartments of the chaplains were converted into a dwelhng for the master,
and the chapel appropriated for the school-room. The master's salaiy was
only ,£10 a year, but was advanced by the corporation in 1562, to <£20 ; in
1602, to .626. 13s. 4d. ; in 1610, to £40 ; in 1636, to £50 ; in 1833, to ^80 ;
and by the new scheme recently obtained, to its present amount. In 1568
and '9, five scholarships were founded by Archbishop Parker, at Corjms
Christi College, Cambridge, three of them for boys born at Noi'Tidch, and
educated there or at Aylsham, and two of them for natives of Norwich,
Wymondliam, or Aylsham, and students of their respective schools. Two
of the scholars sent from Norwich were entitled to be preferred to the
" Norwich Fellowships" in the same college. By the statutes framed May
16th, 1860, there is now in lieu of these scholarships, &c., an e^^bition
224 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
of £24: a year, and a set of rooms in Corpus Christi College, to which the
scholars of Norwich, Wymondham, and Aylsham respectively have the pre-
ference. John Gains, M.D., who died in 1573, ordered his executors to
purchase lands of tlie yearly value of ^6100, and settle them on Gonville and
Caius College, Cambridge, where he appropriated his fellowships and
scholarships to his own countrymen of the diocese and city of Norwich.
In 1618, Wm. Branthivait founded four scholarships oi M per annum each,
at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In 1626, John Oostlin, M.D., gave ^5
per annum each at Gonville and Caius College, to four scholars born in the
city of Norwich, In 1635, Matthew Stockby founded, in the same college,
three scholarships of ^5 each, and a fellowship of £16 ; two out of the three
to be occupied by persons born in Norwich, but all three to be ap-
pointed by the Bishop of Ely. The fellow has also 20s. and the
scholars 10s. each per annum, for the rents of their chambers. In 1688,
John Cosin, Bishop of Durham, left to the same college £28 a year for
three scholarships, to be held by boys born in Norwich, and taught at the
grammar school. In 1659, Edw- Coleman charged his estate at Wymondham
with a yearly rent charge of ,£20, towards the maintenance of four scholars
from the schools of Norwich and Wymondham, in either University. It was
formerly the custom in this school for the head boy to deliver a Latin oration
from the school porch to the mayor and corporation on the guild-day, after
which the orator was conveyed in the mayor's carriage to the guild dinner.
In 1858, a new scheme for the management of the school was settled by
the Court of Chancery, and the following 21 trustees were appointed, viz: —
The Hon. and Very Rev. the Dean of Norwich, Sir Wm. Foster, Bart., Sir
Samuel Bignold, Knt., Rev. Charles Turner, Rev. G. C. Hoste, Rev. J.
Crompton, and E. Freestone, C. Evans, J. Barwell, D. Dalrymple, F. J.
Blake, R. Chamberlin, R. W. Blake, J. G. Johnson, J. Longe, W. Birkbeck,
E. Willett, O. Springfield, J. O. Taylor, J. J. Colman, and G. Middleton,
Esqrs. By this scheme the admission of free boys was ordered to be dis-
continued, and the school was divided into two dex^artments, one to be
called the Grammar or Upper School, and the other to occupy new and
separate buildings erected for the i)urpose, and to be called the Commercial
or Lower School. All boys of the age of eight, who can read and write
and are free from any disease, are admissible to either school on appli-
cation to the governors, and paying in advance £2. 12s. 6d. per quarter at
the Grammar, and 13s. per quarter at the Commercial school. There is
an annual exhibition of <£50 a year, tenable for three years, given by the
Governors to the boy who passes the best examination in June, and is
proceeding to the University. The Monk Prize, founded by the late
Dr. Maltby, Bishop of Durham, for the promotion of classical scholarshix),
amounts to about ^'12 per annum, being the interest of .£350 invested in
the 3 per cents. There are also many book prizes given to the amount of
nearly iJlOO a year. The head master of the Grammar School is the Rev.
Augustus Jessopp, M.A., who has a house free of rent, rates, and taxes, a
salary of .£200 a year, and a capitation fee of four guineas per annum for
each boy in the school. The sub-maste?', the Rev. C.P. Lanchester, M.A.,
has a yearly stipend of ^6100, and a capitation fee of 28s. for each boy ; and
the mathematical master, theRev.F.E.M.MacCarthy,M.A., has .£80 a year,
and 28s. for each boy. All three I'eceive boarders in their houses. There
are several assistant masters, as well as German, French and drawing
masters. There are generally about 110 pupils at the Grammar School.
Among the eminent men educated here are recorded the names of Archbi-
shops Parker and Tennison, of Canterbury ; Bishops Cosin and Maltby, of
Durham ; Bishop Green, of Norwich ; Dr. Caius, Sir Edwd. Coke, Erasmus
Earle, a celebrated lawyer; Wild, the orientalist; Rajah Sir Jas. Brooke,
Stilhngfleet, the naturalist; Admiral Lord Nelson, Archdeacon Goddard,
Headley, the poet ; Dr. Samuel Clarke, Dr. Edward Browne, and many
NORWICH SCHOOLS. 225
other worthies. A statue of Lord Nelson stands in the Upper close, in
front of the Grammar School.
The CoMMEEciAL School is on the west side of the cloister attached
to St. Andrew's Hall, and was built in 1861-':2, at a cost of more than
i62000. It is of coloured brick, with stone columns to the windows, doors,
&c., in the Venetian Gothic style, and contains a fine schookoom, 112 feet
long, with three class rooms beneath, and a house for the head master.
Three sides of the cloister of the Black Friars serves as a corridor for the
boys, the central space being a playground. Mr. T. R. Pinder is the head
master, and there are three assistant masters, besides French and drawing
masters. There are about 130 scholars.
The Norwich Charity Schools, established in 1708, and supported by
benefactions, annual subscriptions, and the weekly payment of Id. or 2d. by
each of the children, are nine in number, and afford instruction on the Na-
tional system to more than 700 boys and 400 girls. The Central or Model
School for Boys, is in Piinces street, St. Peter Himgate ; and that for (^irZ^,
in St. Andrew's Broad street. The other seven are the Mancroft School,
attended by about 150 boys, and two in each of the parishes of St. Paid, St.
Martin-at-Oah, and St. Julian, for boys and girls. Aimual subscribers of
^1, and benefactors of ^10 and upwards, are trustees for the management
of these schools, the expenditure of which in 1862 amounted to ^834, of
which ^400 were derived from the payments of the scholars, and .£100 from
the rent of an estate of 57a. 3e. 24p., at Walpole St. Peter, left by John
Risehrow, in 1721, towards the endowment of Mancroft School, where most
of the boys are provided with coats yearly by the trustees, and where the
master receives ^615 a yeai*, left by John and Eliz. Addey, in 1729, for the
instruction of four boys of Catton, and two of St. Peter Mancroft. Six or
eight girls are instructed and clothed at one of tlie charity schools, at the
cost of it'll a year from Revans Charity to the parish of St. Martin-at-Oak.
In 1721, Susanna CooTte bequeathed to these schools one-third part of the
dividends of £'375 four per cent, stock. In 1701, James Elmy left £400
three per cent, stock, and du'ected the yearly dividends to be applied in ap-
prenticing poor children from these schools. For the same purpose. John
Moy left £1000 in 1770. In 1838, Edivard Manning left for the same pur-
pose £4000 three per cent, stock. From the proceeds of these three charities,
about 20 boys and 4 girls are apprenticed yearly with premiums of about
£10 each. The Ptev. Canon Heaviside is treasurer to the trustees of the
nine Charity Schools, wliich are in connection, as to discipline, with the
following District Schools.
The District School of St. Stephen's, established about 40 years ago,
for the associated parishes of St. Stephen, St. John Timberhill, St. Michael-
at- Thorn, and All Saints, now occupies a large and handsome building at
the top of Surrey street, erected in 1840, and having three school-rooms for
boys, girls, and young children, to the number of about 300. In St. Bene
diet's street is a large District School for the parishes of St. Peter Man-
croft, St. John Maddermarket, St. Giles, St. Gregory, St. Lawrence, and
St. Margaret, attended by 150 boys and 120 giiis. The District SchooLS
situated without St. Augustine's gates, were erected by Wni. Geary, Esq.,
and opened in January, 1838, chiefly for the benefit of the poor of the popu-
lous neighbomiioods of St. Martin-at-Oak, New Catton, and St. Augustine.
They form a neat brick biulding, in the later style of pointed architecture,
comprising tkree rooms for boys, girls, and infants. There are also National
Schools for St. John de Sepulchre, St. Giles, Pockthorpe, Trowse, St. Mar-
tin's-at-Palace, St. Matthew's, St. Mai-k's, and Heigham. All these schools
are supported by subscription, and small weekly payments from the scholars.
The Norwich Diocesan National School Society, established in 1812,
contributes about £250 per annum towards the support of schools in Nor-
folk and Norwich, and supports an institution for training mistresses for the
p
226 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
charge of scliools, at St. George's plain, of which the Rev. Wm. Cufaude
Davie, M.A., is chajMin and secretary, Miss Bunbury, superintendent, and
Miss Schofield, head governess. There are Infant Schools in many of the
city parishes, supported by subscriptions and small weekly payments. Four
poor boj^s of St. Stephen's iDarish are instructed and provided with bibles,
for a yearly rent-charge of <i'3. 2s. 6d., left by John Mann, in 1693, out of a
house in London.
The Lancasterian School, in College court. Palace street, was esta-
blished in 1811, and is supported chiefly by Dissenters, for the education of
about 100 boys, who each pay 2d. per week. In Mariners' lane, King street,
is another Lancasterian school, commenced in 1840, and having about 100
scholars. In connection with the British and Foreign School Society, there
are schools in St. Paul's alley, Heigham causeway, Coslany street, Pock-
thoi*pe, Trowse, and New Lakenham ; and at Union jolace, is an Infant
School, attended by about 130 children of both sexes. The Sunday Schools
attached to the various Dissenting places of worship are attended by about
6000 children, including those who attend also the day schools.
Balderstone's School, in Old Meeting-house alley, Colegate street, was
founded by Bartw. Balderstone, who, in 1761, left ^1000 to be appUed in
the schoohng of 20 children of poor x^arents belonging to the congregation
of Independents attending the Old Meeting-house, or', for want of such, the
children of any other denomination. The master now teaches 22 free scho-
lars, with otliers who pay small weeldy charges, in a large building erected
by subscription as a Day and Sunday-school in 1842, and having two rooms
for boys and ghls.
The Presbyterian Charity Schools, in Calvert street, are connected
with the congregation (now Unitarian) attending the Octagon Chapel. They
comprise school-rooms for boys, ghis, and infants, built respectively in
1861, 1844, and 1857, and are attended by about 300 children, who pay 2s.
each per quarter. In 1709, Joanna Scott left .£600 (including i'200 given
by Dorothy Mann), to seven trustees, to be laid out in land, and the
rents thereof ai^phed in teaching 30 poor children to read, in supplying them
with Bibles, &c., and instructing them in the Protestant religion. Nine
other donors left ,£720 for the purpose of education, and their bequests seem
to have merged in the same trustees, all members of the Presbyterian con-
gregation, though the £100 left by Robert Cooke in 1703 should be employed
in teaching children " agreeable to the doctrinal articles of the Church of
England." The property now held in trust for the school produces a yearly
income of £170, arising as follows, viz, : — £136 from about seven acres of
land in Lakenham, purchased of the guardians of the poor for £1050 in
1806 ; £25 from 5a. 1r. IOp. of land, in Lakenham, left by John Mackerell
in 1724 ; £3. 15s. fi'om stock left by Susanna Cooke in 1720 ; and £5. 12s. lOd.
from one moiety of £376. 9s. 5d. new three per cents., purchased with £400
left by Mary Ann Yallop in 1823, one-half for the school, and the rest for
the poor of the congregation.
The Roman Catholic Schools are in St. John's Maddermarket and in
Ten Bell lane. The former is a mixed school ; and the latter comprises
rooms for boys, ghis, and infants, and is attended by about 120 children. It
is a neat early English building, erected in 1852 atfa cost of £1300.
The Independent School in Colegate street is attended by about 220
boys, girls, and infants; and the Baptist School, in New Catton, has about
94 scholars.
The Boys' and Girls' Hospital Schools owe theu' origin to Thomas
Anguish, who was mayor in 1611, and by his will, in 1617, bequeathed a
house and estate in Fishgate street, St. Edmund's, to the corporation, for
the use and endowment of a hospital, or convenient place for keeping,
bringing up, and teaching young and very poor children born in the city. In
1618, the house was fitted up for the intended purpose, some valuable dona-
boys' and girls' hospitals. 227
tions being received in that and the folbwing year. In 1621 it was refounded
by a charter of the fourth of Charles I., under the title of " The Children's
Hospital, of the foundation of King Charles, with power for the corporation
to add, increase, or diminish the number of officers and children at their
pleasure." In 1649, Robert Baron left ^'250 for the establishment of a Girls'
Hospital ; and the corj)oration afterwards fitted up a house for that purpose
in Golden Dog lane ; but this school was removed to part of the building
used as the Boys' Hospital, in 1802. Both had previously been governed by
the same statutes, and received numerous benefactions. They were vested ia
trust with the Corporation of Norwich, till 1836, when they were transferred
to the Charity Trustees, appointed pursuant to a provision of the Municipal
Reform Act. The funds for the Boys' and Girls' departments are separate,
and have arisen, the former from 22, and the latter from 14 benefactions,
besides a numerous Hst of small gifts and legacies. The property belonging
to the Boys' Hospital consists of .£5000 three percent, consols; and lands,
buildings, &c., yielding a yearly rental of about ,£1000, and situated at Nor-
wich, Bixley, Ciingleford, Barton, Alburgh, S wanton- Morley, East Dere-
ham, Hellesden, Swardeston, Little Melton, Hethersett, Shipdham, and
Bamham Broom. That belonging to the Gtrls' Hospital consists of about
^£3500 invested in the funds ; also in lands, buildings, &c., let at rents amount-
ing to about ,£600 per annum, and situated mostly in the city, and partly at
Shottesham, Fomcett, Little Melton, Hethersett, and Bamham Broom.
Part of its city property is the Or eat Garden, now built upon, and anciently
forming the precincts of the Black Friary. The Octagon Chapel stands
upon this land. None of the children have been boarded in the house
during the last sixty yeai's, but the parents or friends of each boy receive
£10, and those of each gui £8 per annum, in quarterly payments, out of
which they have to pay the teachers (Mr. and Mrs. Gidney) about 8s. per
quarter for the education of each scholar ; and also to pay the usueiI charges
for books and stationery. The scholars are admitted between the ages of
9 and 11, and the boys leave at 14 and the girls at 15. They are each pro-
vided with a suit of blue clothing every Lady- day, at the expense of the
charity. The boys wear red caps, and on leaving school they are apprenticed
with fees of £10. Every girl who has been regularly at school is allowed
£3 when she leaves, to be laid out in clothes to enable her to go into service.
In 1623, John and Edmund Anguish and John Ward settled on the city the
lazar house and grounds thereto belonging, at St. Stephen's gate, on con-
dition that yearly, in the afternoon of Epiphany, a commemoration sermon
should be preached in St. Edmund's church by a preacher to be chosen by
the corporation, and that they should pay yearly 26s. 8d. ; viz., 6s. 8d. t-o
the preacher, 3s. 4d. to the poor, and 16s. 8d. for division among the corpo-
rate officers attending the sermon ; after which, a hst of the benefactors to
the " Children's Hospital" is read. Important alterations are about to take
place in these schools, a new building being now (1863) in course of erection
at New Lakenham, in v/hich thu-ty girls will be boarded, lodged, and edu-
cated, so as to be fitted for domestic service, or to become the wives of
working men. The building is of brick, and comprises residences for the
matron and schoolmisti'ess, dormitories, school-room, dining-hall, play-room,
board-room, &c. It will cost about £2000, and that portion of the Old Hos-
X>ital School in Fishgate sti'eet now used by the guis wiU be taken down, a
more commodious school for 100 boys will be erected in its stead, and other
improvements effected at a cost of about £700. The present number of boys
is sixty-six.
Nop.man's Charity School, formerly taught in a house hired by the
master, but now in a neat Gothic building erected by the trustees in 1839,
with a dwelling for the master, in Cowgate street, St. Paul's parish, arose
firom the bequest of John Norman, Esq., of Catton, who, in 1720, left all
his real estates to trustees for the education, maintenance, and apprenticing
p 2
228 HISTORY OP NORWICH.
of the sons of tlie poor relations of himself and first wife, Ann Mace ; or,
for want of such, the sons of any poor inhabitants of Ber street Ward,
Conisford Ward, or Catton. For the first GO years after his decease he
limited the number of scholars, so that by saving of income the endowment
might be so augmented at the end of that period as to admit of the erection
of a Hospital at Catton for the education and maintenance of 120 scholars.
Until 1733, the trustees did not begin to accumulate ; and owing to mis-
management during the succeeding fifty years, and the loss of £890 by one
of the treasurers in 1777;, the funds of the charity have never been sufficient
for the erection of a hospital at Catton. The real property bequeathed by
the founder now produces a rental of ^6750, and consists of the Eaven
public-house, and other houses, &c., in Norwich, and three farms at Little
Witchingham, Catton, and Spixworth. The charity also derives ^681 per
annum from the dividends of £1500 Old South Sea Annuities, and £1200
three per cent. Consols, purchased with the savings of income. There are
now 70 boys instructed as free scholars. About half of them are on the
foundation, and £10 a year is paid to the parents of each for their main-
tenance, deducting only for books and stationery. They are admitted
between the ages of seven and ten years, and are required to prove their
relationship to the founder or his first or second wife. All cliildren thus
qualified are admitted on application to the trustees. The master is allowed
a salary of £80 per annum. Each of the foundation scholars who continues
in the school up to the age of 14, is bound out apprentice with a premium
of £15. If he serves his apprenticeship out and there is no complaint
against hun, he receives £10 on attaining the age of 21. Pursuant to the
founder's will, £1. 2s. 6d. per annum is paid to the rector of St. Paul's for
a commemoration sermon ; and a yearly sum of 10s. is paid by the trustees
for distribution among the poor of Catton. The Bishop, Dean, Rev. Canon
Heaviside, Sir Wm. Foster, Bart., Sir Samuel Bignold, Knt., and Charles
Evans, J.H. Gurney, M.P., R. H. Harvey, and H. S. Patteson, Esqrs., are
the trustees, and Joseph Benj. Brown is the schoolmaster.
The Hospital and School tor the Indigent Blind, in Magdalen
street, was founded in 1805 by Thomas Tawell, a bHnd gentleman, who
presented the house and garden occupied by the institution, and which he
had previously purchased for £150. Since its foundation, this excellent
charity has been supported by benefactions, legacies, and annual contribu-
tions, and has fuUy answered the most sanguine expectations of its pro-
moters, both as an asylum for the aged and as a school for the young ;
having enabled many of the latter, who would otherwise have passed their
days in idleness and dependence, to rise superior to their forlorn and abject
condition. Though it was at first restricted to the county of Norfolk, it is
now open to the kingdom at large, under the management of a president, three
vice-presidents, and a committee of subscribers. Here are generally about
15 aged bhnd and 30 pupils. The former are admitted at the age of 55, and
the latter at the age of 12 or upwards. The females are employed in
knitting, netting, &c., and the males in the manufacture of baskets, rope-
mats, sacks, rope, twine, &c. The pupils remain only tluree years, or may
leave as soon as they have gained a sufficient knowledge of their trade. In
1862, the receipts of the charity arising from benefactions, subscriptions, the
sale of articles, &c., amounted to £834, of which upwards of £300 were
derived from funded property. The Bishop is president ; Rev. J. Bailey,
treasurer; Mr. John Gibson, secretary and superintendent ; Mrs. Gibson,
matron; James Sadler and Wm. Mills, trade instructors ; Mr. Geo. Hastings^
musi&xteacher, and Miss Williams, schoolmistress.
Charities. — The stream which flows from the Norwich fountain of
charity for the religious and moral instruction of poor children, is not more
ample than that which issues for the solace of age, poverty, and sickness^
There are, in various parts of the city, Almshouses founded for the residence
NORWICH CHARITIES. 229
of about 200 aged poor, most of whom have weekly stipends from the endow-
ments. Here are also a large County Hospital for the relief of the sick
and lame; an endowed Lunatic Asylum ; a Dispensary; an Eye Infirmary ;
a Female Penitentiary ; a spacious Workhouse, with an Infirmary and
Lunatic Asylum attached ; a Lying-in- Charity, and a variety of Benevolent
Societies, supported chiefly by donations and annual contributions, and
partly by posthumous charity, in which latter few places are richer than
Norwich, as its yearly income from that source alone amounts to upwards
of ^620, 000, about half of which was in trust with the Corporation, but is
now vested with the Charity Trustees, appointed by the Lord Chancellor in
1836. The total amount of charity dispensed in the city and its suburbs,
amounts to upwards of ^£30,000 per annum, exclusive of the ^9oor's rates. The
Corporation having been for so many ages trustees of hospitals and other
charities in Norwich, some difficulty was experienced by the Parliamentary
Commissioners, in their endeavours to distinguish the charity from the Cor-
poration property. Then- enquiry into the city charities was finished in 1833,
and from their voluminous reports our notices of them are chiefly abridged.
The Charity Trustees, appointed for the management of the charities
formerly in trust with the Corporation, are divided into two Hsts, viz., the
Church List, which has the management of the Great Hospital, Cooke's
Hospital, and the Free Grammar School; and the Oeneral List, which
manages Doughty's Hospital, the Boys' and Ghls' Hospital Schools, &c.
The Church List comprises Sir Wm. Foster, Bart., Sir Saml. Bignold, Kt.,
the Dean, the Rev. S. O. Attlay, and C. Evans, J. Barwell, E. Freestone,
G. Seppings, J. Norgate, H. Bkkbeck, D. Dahymple, and J. H. Gur-
ney, M.P., Esqrs. The General List comprises H. Bohngbroke, J. Kitson,
E. Freestone, W. Stark, J. Barwell, J. Norgate, E. AViUett, R. Bullard,
O. Springfield, Wm. WMe, H. S. Patteson, Hy. Browne, and R. J. H.
Harvey, Esqrs. Thos. Brightwell, Jun., Esq., is Clerh to the Trustees.
The Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, for the rehef of sick and lame
poor, occupies an extensive brick building on the London road, a little
without St. Stephen's gate, erected in 1771, at a cost of more than 5921,000,
including about ^8000 expended in subsequent additions and improvements.
The building is in the form of the letter H. and was considerably enlarged
in 1802. It is fitted up in the most improved manner, and has spacious and
well ventilated galleries extending through all the wai-ds. This institution,
which ranks as one of the largest and most useful charities in the county,
was commenced by the voluntary contributions of the benevolent, and has
since received many valuable donations and legacies ; the liberal assistance
of a numerous Kst of annual subscribers of two guineas and upwards ; and
the profits (till 1823) of a yearly musical performance at the Cathedral,
during the assize week. Since 1824, it has received more than ^68000 fi-om
the profits of the triennial musical festival at St. Andrew's Hall. The
expenditure of the hospital for the year 1862 amounted to ^4292, and its
receipts to ^63200 ; but in some years it receives large amounts from legacies
and benefactions, from which source it received ^61169 less in 1862 than in
the previous year. The annual subscriptions amount to about ^61800, and
the dividends of stock to ^730 per annum. The funded propertij now pos-
sessed by the hospital consists of ^24,700, mostly three per cent, stock.
The nimiber of patients admitted since the opening of the institution,
amounted in 1802 to 52,219 in and 44,249 out. The nimiber remaining on
the books in December, 1802, was 114 in and 1172 out patients ; and the
total number admitted during the year was 2226, of whom 936 had been
iw-patients. From its frequent occurrence, the operation for the stone is per-
formed here in the greatest perfection ; the whole number cut for tliis dread-
ful disease since the opening of the hospital, is about 950, of whom not more
than 150 died. Three physicians and three surgeons and an assistant-
surgeon of the city attend the hospital gratuitously, and its afi'airs are under
230 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
the control of a board of ma,nagement selected annually from tlie governors,
who consist of persons who have contributed 30 guineas or upwards, at one
time. The lAysicians and surgeons attend every Saturday, at 11 o'clock,
to take in patients, and every Wednesday, at the same hour, to prescribe to
the out-patients ; but sufferers by accidents (admitting of no delay) are re-
ceived at all times. Formerly, the hospital contained only about eighty
beds, but now it has 148 for the reception of patients. The prmcipal officers
of the charity are the Earl of Leicester, jn-esident; the Bishop, vice-president;
J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., treasurer; Drs. Banking, Copeman, and Eade,
physicians; Messrs. Nichols, Firth, and Cadge, surgeons; Mr, Crosse,
assistant-surgeon ; Mr. Charles Williams, Iwuse surgeon ; Mrs. Partridge,
matron , Mr. R. W. Scraggs, house steward and secretary ; and Mr. W. L.
Smith, dispenser. In 1843, Mr. John Dahyn^le presented to the hospital
the valuable Museum collected by his father, who was one of the surgeons
of this institution for nearly 15 years. A new building was erected in 1844
for its reception, and since then it has by frequent presents become an ex-
tensive and highly interesting pathological collection, which was greatly
enhanced in 1854 by a gift from Mr. D. Dalrymple of the beautiful collec-
tion of preparations of the eye made by his lamented brother John Dal-
rymple, whose early death cut short a career which promised great bril-
liancy, and in which he had afready gained the highest position as an
oculist in England.
The Dispensary, commenced in 1804, occupies a house in St. John's
Madder market, purchased in 1856 for about ^600, and is supported by
donations and yearly contributions, for the purpose of rendering medical and
surgical aid to the sick and lame poor of the city and its hamlets, as out-
patients, of whom about 1500 are relieved yearl}^, at a cost of about ,£260.
Two physicians (Drs. Johnson and Eade) lend their assistance gratuitously.
The surgeon and apothecary resides at the Dispensary, and such patients
as are not able to attend, and live within the city boundary, are visited at
their homes.
The HoM(EOPATHic Hospital, on Orford hill, was established in 1849,
and is supported by voluntary contributions. Its average weekly number
of patients is 84. Dr. Hartman is the physician; Mr. S. Harvard, treasurer;
Mr. 0. T. Ray, secretary ; and Messrs. Slade & Rapier, chemists.
The Eye Infir^niary, or " the Norfolk and Norwich Infirmary for the
cure of Diseases of the Eye" occupies a building in Pottergate street, pur-
chased and altered in 1857 at a cost of .£1141. It was instituted in 1822,
chiefly through the exertions of three medical gentlemen, vA\o submitted a
report of the necessity for such an estabhshment in Norwich. Notwith-
standing the great importance of this charity, its funds at present only allow
accommodation for 14 in-patients, though it relieves annually about 500 out-
j)atients at a cost of nearly £300. The Earl of Leicester is president,
Dr. Copeman and Messrs. G. W. W. Firth and C. Goodwin are the medical
officers ; John Goodwin, Esq., sec. ; and Mrs. Sarah Bennett, matron.
The Jenny Lind Infirmary for Sick Children, in Pottergate street,
was established May 30th, 1863, chiefly with the sum of £345. 15s. 5d,, part
of the proceeds of two concerts given in 1849, by that queen of song, Jenny
Lind (now Madame Goldschmidt) , who visited this institution in 1850, and
was so much pleased with its management that she added another £50 to
her former gifts, and her husband gave a similar sum. Many other dona-
tions have been made to the funds, and there is a long list of annual sub-
scribers. About 2000 out and 400 in patients have been admitted since the
establishment of the Infirmary. The Bishop is patron ; the Mayor, presi-
dent; J. G. Johnson, Esq., treasurer; H. Hansell, Esq., secretary; Dr.
Copeman, phT/sician ; Dr. DalrymxDle, and Messrs. T. W. Crosse and W. H.
Day, surgeons; and Miss Johnson, matron.
The Dental Infirmary, in Rigby's Court, St. Giles' street, is supported
CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 231
by voluntary contributions, and was established about six years ago for the
purpose of affording gratuitous aid to the poor of the city and county.
J. B. and F. Gr. Bridgman, Esqrs., are the surgeon dentists; and W. K.
Bridgman, Esq., lion, secretary.
Bethel Hospital, -which occupies a commodious building in Bethel
street, was erected in 1713, by LIrs. Mary Chapman, agreeably to the
request of her deceased husband, (the Rev. S. Chapman, rector of Thorpe-
next-Norwich,) for the habitation of poor lunatics, and not for natural born
fools or idiots. For its endowment she settled by will, dated 1717, all her
personal estate on seven trustees, giving to them the sole power and man-
agement of this asylum for as many distressed lunatics as the revenues wall
afford, the city of Norwich always to have the preference. Considerable
additions having been made to the hospital in 1807 and subsequent years,
it has now accommodation for 80 patients, of whom about 33 oiefree, and
small weekly sums, varying from 3s. to 14s., are paid for each of the others
by then- friends. The seven trustees or governors are Sir Wm. Foster, Bart.,
Dr. Dahymple, and C. Weston, J. H. Gurney, M.P., H. Bii'kbeck, T.
Brightwen, and F. G. Foster, Esqrs. W. P. Nichols, Esq., is the surgeon;
G. M. Gibson, Esq., and F. Bateman, Esq., M.D., resident medical officers ;
Charles MiUard, Esq., steward; J. N. V. Cooper, Esq., clerk; Mr. E. J.
D odd, fuaster ; and Mrs. Dodd, matron. The foundress appears to have
been no admirer of the corporate body, for one clause in her will prohibits
them from being " in. any way concerned in the execution of this trust."
The seven original trustees and their successors, v/ere incorporated by
Letters Patent of the 5th of George III., by the name of " The Governors
and Guardians of the hospital called Bethel," of the foundation of Maiy
Chapman. The sum derived from the endowment under the will of the
foundress, amounted to ^63513, which has been augmented by subsequent
benefactions amounting to nearly £'16,000, of which £1000 each were left
by Sarah Scott, in 1750 ; Bartholomew Balderstone, in 1766 ; Thos. Vere,
in 1766 ; and Rolert Denn, in 1829. Mary Bouchery left £600 in 1788;
and the remainder was bequeathed in sums from £100 to upwards of £200,
A considerable portion of the money received from legacies and gifts has
been laid out in the purchase of real estates at Pulham, Kirstead, Bushall,
Potter-Heigham, Mendham, and Albui'gh, now let for £1443 per annum,
and comprising about 1138 acres of land. The personal property belonging
to the hospital amounts to £17,770 in. the funds, yielding dividends to the
amount of £608, which swells the total yearly income of the charity to
£2051. In consideration of the £1000 given by B. Balderstone, the min-
ister of the Independent chapel, of which Dr. Wood was pastor in 1766, has
the privilege of sending two free patients to the hospital. Above £5000
have been expended in improvements during the last ten years. The
Norfolk Lunatic Asylum is about two miles fi'om Noi-wich, in the parish of
Thorpe, (which see). The Infirmary Asylum, St. Augustine's, is for pauper
lunatics;; and at Heigham Hall is a private lunatic asylum belonging to
Messrs. Nichols, Ranking, and Watson.
The Orphan's Home, in Pottergate street, has accommodation for about
thirty oi-phan girls, who are trained for domestic service and other suitable
occupations by a resident matron and governess, under the superintendence
of a ladies' committee. It was estabhshed in 1849, and removed to the
present premises in 1862, and is chiefly supported by voluntary subscrip-
tions ; but the fiiends or parish are required to pay Is. 6d. per week for
each child under ten years of age, and Is. per week if above that age.
The Stanley Home, in Peacock street, was originally established by the
daughter of the late Bishop Stanley, as an institution in which friendless
orphan guis could be taught lace making as a means of subsistence ; but
since 1854 it has been used as a training school for domestic servants. It
has room for 20 inmates, who are boarded, clothed, and instnicted, at a
232 HISTORY OF NORWICH*
charge of 2s. 6d. each per week, the remainder of the cost being defrayed
hy subscriptions. More than 80 girls have aheady been trained here, of
whom the greater number have creditably filled the situations provided for
them, and several have married respectably. Mrs. Eliz. Churchman is
matron and Miss Hannah Critten, schoolmistress. In connection with the
Home is a Servants Lodging House and Registry, in Upper I^ng street, of
which Miss Balls is superintendent.
The NoKFOLK AND Norwich Magdalen, or Female Home, is at York
Villa, Chapel-field road, and was estabhshed in 1826. Its object is to
afford an asylum for females who, having deviated from the path of virtue,
may be desirous of being restored to their station in society, by religious
instruction and the formation of moral and religious habits. The house
has room for 14 inmates, but has rarely so many. In its charitable work
of plucldng brands from the burning, this institution has been very suc-
cessful, a large number of those who have been admitted having been
restored to their friends, or placed in respectable situations. Its annual
exiDcnditure is about ^6400, The Earl of Leicester and the Marquis Chol-
mondeley are ^3ai?'o?is, the Bishop ^jrm^Ze/z^, Charles Evans, Esq., treasurer y
and Mrs. Surville, matron.
The Society foe the Relief of the Sick Poor was instituted in
1816, and is managed by a committee of ladies, who search out the abodes
of those famihes who are labouring under the complicated afilictions of
disease and penury, in reheving whom the society disiDenses about ^850 per
annum, a large portion of which is derived from the sale of fancy articles
contributed by the ladies. J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., is the treasurer.
The Lying-in-Charity, for delivering poor married women at their own
habitations, was established in 1832. It provides its objects with midwives,
medical and pecuniary assistance, bed linen, &c., and also portable beds,
when required. The depositary is in Pottergate street. Since the establish-
ment of this valuable institution more than 7000 poor women have been
admitted to its benefits. Henry Hansell, Esq.. is lionorary secretary and
treasurer; Dr. Copeman and Messrs. Cross, Day, & Muriel, medical officers;
Miss Johnson, inatron, and Mr. Arnold, dispenser.
The Benevolent Association for the Belief of decayed Tradesmen,
their Widows, and Orphans, was instituted in 1790, and in 1863 had dis-
pensed o£10,267, and then possessed a standing capital of ^5000 three and
a half per cent, stock, and three canal shares. The subscribers may recom-
mend one object for every guinea they contribute annually. H. S. Patte-
son, Esq., is j^>rmf?^??t; Henry Browne, Esq., secretary; and Mr. Henry
Bassett, clerTi. A Benevolent Society, supported chiefly by the Wesleyan
Methodists, was established in 1785, for the reHef of poor famihes. The
Wesleyans have also a Dorcas Society.
The Soup Charity, which was established in 1840, has offices in Fishgate
street and Cobui-gh street, and supplies many of the poor with nutritious
soup at a very low price, during the winter months. A similar charity was
commenced in 1785 by the Friar's Society, now extinct. Here is also a
Provident Coal Society for supplying the poor with coal at reduced prices ;
and at 105, Pottergate street, isn District Visiting Society. The Protestant
Dissenters' Benevolent Society of Norfolk, was formed in 1800 for the
rehef of decayed Ministers, or their Widows and Orphans, and has distri-
J^uted among its objects upwards of ^14,000. Mr. J. W. Dowson is the sec.
The Charity for Clergymen's Widows and Children in Norfolk and
Norwich, had its origin in 1685 ; but the charter by which it is incorporated
was not obtained till 1741. It distributes upwards of ^2000 per annum, of
which about .£-700 arises from three farms at Swafield, Potter-Heigham, and
Reepham ; .^920 from ^10,600 bank stock, and about i:400 from annual
subscriptions. The Bishop is the president, and the Dean and Chapter the
BEINEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 238
vice-presidents. The Rev. George King is treasurer ; W. C. Millard, Esq.,
steward of the estates, and Edward Steward, Esq., registrar.
The United Norwich and Norfolk Attorneys' and Solicitors' Ami-
cable Society was established in 1784, and having been dormant for some
years, was re-established in 1848 under the dkection of the Court of Chan-
chery. Its object is to afford relief to distressed attorneys and solicitors
practising in Norfolk and Norwich, or to their \vidows and children. The
society possesses a permanent fund of ^'6000 consols, and about i'300 stock,
besides the annual subscriptions of its members, so that its annual income
is above ^200. During the year 1862 more than ^0200 were distributed by
the society to distressed persons. Subscriptions of one guinea a year con-
stitutes membership, or a payment of ten guineas at one tune, membership
for life. T. M. Keith, Esq., is president; J. H. Gumey, Esq., M.P., trea-
surer; and F. Fox, Esq., hon. secretary. The Benevolent Medical Society
of Norfolk and Norwich was established in 1786, for the purpose of pro-
viding funds for the relief of the widows and childi-en, and of indigent mem-
bers of the profession. The Rev. Lord Bayning is patron ; P. Harrison, Esq.,
president, and J. G. Johnson, Esq., 7ion. secretary and treasurer.
Great Hospital, &c. — St. Giles Hos])ital,in.'Bis\io^gQ.iQ street St. Helen's
parish, now commonly called the Great Hospital, was foimded by Bishop
Suffield about a.d. 1250 ; but being of a monastic character, it was dissolved
by Henry VIII., and afterwards refounded by a charter or letters patent of
Edward VI., in the first year of his reign, as an almshouse for aged poor ;
and its ample revenues were vested in trust with the corporation for that
purpose and the supx^ort of the master and usher of the Grammar School
and two priests, one to serve as chaplain to the hospital and minister of the
parish of St. Helen, and the other as chaplain to the City Gaol. (See p. 202.)
The lands, tithes, buildings, &c., granted for these purposes by the charter
of Edward VI., were then of the yearly value of ^'142. 19s. 2|d. The ori-
ginal endowment has been augmented by 23 gifts and benefactions, of which
the. folio wing are the donors and dates: — Alderman Thomas Codd, 1558;
Queen EUzabeth, 1572 ; Robert Jannys, 1554; John Hart, 1706; Thomas
Cory, 1619; Thomas Tesmond, 1620; Bernard Church, 1685; Augustine
Blomefield, 1645 ; John Spiirrell, 1702; Michael Smyth, 1086; Fras. Rugge,
1608 ; Roger Coxon, about 1570 ; Edmund Woods, about 1550 ; Rev. SamL
Chapman, 1700 ; John Drake, 1712 ; Mary Drake, 1713 ; Richd. Suckling;
Lawrence Goodwin, 1722; Wm. Pagan, 1769; Chas. Maltby, 1789; Henry
Jay, 1733 ; Henry Fawcett, 1619 ; and Robert Partiidge, 1816. Some of
these were donations of money, which have from time to time been laid out,
with the savings of income, in the purchase of estates and government stock.
Queen Elizabeth's grant bestowed upon the hospital the lands, &c. of Geo.
Redman, grocer, who had been attainted for high treason. In 1862 the yearly
income of this charity was between ^£0000 and ^67000, ^£600 of which were
from the dividends of about 5620,000 in the three per cent, consols, and the
remainder from rents and tithes of the charity estates. Of the latter, about
^1500 were derived from rent of land and buildings in the city ; ^£705 from
estates in Bixley and Trowse ; ^6110 from property at Ciingleford, exclusive
of the tithes; ^6 5 7 from land at Catton and Sprowston ; i;407 from lands
and tithes at Costessey ; ^6100 from marshland at Haddiscoe; 56350 from the
tithes of Hardley ; i'280 from a farm atHethel; ^6 10 5 from land at Great
Melton; ^6500 the tithe-rent of Mundham St. Peter and Seething; ^£145
from land in Salhouse ; ^£520 from land in Shropham ; 56300 from the great
tithes of Walsham St. Mary: ^18 from a rent charge in East Winch; and
56IIO from one marsh farm at Vange, m Essex. In addition to the
above, the charity possesses the manors of Mundham, St. Ethelbert-with-
Seething, Bradcar Hall, in Shropham ; Pakenhams, in Shropham ; Crin-
gleford, East Carlton- with-Hethel, Choselies, in Wymoudham, and Trowse-
284 HISTORY OF NORWICH.
Rockells. Tlie annual amount of the quit rents and other receipts from
these manors is about ^GO ; but the fines being certain, there is but little
profit after paying the expenses of holding the courts. The trustees have
also \hQ patronage of the following churches, viz. : — St. Helen and St. Ethel--
dred, in Norwich ; Cringleford, Costessey, Hardley, Repps-with-Bastwick,
Mundham, and South Walsham. These advowsons (except St. Etheldred)
were acquired by the grant of Edward VI., together with the rectorial tithes
of the said parishes.
The Oreat Hospital is an extensive range of buildings, comprising the
antique remains of the dissolved Hospital of St. Giles and several modern
additions, which have been erected at various periods, for the accommoda-
tion of the alms-people, who have been increased in number progressively
with the augmentation of the income. In 1800, the number was 98 ; in
1819, it was increased to 109 ; in 1823, to 129 ; in 1826, to 150; in 1830, to
166 ; in 1841, to 176 ; in 1843, to 181 ; and in 1850, to 184, viz., 92 men and 82
women, all of whom are lodged, clothed, and fed at the expense of the charity,
which also supports a master and ten nurses. The almspeople must be
of the age of 65 years or upwards, before their admission. They are clothed
in dark blue, and allowed sixpence per week each for pocket-money. The
ten nurses, who attend to such of the almspeople as are sick and infirm,
have each a yearly wage of £^. The ancient hospital of St. Giles is already
noticed at page 201. The choir of the hospital church was rebuilt in 1383,
by the benefactions of Bishop Spencer and others, and is now divided into
apartments for the women. The cloister,the master's lodgings, the nave, and
the tower were rebuilt in 1541 by Bishop Lyhart, Prior Molet, and others.
The old refectory and part of the nave and aisles of the hospital church
were partitioned off and divided into apartments for the men at an early
period, and the remainder forms the parish church of St. Helen, as noticed
at page 207. In 1826, a new ward was built, containing twenty separate
cottages in the Gothic style, each of which is sufficient for the accommoda-
tion of two persons. These cottages are mostly occupied by old married
couples. Another ward was built in 1831, at a cost of about ^GllOO. On
the east side of the quadrangle is a good house for the residence of the master
(Mr. Geo. Sim^Dson), who has the free use of the hospital meadow (about 4a.),
and is allowed a salary of ^6250 per annum, out of which he has to provide
two men and three maid servants. Here is also a house for the residence
of the minister of St. Helen's. The annual disbursements amount to about
^65600 ; of which „:£4000 are on account of the almspeople and hosx)ital ; ^200
the yearly stipend of the incumbent of St. Helen's ; <£325 the amount of
the stipends of the incumbents of Costessey and Hardley ; ^30 the stipend
allowed to the curate of St. Etheldred's, &c. &c.
Doughty's Hospital, in Calvert street, in the parishes of St. Saviour and
St. George Colegate, was founded by Wm. Doughty, gentleman, who, in 1687,
bequeathed £6000, to be laid out in building and endowing it for the recep-
tion of a master, 24 poor aged men, and 8 women. By letters patent of the
10th of William III., license was granted to the mayor, sheriffs, &c., to take
to them and their successors, lands and tenements, not exceeding the yearly
value of £1000, for enabling the citizens and inhabitants of Norwich the
better to support their burthens, and for the better performance of the will
of Wm. Doughty. Of his bequest, £600 were expended in purchasing the
site and building the hospital, and the remainder was laid out in the pur-
chase of estates at Burston, Hillmgton, and Calthorpe ; but that in the latter
parish was exchanged with the Earl of Orford for a farm at Gissing. A
legacy of £200, left to this hospital by Samuel Chapman, in 1700, was laid
out in 1733, together with £600 belonging to the Great Hospital, in the pur-
chase of Stonehouse farm in Cringleford. One-third of the rent of this farm
is paid to Doughty's Hospital, which has also the dividends of £6600 three
per cent. Consols, bequeathed in 1810, by Thomas Coohe, of Pentonville,
doughty's hospital. ^3^
for the purpose of augmenting the stipends of the almspeople. It has also a
large sum invested in government secimties, which has arisen from saAdngs
of income and the bequests of Thomas Vere, Wm. Pagan, Wm. Lindoe,
Gary Hayward, Charles Maltby, Jehosaphat Postle, the Earl of Bucking-
hamshire, Thomas Harvey, and other donors. Owing to the augmented
value of the endowment, which now produces about ^€1000 a year, the num-
ber of almspeople has been increased to 27 men and 17 women, of the age
of 65 and upwards, besides the master and a nurse. The master has lis.,
the nurse 16s., and each of the almspeople 5s. 6d. per week ; and they have
each a chaldron of coals, a pair of shoes, blue clothing, and linen for shirts
and shifts, once a year. The master has a double allowance of shoes and
linen. The hospital consists of a square containing 45 tenements of one
room each, and one tenement of two rooms appropriated to the use of the
master, who has also a small garden. Another garden is di^-ided amongst
the almspeople.
Cooke's Hospital consists of a court, with ten tenements roimd it, in
Rose lane, built in 1692 by Robert and Thomas Cooke, two brotliers, and
aldermen of the city, for the reception of ten poor women, either maids or
widows, of the age of 60 years or upwards, who have previously resided ten
years in the city, and been of good report. In 1703-'4, the above-named
Robert Cooke, and Thomas, his son, charged an adjoining estate with the
yearly payment of £S1 for the support of the almspeople and the reparation
of the hospital. The owner of this estate pays the rent charge and appoints
the almswomen, who have each an allowance of coals and about £14 per
annum, arising from the above-named rent-charge, and the yeai'ly proceeds
of the following bequests, viz., £'1000, left by Benjamin Trapjiett, in 1765';
£1750 three percent. Consols, lefthj TJiomas CooJcc, of Pentonville, in 1810 ;
and £1600, left by Tliomas Clahhiirn, in 1815.
Pye's Al:jshouses, near St. Gregory's Church, were given by Thomas
Pye, in 1614, for the residence of six poor people of the age of 50 or up-
wards, married or unmarried; but in 1827, they were given by the Corpo-
ration to Josej)h Bexfield, in exchange for six new-built dwelling-houses in
West Pottergate street, hi Heigham hamlet, and the sum of £200, which
was invested in the purchase of £227. 18s. 5d. three per cent. Consols, the
dividends of which are applied in keeping the almshouses in repair. The
six almspeople are chosen, two from each of the parishes of St. Michael
Coslany, St. Giles, and St. Peter Mancroft. In Muspole street are other
unendoived Almshouses, consistiug of tr^^elve tenements for the residence of
as many poor widows of the parish of St. George -Colegate. They were re-
built in 1854, at a cost of £500, given by the parish, on the site of seven
tenements which are said to have been given in 1516 by Alice Crome.
Baenham-Broom Estate, now consisting of a farm of 94 acres (let for
£155 a year) and the manor of Barnham-Hawkins, was conveyed to the
Corporation in tlie 23rd of Henry VIII., pui'suant to the will of John
Tyrrey, to pay yearly the sum of £3, to keep an obit for the souls of the
donor and others, and to apply the remainder of the yearly rent (then £11)
towards the easement of the poor citizens in the payment of taxes, or tall-
ages. A water-mill and four acres of land, which formed ]3art of the estate,
were sold by tlie Corporation in 1718, they having always considered the
estate as theu' ovrn property. By indenture, in 1714, they settled eight-
tenths of the yearly income of the remaining part of the estate, in satisfac-
tion of the bequests of £400 left by Richard Ireland, in 1690, to the Boys'
and GMs' Hospitals ; and £400 left by Thomas Blofield, in 1703 : £200
thereof for the benefit of the said Hospitals ; £100 to provide for a yearly
distribution among the poor citizens ; and £100 to be invested in land, and
the rent applied in binding out apjorentice one poor child of Colegate Ward.
Charities for Appenticing. — In 1688, Sir Joseph Payne left £200 to
be invested for the payment of £70 every seventh year to the Corporation,
236 HISTOKY OF NORWICH.
to be applied, Mb thereof in apprenticing twelve poor boys, and £6 for a
sermon, &c., on the 29tli of August. This charity is charged on an estate
at Deopham. In 1669, Nicholas Salter bequeathed ^glOO to the Corporation
in trust, to pay every seventh year £SQ for apprenticing six poor boys.
With the income of these two charities 18 boys are bound out every seventh
year. In 1684, Augustine Briggs left ^6200 to be invested in land, the rents
and profits thereof to be applied yearly in apprenticing two poor boys of
South Conisford Ward. The property belonging to this charity is in King
street, and now produces ^34 a year. Nicholas BicJcerdike, in 1701, be-
queathed a tenement for apprenticing poor boys of Mancroft Ward and the
parish of St. Giles. This tenement being in a dilapidated state, was sold
by the Corporation about the year 1804, and the produce invested in the
purchase of ^6420 new three per cents. In 1715, Sir Peter Seaman be-
queathed the Hampshire Hog pubHc-house, a baker's shop, and other
premises, in trust to the Corporation for apprenticing two poor boys of the
parish of St. Gregory and East Wymer Ward. The property is let on lease
for ,£25 a year. In 1757, Thos. Vere bequeathed to the Corporation £100,
on condition that they should lay out <£7 every two years in apprenticing
a poor boy of South Conisford Ward. As already noticed, a poor boy of
Colegate Ward is apprenticed yearly out of the rent of the Barnham Broom
Estate, in consideration of £100 left by Thomas Blojield. There are also
appUcable to apprentice fees, £60 a year from Abraham Rohersons Charity,
£50 a year from the Walloon Charities, and considerable portions of the
funds of the Boys' Hospital and Norman's Charity School.
Loan Charities. — Sir Thomas White Kt., alderman of London, in 1566,
gave £2000 to the Corporation of Bristol, on condition that they should
purchase an estate, and out of the rents and profits thereof pay yearly the
sum of £104, in succession, to one of the twenty-four cities and touns
named in the deed, one of which is Norwich. Of each annual payment, the
donor directed £100 to be lent in sums of £25, to four young men of honest
fame, free of interest, for ten years, and the remaining £4 to be divided
among the trustees for their trouble. The Corporation of Norwich received
the first payment of £104 in 1586, and since then they have received the
same amount every twenty-fourth year, so that the loan fund, arising from
this source, amounted on the last payment in 1863, to £1200. Various
other sums, amounting in the whole to £1640, were bequeathed in trust to
the Corporation, to be lent free of interest in sums of from £20 to £30, to
poor citizens for terms of seven years. Tliis £1640 was acqmred by the
following bequests: — £600 left by Wm. Doughty, in 1687; £300 hj John
Vaughan, in 1666 ; £200 by John Mann, in 1693 ; £100 each left by Thos.
Pettus, Thos. Doughty, Natl. Cocke, Roger Crow, and Joseph Loveland ;
^£50 each left by Edward Nutting and Augustine Scottow ; and £40 left by
Ann Craske. Other Loans, which were under the management of the Court
of Mayoralty, amounted in 1832 to £1411. 2s., lent in sums of from £20 to
£25, for seven years, free of interest, and arose from the benefactions of
eighteen donors, the largest of whom were Wm. Rogers and Hy. Fawcett,
who each left £300 ; John Terry, who left £200 ; and Catherine Rogers
and Sir John Pettus, who each bequeathed £100. All the above-mentioned
sums are now placed in one fund, under the management of the city charity
trustees, and sums of £50 are lent on security of bonds, free of interest, for
seven years ; but a considerable sum has been lost, so that the whole fund
does not at present amount to more than £3000.
The Rev. Benj. Penning, in 1696, left £500 to be lent out in sums of
£25 to twenty young tradesmen of the parishes of St. Clement, St. George
Colegate, St. Benedict, St. Paul, and St. James, for seven years, free of
interest. Towards paying the expenses of this trust, Thos. Harrison left
the interest of £10 in 1703. Wm. Stark, Esq., and others are the trustees.
lu 1708, Mordecai Hewitt left to seven trustees £500, to be lent in sums of
LOAN CHARITIES. 237
£25 for seven years, free of interest, to young master weavers of the city,
especially of the parishes of St. Peter Hungate and St. Andrew. This and
the following are managed by the trustees of Penning's loans, and both are
now lent in sums of £-10 each. In 1709, Thomas Andrews left ^£120 to be
lent without interest for seven years, to six young men setting up the trade
of worsted weaving, four to be chosen from the parishes of St. Michael
Coslany and St. Clements, and two by the Llinister and Deacons of the
Presbyterian Congregation. His mdow left the interest of ^610 towards
the expenses of the trust. In 1669, Nichls. Salter left ^GlOO to be lent free
of interest for seven years to four poor tradesmen. The trustees are all
members of the Independent Congregation attending the Old Meeting house.
Abraham Roberson, in 1777, left £'1507 for apprenticing poor children
of the city, (not more than one to be a girl ;) £1015 for the relief of poor
widows of West Wymer Ward ; and £507, to be lent free of interest to
young men who have served apprenticeships in the city. In 1794, these sums
were increased by the division of £500, which fell to the charity, as the re-
maining part of the residuary estate of the testator. The loa?i fund now
amounts to £654, which is lent in sums of £50 each. The other two
branches of the charity now consist of £5543 new 3 per cent, stock, and
about £100 in the bank. Apprentice fees of £10 each are given yearly
with seven poor boys ; and £35 is distributed yearly among poor widows
who ought to be such as do not receive parochial relief. SirW. Foster, Bart.,
and J. H. Gumey, M.P., Hy. Birkbeck, J. M. Robberds, John Youngs,
F. G. Foster, and 0. Springfield, Esqrs., are the trustees.
Henry Fawcett, in 1619, bequeathed to his heirs three tenements, on
condition that they should pa2/ yearly, amongst other things (see Preachers'
Money,) to each of ten poor worsted zceavers of Fybridge Ward, a coat of
frieze or cloth, and 12d. in money ; and £1. 3s. 4d. for a sermon at the
church of St. JNIichael Coslany. These rent-charges are paid by the owner
of the Buck public-house, in St. Martin-at-Oak. A yearly rent-charge of
£20, left in 1703 by Thomas Blofield, out of his estate at Hoveton St.
John, for the poor of Fybridge Ward, has not been paid since 1777. Ben-
jamin Trappett, in 1765, bequeathed for various uses £2200, which was
vested in the purchase of £2514. 5s. 9d. three per cent. Consols. The yearly
dividends, £75. 8s. 6d., are appropriated in the following proportions, agree-
able to the donor's will: — £34. 5s. 8d. to tlie ten widows in Cooke's Hospi-
tal; £20 for a sermon every Thursday or Friday at St. Andrew's Church ;
£1 to the clerk and sexton for cleaning the donor's tomb ; about £13. 10s.
for distribution among the poor of St. Andrew's ; and £6. 17s. to tlie six
trustees for their trouble. The ministers of St. Andrew's and five other
parishes are the trustees.
Thomas Clabburn, in 1815, left £1000 to be invested in the purchase of
stock, (now £1100 new 8 per cents.,) and the dividends thereof to be paid
to Mary Atkinson during her life, and afterwards to the ministers and
churchwardens of the parishes af St. Simon andJude, St. JuHan, St. Ethel-
dred, and St. Peter Southgate, in equal shares, for distribution among the
poor parishioners. He also left £3600 to various charitable institutions in
tlie city; and £2600 to the following parishes for the poor, viz., £200 each
to Newton-Flotman, Florden, Tharston, St. John Timberhill, St. JNIichael
at Thorn, St. Michael Coslany, and St. John Sepulchre ; and £400 each to
Tasburgh, All Saints, and St. Paul- with- St. James.
Charities for Distribution, vested uith the Charity Trustees : — In 1563,
Richard Rudd by his will directed his executors to purchase land of the
yeaily value of £4. 6s. 8d., of which he directed £4 should be distributed
among the poor of the city on Ash Wednesday, and 6s. 8d. be given to the
mayor and sherifi"s for their trouble in distributing the charity. This an-
nuity, which is now given to the magistrates' poor-box, is paid out of several
tenements at Heigham, iQt on lease by the Corporation, in 1751, for 20Q
238 . HISIORY OF NORWICH.
years, at the annual rent of ^8. In 1654, Wm. Small left, among other
legacies to Swanton-Morley, &c., an annuity of £1 out of Eye Park, in Suf-
foUi, for distribution among the poor of Norwich. In 1680, the Rev. Roger
Flint gave 10|- acres of land at Antingham, for the benefit of the poor of
the city. In 1860, this land was sold to Lord Suffield for i'500, which have
been invested in the purchase of ^'529 three per cent. Consols, the dividends
of which are distributed amongst the poor in blankets. In 1703, Thomas
Blofield left i'lOO, to provide for a yearly distribution among the poor
citizens (see page 235.) In 1676, the Corporation received ^80, left by
Bishop Reynolds, to be invested in land for the relief of the poor. Nothing
has been paid for manj'- j^ears in respect of this bequest. The sum of ^200,
left by Mrs. Joan Smyth, for the relief of the poor of the city, was invested
in 1603, in the purchase of five messauges in Smithfield, London. In 1786,
these messuages were leased for 61 years, at the annual rent of £14., in con-
sideration of i;200, for which the Corporation pay four per cent, interest.
In 1813, the messuages in Smithfield w-ere sold to the commissioners for
improving the street from Tower Hill. The purchase money, ^£'500, was in-
vested in the new 3 per cent. Consols, and the yearly dividends, about
^622. 18s. lOd., are distributed among the poor, together with the interest of
the ^200 in the hands of the Corporation. In 1638, Robert Craske be-
queathed a messuage in Ber street, (now a public-house,) in trust, to pay
18s. yearly for three sermons, and to divide the remainder of the rent into
three parts, for distribution among the poor of the parishes of St. Julian,
St. Peter Southgate, and St. Etheldred. The hamlet of Trowse Millgate
participates with the latter parish. The house belonging to this charity is
let for ii22 per annum. In 1650, Matthew Linsey gave to the Corporation
a house in Lady lane, in trust, to distribute £i yearly in coals among the
poor of Ber street and Mancroft Wards. This house is now leased for
£Q. 6s. a year. In 1676, Eliz. Pendleton bequeathed for certain charit-
able uses, her messuages and tenements in the parishes of St. Stephen and
St. Saviour, then of the yearly value of £-12, but now worth more than i'60
per annum. The rents are expended in distributions of clothing among poor
men and w^omen of the city, no part having been applied in loans and ap-
prentice fees, agreeable to the will of the donor. In 1685, Barnard
Church left to the Corporation =£400, in trust, to pay ^620 a year for various
charitable uses, among which are the sums of £-2. 10s. each to the Boys',
Girls', and the Great Hospitals; 20s. to poor prisoners; 20s. each to the
parishes of St. George Colegate, St. Augustine, St. John Sepulchre, St.
Lawrence, Garveston, and Whinborough, for the poor ; 10s. for the poor of
St. Lawrence parish ; and I6s. 8d. for a sermon on the I7th of May. The
Rev. Edw. Warnes, in 1694, left a farm in Scottow and Hautboys, and di-
rected the yearly produce thereof to be distributed in coals, clothing, &c.,
among the most deserving poor of St. Peter per Mountergate parish. The
farm comprises 161a. 1r. 4p., let for ^205 per annum, out of which ^L I2s.
is paid for a sermon and reading the donor's will on the 1st of January.
John Cory left a yearly rent-charge of £2 out of a house in St. Edmund's
parish, for distribution in Bibles amongst the poor children of Fybridge,
Coslany , and Colegate Wards. The poor of several parishes have small sums
yearly from the funds called the ''Preachers Money," as noticed at page 202.
Thomas Maltby, in 1558, left .£100, to free the citizens and others from
tolls at the Common Staithe, on the river Wensum. This legacy, with other
money, was laid out by the Corporation in the purchase of the premises
called the Oreij Friars, part of which they sold in 1688 for the site of Cooke's
Hospital, and the remainder is let for £76 a year. Pursuant to Maltby's
will, the Corporation pay 20s. a year for an obit in the church of St. Mary
Coslany, but it is now expended in bread for the poor. In 1568, Sir Peter
Beade gave eleven tenements in St. Giles' parish for tJie great bell of
St Peter Mancroft to be rung every morning and evening, for the- ** help of
l^^ORWICH CHAEITIES. 239
tliem who should travel early and late." The site of these tenements is let
for ^15 a year, and £-i. 4s. is paid for ringing the bell.
John Carter, by vnll, in 1696, gave, after the death of his brother with-'
out issue, his estate at Caister, &c., for the benefit and towards the main-
tenance of his ijoor kindred for ever. His brother died without issue, in
1722, and by his will appointed ti'ustees, and devised the estate to them
upon the trusts above stated. The estate consists of a farm of 140 acres, let
for i'250 per annum, which, after the payments for repairs and other inci-
dental expenses, is divided among the relatives of the testator, in sums
varying from i'2 to ^'10. The same recipients continue on the list for life,
unless any alteration in their circumstances takes place. No distinction is
made as to their place of residence. Messrs. E. U. Dowson, H. Bolingbroke,
J. N. Mottram, and Jas. Freeman, jun., are the trustees.
Samuel Chapman, who died in 1823, left 15 acres of land in HeUesden,
anddh'ected the rents thereof to be divided into five parts, for distribution in
money, coals, &c., among the poor of the parish of St. Augiistine, the occu-
pants of the six almshouses erected by him at Worstead, and the poor of the
congregations of the Particular Baptist Cliapel, in Southgate ; the Inde-
pendent Chapel, in Colegate ; and the V/esleyan Chapel, in Calvert street.
This land is now let for ^'40 a yeai\ The ministers of the two first named
chapels, and others, are trastees, and hold ^£71, left by the same donor for
tlie poor of Hellesden. The congregation of the Particular Baptist Chapel
above-named have ^£432. 10s. new o\ per cent, stock, left by Joseph Wilkin,
Amy Norton, Morris Colman, and John Aldis, who directed the yearly divi-
dends to be divided among the poor members of the congregation. In 1781,
Wm. Chamberlain left all the money wliich should arise from the sale of his
real and personal estates, to be divided into three parts, to be vested sepa-
rately for the benefit of the congTegations of the Particular BajAist Chapel,
in Southgate ; the Independent Chapel, in Colegate ; and the Presbyterian
(now Unitarian) Chapel. The three congregations each received agl600,
three per cent. Consols, and, pursuant to the donor's will, they each appro-
priate one-third of the yearly dividends towards the support of then' mini-
sters, and distribute three-fourths of the remainder among the poor mem-
bers, and apply the remaining fourth towards the payment of siug'ers. The
Independent Congregation, besides its shares in Chapman's and Cham-
berlain's charities noticed above, and Balderstone's School, noticed at page
226, has ^60 a year for distribution among its poor members, arising from
the interest of money left by various donors, among whom, Bartholomew
Balderstone, left ^'400 in 1762. The Presbyterian Congregation,
besides its endowed school, noticed at page 226, and ^1400 three-and-a-
half per cent, stock, derived from the bequest of Wm. Chamberlain, as above
stated, for the minister and poor, has several other charities. The yearly
dividends of ^400 Old South Sea Annuities, purchased with seven bene-
factions in 1758, are distiibuted among the poor of the congregation. In
the same year, ^'600 of the same stock was purchased for the use of the
minister. In 1747, Mary Lougher left two sums of ^'1525, Old South Sea
Annuities, and directed the dividends of one to be employed in apprenticing
poor boys, and the dividends of the other to be applied for the better support
oi Protestant Dissenting Ministers in Norfolk and Suffolk. She also left to
the same trustees, ^£450 of the same stock, to pay the dividends of ^£'300 to
the minister of the Presbyterian chapel in NorTvdch, and to divide the divi-
dends of ^£150 among the poor of the congregation. The fund for Protestant
dissenting ministers has been augmented with ^£54, left by John Taylor,
and is dispensed in sums of fi-om .i'5 to £1^ amongst dissenting ministers.
The yearly dividends of £1848, new three per cent, stock, derived from the
bequest of Sarah Elden, in 1763, are distributed in money, coals, &e., among
the poor of the Presbyterian congregation ; but in some instances a portion
of tlus fund has been apphed for the purposes of education.
240 HISTORY OF NORWICH,
The Poor Prisoners in tlie City and County Gaols ought to have 20s.
yearly out of Heydon Hall estate, pursuant to the bequest of Frances Kemjpe.
who, in 1632, likewise charged the same estate with the yearly payments of
20s. for the poor, and 10s. for the minister of each of the parishes of Hey-
don, St. John Sepulchre, and St. Stephen. The prisoners in the city gaol
have 25s. yearly, left by B. Church, J. Blackhead, and G. Mingay. Those
in the county gaol have the dividends of .£300, three per cent, consols,
purchased with the bequest oiJohnNorris, who directed part of the income
to be distributed in Testaments and rehgious books among such of the
felons as could read. The Dean and Chapter are trustees. The same pri-
soners are entitled to 15s. a year from Mingay's and Church's charities.
Parochial Charities. — Besides their participation in the numerous
charities already noticed, the parishes of the city of Norwich have many
benefactions belonging exclusively to their resjpective Umits, and of which
the following is a brief notice, showing the dates of the bequests, the names of
the donors, and the yearly income. They are mostly in trust with the minis-
ters and churchwardens, and except when otherwise expressed, are for dis-
tributions of money, coals, clothing, or bread, among the poor parishioners :
— St. Andrew's Parish: 1574, Roger Mundes, £19. I9s., from two houses;
1608, Nowell Southerton, £5, out of Barnham-Broom ; 1626, Sir John
Suckling, £2 to poor, £1. 10s. to minister, and 10s. to clerk ; Suckling Jay,
£8 out of the tithes of Elvedon. St. Augustine : 1759, Edward King, £6
from £200 three per cents., for apprentice fees. St. Benedict : property
now worth £150 a year, but let on long leases for only £24, applied wholly
to the church, but belonging chiefly to the poor, by gift of unknown donors ;
1660, Edward Heyward, £3 rent-charge ; 1696, Benj. Penning, 13s. 4d. ;
1700, Thomas Seaman, £3. I5s. for apprentice fee. St. Clement : dividends
of £450 three per cents., purchased with the gifts of Henry Fawcett, J.
Harvey, S. Hipkins, and others. Eaton : dividends of £190. 18s. tluree
cents., purchased with £200 left by Mary Ann Yallop in 1824. St. Edmund :
dividends of £530 three j)er cents., arising from the bequests of W. Dixon,
Benj. Trappett, John Boycott, and others. St. Etheldred : a cottage and
piece of ground adjoining the churchyard, left by Ann Johnson in 1611 ;
20s. yearly out of a house and garden left to the minister by John Hall in
1686 ; and the dividends of £131. 6s. three per cents., left by Robert and
James Wegg. St. Qeorge Colegate : several tenements left by Thos. Layer
in 1613, and let on lease for 31 years from 1846, for £47 a year; a good
house and garden, left by an unknown donor, let on lease for 21 years,
from 1845, at a rental of £18 ; 10s. to the minister and 5s. to the poor,
from a cottage, left by John Ringall in 1661; £3. 13s. 6d. from £105 new
three per cents., purchased with the gift of Edward King, for apprentice
fees; twelve almshouses, which were re-built in 1854, at a cost of £459, and
are occupied rent-free by poor widows ; a house, left by an unknown donor,
and let on a 21 years' lease, from 1857, at a rent of ^7 ; and 35s. from Sir
John Suckling's charity, left in 1626. St. Qeorge Tomhland : £20 from a
house and shop, left by John Symonds in 1603, for a weekly distribution of
bread ; and the dividends of £105 new 2>\- per cents., purchased with the
bequest of Edward Squire. >S'^. Oiles : £2, from three houses, left by John
Balliston in 1585 ; a rent-charge of 30s., purchased with £20 left by Mary
Goodwin in 1650 ; the dividends of £350 three per cent, consols, left by
James Elmy m 1761 ; £312 bank stock, mostly left by John Moy in 1770 ;
£1000 three per cent, stock, left by Stephen Martm in 1798, for distribu-
tion of coals; interest of £45, left by Mrs. Parr and J. C. Hamp; a rent-
charge of £6, purchased with £120 left by Adiian Payne in 1686; £7. 7s.,
from £210 new o\ per cents., purchased with £200 left by Reuben Deaves
in 1781. St. Gregory : £2 from an acre of osier ground, left by John
Weaver in 1625 ; £1, left by Margaret Stephenson, out of a house in
St. Giles street ; £1. 10s. from a house and Ia. 8^p. of land, left by Thos.
I PAROCHIAL CHARITIES. 241
Weavers in 1598, and ^5 from houses in the churchyard, for sermons and
church expenses, ^613 from two cottages and nearly three acres of land at
Poringland. HeigTiam : £^. I5s. fi-om Thomas Seaman's charity, left in
1700, for apprentice fees; 5^40. 12s. 4d., from i;1353. 18s. 9d. reduced an-
nuities, left by Ann Parr in 1823, for six aged men and six aged women.
;S'^. James-ivith-FocIcthorpe : 13s. 4d. left by Benj. Penning in 1696 ; ^£5
by Robert Mallett in 1696; ^£5. 4s. from Clabbum's chai-ity. St. John
MaddermarTiet : ^80 fi-om money derived from the sale of a tavern and
seven cottages, left by Fras. GiUians, for sermons, the poor, &c. ; the interest
of ^100 left by the same donor, for binding a poor boy^yearly, in rotation,
from tliis parish and those of St. Helen, St. Martin- at-Palace, St. Simon
and Jude, and St. Stephen; ^6 from ^6175 derived from the sale of 1^
acre at Thorpe, and invested in the funds ; the interest of ^6250, derived
from the sale of the old almshouses, and of ^200 left by Benj. Trappett;
^64. 2s. yearly, fi'om a house in Bethel st., left by Jno. Wilson, in 1729 ; and
20s. out of premises in St. John's church alley, left by Alice Powell in 1678.
St. John Sepulchre : 20s. left by Fras. Kempe in 1632, out of Heydon HaU
estate ; ^100 from a farm of 92a. at Ehne, in the Isle of Ely, left by Luke
Fisher; £4.0 fi-om 37a. of land at Horstead, purchased with ^130 left by
Nathl. Cocke ; ^13. 5s. 4d. fi-om the charities of Clabbum, Smyth, SpurreU,
and Church, already noticed, for weekly doles of bread ; three chaldrons of
coals, out of property in Ber street, left by Wm. Johnson in 1704 ; ^£3. 18s. 6d.
from stock left by Samuel Cooper and Eliz. Lindsey in 1779; ^'11. 9s. from
^6381 three per cent, consols, left by Mary Anne Yallop in 1823, half for
poor butchers, and the remainder for poor widows. St. John Timherhill :
£4: out of a house in London street, left by Benj. Trappett in 1763 ; £6. Is. 4d.
from stock purchased with Thos. Clabbum's bequest. ;S'^. Julian : £S. 13s. 6d.
from stock purchased with Edward Squire's bequest in 1818. LaJcenham :
three chaldrons of coals for the poor, and 13s. 4d. for a sermon, left by John
Norman in 1657, out of Burnt yard meadow. St. Lawrence : £4t. Os, 8d. for
distributions of bread, left by E. Heyi^'ard, B. Church, E. Topchflfe, and T.
Warren ; i;10 left by Eliz. Wicks, out of houses in St. Giles's street and
Fisher's lane, for clothing. St. Margaret : £8. 7s. 6d. for distributions of
bread from the gifts of Ann Matthews (^100), Charles Turner, and Edmund
Topcliffe ; £2. 10s., left by Thos. Seaman in 1700. St. Martin at Oak : £8
from a house, &c., left by the Rev. Jeremiah Reva,ns in 1712, chiefly for
schoohng 12 guis ; 10s. left by John Warner in 1648 ; ^3 left by John
Damee in 1706 ; £6 out of Wood-DaUing, left by James Damee in 1717 ;
£S out of meadow laud near the Wensum, given by an unknown donor.
St. Martin's at Palace: £lo from a house and 5a. 26p. of land, left by
Richard More in 1690 ; £6 from £'125, left by the Rev. Robert Gray in
1736, and vested with the Corporation, £2 for the minister and £S for the
poor ; ^6. 16s. 2d. from three per cent, stock, left by Benjamin Trai)pett in
1767; the dividends of ^£119. 18s. 9d. three per cent, consols, left by Mrs.
Kiddle in 1832 ; ^5 every fifth year for apprentice fees, fi'om Gillian's charity.
St. Mary Coslany: £8. 10s. 5d. from ^£100 stock and 10a. of land, left by
Ceciha Wingfield about 1558 ; £2 left by Jane Manfield m 1585 ; £10 (half
for the church), left by Clement Hyme in 1596. St. Michael Coslany :
£Q. Is. 4d. from stock left^by Thos. Clabburnin 1815. St. Michael at Plea:
10s. left by John Warner m 1648; £^. 2s. 8d. from stock purchased with
^50 given by EHz. Gibbs, and other benefactions ; ^4 from a house left by
Benj. Trappett in 1763 ; £4.. 4s. from a house left by Cuthbert Brereton in
1723. St. Michael at Thorn : i£6, left by Benjamin Trappett in 1763
^6. Is. 4d. from stock left by Thomas Clabburn in 1815. St. Paul
13s. 4d. from Penning's charity; ^10 left by Robert Mallett in 1696
£2. 6s. 8d. in five rent-charges, left by persons named Howard, Giles, Tilney,
PoUard, and Leech ; ^£1. 6s. from the Salter's Company, London, left by
Thos. Salter in 1558 ; ^'o. 4s. from stock left by Thomas Clabbiu-n in 1815.
Q
242 HISTOBY OF NORWICH.
St. Peter Mancroft: £1(5 out of an estate at Scottow, left by John and
Eliz. Addey in 1732, for schooling six boys, &c. ; ^£3. I6s. 2d. from stock
left by Richard Brownsmith ; M out of the Waggon and Horses public-
house, left by Henry Davy in 1658; ^25, the rent of ^a. of garden ground,
left by John Blackhead in 1701 ; i;87 lent, free of interest, pursuant to the
bequests of Thomas Gobart and others. St. Pete)' Mountergate : MO from
a house, (fee, in St. Faith's lane, left by Peter Peterson, chiefly for distribu-
tions of coals; ^11 from a house, &c., left by John Seaman and John Gii'-
ling in 1691 and 1727 ; .^22 from a farm of 18a. at Worstead, left by Ptobt. .
Mallett in 1696; £d. 18s. 8d. from stock arising from the sale of a house
left by Ehz. Berney ; ^'3. 13s. 6d. from stock left by Edw. Squire in 1818 ;
^1. 16s. 9d. from stock purchased with benefaction money ; yearly rent-
charges, ^12. OS. 6d. to the minister and lOs. for the poor, left by Thomas
Codd in 1558 ; £1 out of a house at Catton, for aiDprentice fee, left by Edw.
Munday ; ^5. 8s. for the poor, from money in the consols ; £1. lis. 6d. for
the poor, from Lindley's charity ; and i:35 from an estate in St. Lawrence's
parish, ^62 7 from the rent of Pdseburgh school-house, and £4: from a house
in the parish, for parochial purposes ; <£220 a year, from Warnes' charity,
noticed at page 238, belongs mostly to this parish. St. Saviour : £2 from
three houses, left by Prudence Bloss in 1633 ; £4,. lis. from stock purchased
with the bequests of Mary Bullock, John Browmfield, and others; and
^4. 18s. 4d. left by Edw. Nutting, partly for the minister. St. Simon and
Jude : £2. I2s. 6d. from I^-a. of land, left by Wm. Tracey in 1703 ; £5 every
fifth year, from Gillian's charity ; interest of ^90, left by Richard Egling-
ton in 1827 ; £'28, lent free of interest, left by J. Fellowe and T. Wyatt.
St. Stephens : £o every fifth year from Gillians' charity ; ^3. 2s. left by Geo.
and Henry Mingay in 1593 and 1631 ; ^£1. 10s. from Kempe's charit}^; ,£6
from 3a. 1r. left by James Aldred in 1658 ; £1. 10s. from Blackhead's
charity. St. Swithin : five tenements, left by Augustine Briggs in 1570,
but long claimed as private proj^erty ; £Q. 15s. left by Thomas Seaman in
1700; ^'2. 5s. from a house left by Isabel Dix in 1523 ; ^74 from land, &c.,
left by Edward Temple, for w^eekly doles of bread and yearly distributions
of clothing; £6. lis. 6d. from ^6159. 9s. lOd., new 3| per cents., left by
Thomas Mottram Rodwell in 1804 ; £S from Heyward's charity ; £o from
£100 left by Abraham Roberson in 1777, to provide shirts and shifts for the
poor. Troivse Millyate : three chaldrons of coals, left by William Johnson
in 1704, out of the King's Arms ; £S. 9s. 4d. from Craske's charity ; and a
share of other charities previously noticed.
HAMLETS IN THE COUNTY OF THE CITY.
For their Popidation, see j^Jrt^e 141 ; and Churches, iiage 216.
Directories of Earlham, Eaton, & Hellesden will be found at the endof iVbr-
ivich Directory, with which the inhabitants of the other hamlets are included.
Earlham is a small hamlet on the banks of the Yare, 2 miles W. of Nor-
wich. The greater part of the soil belongs to the Rev. Wm. Ripley, the
Gurney family, and Mr. Frank, the former of whom occupies the Hall,
which was the residence of the late J. J. Gurney, Esq. The bridge was
built in 1502, and rebuilt in 1579 and 1744.— Eaton, 2 miles S.W., is also
in the vale of the Yare. The manor is about 1300 acres, and belongs to the
Dean and Chapter, but the soil is let t-o a number of lessees, many of whom
have handsome houses here. — Heigham, which has increased its population
since 1801, from 544 to nearly 15,000 souls, comprises a large and hand-
some north-western suburb of Norwich, and a small viUage on the Wensum,
1 mile W.N.W. of the city. Mrs. Steward, and C. W. Unthank, R. B. Hum-
frey, Chas. Winter, and Jas. Winter, Esqrs., are the principal landowners.
The schoolliouse on Dereham road was built in 1840, at a cost of £1000,
and is attended by about 270 children. The house in which Bishop Hall
resided at the time of the rebclHon, is in Heigham. It is now the Dolphin
SUBURBAN HAMLETS.
243
Inn, and is a XDictiu'esque building of Elizabethan arcliitecture, containing
mucb to interest the antiquary. In 1861, an ancient lead coffin, containing
the remains of a female skeleton, was discovered about four feet below the
surface in a chalk pit at Stoneliills, in Heighani. It was perfectly plain,
and appeared to have been formerly enclosed in an outer case of wood, and
was probably of the Roman period. Near it were found two fine bronze
torque rings of a twisted pattern, encrusted with a fine green patina, and
evidently of early Saxon workmanship. — Hellesden is a small and pretty
village on an eminence, 2 miles N.W. of the city, but its parish is partly
in Taverham Hundred. It adjoins the river, which is here crossed by a
cast-u'on bridge, erected by the Corporation of Norwich in 1819. The
common was enclosed in 1811. The Bishop is lord of the manor, and
owner of a great part of the soil. — Lakenham includes a populous modem
suburb of the city, and extends from St. Stephen's and Ber street gates,
nearly two miles southward to Harford Bridges, on the river Yare, so
called from the family who built them in the reign of King John. The
road leading to these bridges was formerly very steep, but the descent
was much reduced by cutting through the hiU in 1804. — Pocethokpe
hamlet is in St. James's parish, and adjoins the north-east side of the
city wall, including several streets of humble dwellings and the Horse
Barracks. The Dean and Chapter are lords of the manor. — Thorpe
hamlet lies on the south-east side of the city, opposite Bisho]) bridge and
Foundry bridge, and contains many handsome villas, the Rosary Cemetery,
&c. It extends to Mousehold Heath, and was formerly a part of the adja-
cent parish of Thorpe. — Trowse-Millgate, CarPvOw, and Bracondale ex-
tend southward from King street gate to the river Yare, opposite Trowse-
Neivton (see Henstead Hundred.) They form one township or hamlet,
though each division had anciently parochial chapels, and there was a
Nunnery at Carrow. The inhabitants use the Churches of St. Mark Laken-
ham and St. John Sepulchre, though they belong ecclesiastically to Trowse-
Newton parish. A great part of the soil belongs to ISIiss Martineau, of
Bracondale Lodge, a handsome mansion, with deKghtful pleasure grounds,
which owe most of their beauties to the late Phihp Meadows Martineau, Esq.,
who collected here many remnants of Gothic architecture, in 1804 and '5,
and used them in the erection of a lofty arch, and an edifice representing a
small ^nory, with windows of stained glass. At Trowse-Millgate is a large
water mill and an Independent chapel.
LIST OF STREETS, &c., IN NORWICH,
WITH EEFEEENCES TO THEIR RESPECTIVE SITUATIONS.
Adelaide st. Dereham rd.
Albemarle st. Union st.
Albert pi. St. Stephen's sq.
Albion place, Dereham rd.
Alderson's buildings, St.
Catherine's plain
Alexander rd. Earlham rd.
All Saints' Church yard
and green, Wastlegt. st.
All Samts' st. All Saints' gn
Alma square, Vauxhall st.
Alma street, Dereham rd.
Alma terrace, Bishopgt. st
Almshouse lane, Middle
street, St. George's
Arundel pi. Dereham rd.
Asjlum rd. Hingham rd.
Back Cross st. Cross st.
Back Inns, White Lion st.
Back of Walls, St. Augus-
tines's gate
Badding's lane, Palace st.
Baker's rd. St. Augus.'s gt.
Baker's row. World's end In
Baldwin's bdgs.Derem. rd
Bank plain, London st.
Bank street, Bank plain
Barn rd., St. Benedict's gt
Barrack loke, Barrack st.
Barrack st. St. James' st.
Bartholomew st. Thorn In.
Baxter's gdns, Lr. King st
Bedford st. Post office st.
Bedford st. Unthanka rd.
Belvoir street, Earlham rd.
Ber street, Timber hill
Ber street gate, Ber street
Bethel st. St. Peter's sfc.
Bethel st. open, Bethel st.
Bett's bldgs. Distillery st.
Bishop bridge,Bisbopgt. st
Bishopgate st.Taberncle rd
Blackfriars bridge. Bridge
street, St. Andrew
Blazeby's bdgs. Prospect sq
Blod's court, Broad street,
St. Andrew
Bloomsbuiy pi. Rose lane
Bloomsbury pl.Dereham rd
Boarded entry, Ber street
Botolph st. Magdalen st.
q2
244
STREETS IN NORWICH.
Bracondale, beyond Ber
street gate
Bracondale ter.Braconaale
Brazen doors, Eodney st.
Brazen doors rd. Brazen dr
Brewery lane, Brazen drs.
Brickwood's bnildings,
World's end lane
Bridewell alley, Bedford st
Bridge street, St. Andrew's
Broad street
Bridge street, St. George
Blackfriars
Bridge st. St. Lawrence
Bridge street, St. Miles'
Briggs' In. Lr. King st.
Briggs st. Old Haymarket
Broad street St. Andrew's,
Post Office street
Broad street Saint Giles,
Market place
Brompton pi. Heigham rd
Brownfield's court, Mag-
dalen street
Brown's bgs. St. Faith's In
Brunswick rd. Newmkt. rd
Buffcoat In. Golden Ball st
Bull Close, Cowgate street
Bull lane, St. Stephen's st
Burfield pi. Heigham road
Butter Hills, Carrow bdg.
Cadogan place, Bedford
street, Unthank's road ?;
Caledonian ter. Derehm rd
Calvert st. Colegate street
Cambrian pi. Heigham rd.
Carlisle terrace, Rupert st.
Carrow hill, Richmnd. hill
Carrow, King street gate
Castle ditches. Cattle mkt.
Castle meadow, Cattle mkt
Castle street, London st.
Cattermoul's In. London st
Cattle market. Castle hill
Catton rd. St. Augustine gt
Chalk farm, Aylsbam road
Chalk hill, Hellesden road
Chantry, Theatre street
Chapelfield, Theatre street
Chapelfield grove, Cbplfid.
Chapelfield rd. St. Stph. gt
Chapel lane and loke, Ber st
Chapel street, Lakenham
Chapel street, Crook's pi.
Charing cross. Broad st.,
St. Andrew's
Charles street, Dereham rd
Chatham pi. Chapelfield rd
Chequers' passage. Saint
George's Middle street
Cherry lane, Middle street
Cherry st. Lknm. Hall rd.
Church path, Southwell rd
Church street, New Catton
Church street, St. Miles
Church street, St. Julian's
Church walk, St. Michael's
City road, Dereham road
City road, Ber street gate
Clifton cottages, Suffolk st
Close, Tombland
Coach and Horses road,
Union street
Coboorg st. Stephen's gt.
Cockey lane, Lr. Kingst.
Coldstream ter. Bedford st
Coleby pi. Lr. Westwick st
Colegate street, Bridge
street, St. George's
Compass st. Mariners' In.
Cooke's In. Upr. King st.
Coram plain, Church st.
New Catton
Coslanv street. Bridge st.
St. Miles'
Cove terrace, Rupert street
Cow hill, St. Giles' street
Cowgate St. Magdalen st.
Cremorne bigs. Vauxhallst
Cremorne pi. Vauxhall st.
Crescent, Chapelfield road
Crick's bldgs. Fishgate st.
Crook's pi. Chapelfield rd.
Cross lane, Middle street
Cross street, Unthank's rd
Curtis's buildings. West
Pottergate street
Daplyn's buildings, West
Pottergate street
Davey pi. Gentleman's wk
Dajle's lane. Charing cross
Denmark st. Kimberley st
Dereham rd.St.Beneds. gt
Devonshire pi. Holt's In.
Distillery st. Dereham rd.
Dix's buildings, Coslany st
Douro ter. Heigham grove
Dove street, Market place
Duck lane, Pottergate st.
Duke's palace, Charing cr.
Duke st. Duka's pal. bdgs.
Duko terrace, Kimberley st
Eagle lane, Newmarket rd.
Eagle ter. Newmarket rd.
Earlham road, Heigham
Eldon row, Chapelfield rd.
Elm hill, St. Andrew's pin.
Elm ter. New Catton road
Essex street. Union place
Eva cottages. New Catton r
Exchange st. Marketplace
Field sq. St. Stephen's gate
Finket st. St. Cath.'s plain
Fish market. Market place
Fishgate st. Magdalen st.
Fisher's Id. St. Giles's st.
Foundry bridge. Rose lane
Fountain square. Union pl
Friar's In. Upper King st.
Fuller's hole, Coslany st.
Fye bridge, Wensum st.
Fyebrdg. quay,Wensum st
Gaol hill, Market place
Garden street. Union lane
Gas house hill, Bishop's
bridge
Gentleman's walk, Market
place & Old Haymarket
Gildencroft In. & row, St.
Augustine's Church row
Gildengate st. St. George's
Bridge street
Globe lane, Rising Sun In.
Globe street, Vauxhall st.
Globe street, Heigham rd.
Gloucester pl.St.Cath's pin
Goat lane, Pottergate street
Golden Ball st. Cattle mkt
Golden Dog In. Calvert st.
Golding St. Dereham road
Green hl.St.Augustine's gt
Green lane, Middle street
Greyfriars' priory. Upper
King street
Grove pl. Brazen doors rd.
Grove place, St. Giles' rd.
Grove place, Grove road
Grove rd. St. Stephen's rd.
Grove ter. Unthank's road
Gun lane. Old Haymarket
Half-mile lane, Eaton road
Hall road, New Lakenham
Hampden pl. Dereham rd.
Hamlet place, St. Giles' hi.
Hanover place, Earlham rd
Harford hill, Ipswich road
Haw's place. Hall road
Hawthorn rw. West end st.
Haymarket, Cattle market
Haymarket (Old), Mktpl.
Heigham street and gate.
Lower Westwick street
Heigham causeway, H. st.
Heigham hill & grove, St.
Giles' gate
Heigham rd. St. Giles' rd.
Heigham terrace & place,
Dereham road
Herring's row. West Pot-
tergate street
High street. Union street
Hole-in-the-Wall In. Bed-
ford street, St Andrew's
Holkbam st. Castle ditches
Holl's lane, Dereham road
Holly ter. Unthank's road
Horn's lane, Ber street
Horse fair, St. Faith's In.
Horseman sq. Timberhill
i
STREETS IN NORWICH.
245
Hc^vard st. Brazen doors rd j
Imperial Arms yd. King st.
Infirmary road , St. Angus- '
tine's gate I
Inkerman ter. Bisliopgt. st j
Ipswich rd. St. Stephen's gt j
Ivory square, Scoles green
Jay's sq. & ter. Rose lane
Jenkin's lane, Oak street
John street, Rose lane
John street, Dereham road
John street, Union place
John Bull street, Union st.
Jubilee place, Heigham rd
Jubilee st. Chapelfieldroad
Julian pi. Chapelfield rd.
Julian st. Chapelfield rd.
Kensington place, Saint
Catherine's plain
Kensington build gs. Ken-
sington place
Kent place,'Vanxhall street
Keyzor's place, Holl's lane
Keyzor's ter. Unthank's rd
Kimberley st Unthank's rd
King street, Tombland
King'sHeadln.Gildengt.st
King St. Crook's pi. N.C.
King street gates. King st.
Lady's lane, Bethel street
Lady's row,St. Stephen's gt
Lakenham hall road and
place, Catherine's plain
Lakenham (New) Ber st. gt
Lakenham terrace. City rd
Lame Dog rd.Brazen doors
Langham pi. Dereham rd.
Laurence st. W. Pottergt.st
Leicester pi. Vauxhall st.
Leyton'srow, Trafalgar st.
Life's green, East end of
Cathedral
Limekiln hill, St. Giles' rd
Lit. London st. London st.
Little Orford st. Briggs st.
Lobster lane. Exchange st.
London rd.St.Stephen's gt
London street. Market pi.
London ter. St. Stephen's r
Long lane, Charing cross
LoHg walk, Bethel street
Lothian street, Barn road
Lower square. Thorn lane
Maddermarket, Pottergt. st
Madon's bdgs. Dereham rd
Magdalen gt. Magdalen st.
Magdalen pi. Cowgate st.
Magdalen st. Fye bridge
Magpie road, St. Augus-
tine's gates
Malthouse lane, St. Ste-
phen's street
Manchester bdgs. Union ^1
Mariner's lane, Ber street
Market lane, Scoles green
Market place, Guildhall
Mason's bdgs. Dereham rd
Middle row, Chapelfield rd
Miles bridge, Bridge street
St. Lawrence
Mill lane, Newmarket road
Mill hill & St. New Catton
Mill st. Lakenham halllrd.
Mission pi. Lower King st.
Mt. Pleasant, Unthank's r.
Moushold hill , Bishop brdg
Muspole st. St. George's pin
Nailor's in. Charing cross
Napier's buildings, Somer-
leyton street
Neal's sq. Pottergate st.
Nelson street, Dereham rd.
Nelson terrace, Grove road
N. Catton rd. Magdalen gts
Newmarket road, Saint
Stephen's gate
Newmkt. st. Bi'unswick st.
Newmarket ter, Newmkt. r
New Mills, Lr. West wick st
New Mills lane, Coslany st
Norfolk street, Rupert st.
Northumberlnd. pi. King st
Northumberland st. Dere-
ham road
Oak street, Coslany street
Onepost pas. St. Stephen's
Opie street, London street
Orford hill, White Lion st
Orford st. (Gt.) Orford hill
Orford st. (Little), Briggs st
Orchard street. Rose lane
Oxford st. Unthank's road
Oxford st. St. Cath's. plain
Paddock, Silver road
Palace plain. Palace street
Palace street, Tombland
Paradise pi. Scole's green
Paradise pi. Magdalen st
Paradise row, Hall road
Paragon bdgs. Castle mdw.
Paragon st. St. Giles' road
Park road, Unthank's road
Peacock street, Fishgate st
Peafield, Lakenham
Philadelxjhia, Aylsham rd.
Pigg lane. Palace street
Pigg's buildings. Water In.
Pitt St. St. Mary's church
Pockthorpe, St. James' st.
Portland place, Dereham
road & Heigham terrace
Portland pi . Vauxhall et.
Portland place & Portland
square. Church path
Post Office st. Exchange st
Pottergate st. Exchange st.
Priest's bgs. St. Stephn's rd
Princes street. Elm hill
Prince of Wales rd. Castle
mdw. to Foundry brdg.
Prince ef Wales terrace,
Dereham road
Prospect place, Horn's In.
Prospect place, Hall road
Prospect place, Heigham rd
Prospect pi. King st. gates
Prospect sq. Scole's green
Providence pi. New Catton
Providence pi. Dereham rd
Providence ter. Heigham r
Padding lane. Market pi.
Pump street. King street
Quaker's In. St. Martin's In
Quay side, Fye bridge
Queen street, Bank plain
Queen street. Crook's place
Raglan st. Dereham road
Rampant Horse street,
Briggs street
Raven's row, Trafalgar st.
Red Lion st. Orford hill
Redwoll st. Bank plain
Regent street, Earlham rd.
Regent street, Union pi.
Richmond pi. Ber st. gate
Richmond hill, Ber st. gt.
Rising Sun lane, Golden
Ball street
Rising Sun row. Chapel
Field road
Rochester Buildings, Nor-
folk street. Union place
Rosary, Thorpe hamlet
Rose lane, King street
Rose Valley, Unthank's rd.
Rosemary In. St. Mary's eh.
Royal Hotel st. Castle st,
Rupert street, Vauxhall st.
Russell street, Ber street
St. Andrew's hill,London st
St. Andrew'splain, Broad at
St. Andrew's st.Post offices
St. Anne's lane, King st.
St. Anne's staithe, Lower
King street
St.Augustine street, gates,
and Church row, Pitt st.
St. Benedict's Churchyard
and gates, St. Benedict's
St. Benedict's, Pottergt. st
St. Catherine's hill, ter-
race, & plain, Surrey rd,
and Brazendoors road
St. Clement's Church al-
ley, Magdalen street
St. Clement's hill & plain,
New Catton
St.Edmund's Churchyard,
Fishgate
246
STEEETS IN NORWICH,
St. Faith's lane, King st.
and Tombland
St. Geo.'s plain, Colegt. st
St. George's Church yard
and alley, Princes st.
St. Giles' hill, St. Giles' gt
St. Giles' st.cfc gate. Mktpl
St. Giles' rd. St. Giles' gt.
St. Giles' ter. Bethel st.
St. Gregory's Church al-
ley, Pottergate street
St.Helen's sq. Bishopgt. st
St. James' pal. St. Jas'. st
St. James' st. Cowgate st.
St. John's bldgs. Ber st.
St. John's Maddermarket,
Pottergate street
St. Julian's alley, King st.
St. Julian's st. Thorn In.
St.Julian's ter. St Julians' s
St. Lawrence's Church al-
ley, St. Benedict's st.
St. Lawrence In. Pottrgt. st
St. Margaret's plain, St.
Benedict's street
St. Margaret's street, St.
Benedict's street
St. Margaret's Wharf, Lr.
Westwick street
St. Martin's lane, Pitt st.
St. Martin's-at-Palace,
Palace street
St. Martin's- at-Oak, Cos-
lany street
St. Mary's plain, & Church
alley, Coslany street
St.Michael's Coslany, Cos-
lany street
St. Michael-at-PIea, Red-
well street
St. Miles' bridge, Lower
Westwick street
St. Paul's Back street, Pea-
cock street
St. Paul's street, plain, and
Church alley. Peacock st
St. Peter's Church yard,
Lower King street
St. Peter's st. Gaol hill
St. Peter's Southgate lane,
Lower King street
St. Saviour's Church yard
and alley, Magdalen st.
St.Saviour's la.Magdln.et
St. Simon's Church street,
Elm hill
St. Stephen's Church al-
ley, Rampant Horse st.
St. Stephen's sij. Chapel
field road
St. Stephen's street, gate,
road, and plain, Ram-
pant Horse street
St. Swithin's Church alley
and In. St. Benedict's st.
Sandling's ferry, Lr. close
Sayer's bldgs. Lr.Heigham
Scoles green, RisingSun In
Seymour place, St. Ste-
phen's square
Sherborne pi. Mariners' In
Shrubland ter. Heigham
Silver road, Barrack street
Sixteen row. Church j)ath
Somerley ton street and ter-
race, Unthank's road
Somerset bldgs. Union pi.
Somerset place, Holl's In.
Somerton st. Unthank rd.
Sotheron's bldgs. Lady's In
Southwell rd. Brazen doors
Southgate street, Duke st.
Southgate lane, King st.
Spittlefields, Thorpe hmlt.
Stafford terrace. Church
street, New Catton
Stafford st. Heigham road
Starling place, Coboarg st.
Stepping lane, Scoles gn.
Stone hills, Dereham rd.
Stump cross, Magdalen st.
Saffolk street, Rupert st.
Surrey grove, Surrey road
Surrey pi. Brazen doors rd
Surrey mews,Up. Sarrey st
Surrey road, Surrey street
Surrey st. St. Stephen's
Sarrey terrace, Grove rd.
Sussex st. St. Augustine st
Swan lane, London street
Tabernacle row,SaiutMar-
tiu's-at-Palaoe
Tamworth terUnthanks rd
Ten-bell la. St. Benedict st
Theatre street. Rampant
Horse street
Theatre square, Theatre st.
Thirteen row, Trafalgar st
Thorn lane, Ber street
Thorold's bldgs. Rose In.
Thorpe Ham. Bishop bdg.
Thurso place, Dereham rd.
Timberhill, Orford hill
Tinkler's In. Dereham rd.
Tombland, Queen street
Tooley street, Pitt street
Town close, Ipswich road
Trafalgar street. Hall rd.
Trafalgar pi. Dereham rd.
Trory st. Brazen doors rd
Trowse Millgt. Bracondale
Twenty- one row, Ch. path
Union pi. Chapelfield rd.
Union square. Union bt.
Union st. Chapelfield rd.
Union terrace, Union st.
Unthank's rd. St.Giles' gt.
Upper market. Market pi.
Upper Queen st. New City
Upper Sarrey st. Sarrey rd
Upper walk, Market place
Valentine st. Dereham rd.
Vauxhall st. St. Julian's pi
Vauxhall ter. Vauxhall st.
Victoria place. Union st.
Victoria st. St. Stephen's rd
Waddington st.West end st
Waddington ter. Church
street, St. Julian's
Wagon & Horses In.Elm hi
Wales' buildings. Saint
Augustine gate
Walnut tree pl.Heighamrd
Wastlegate st. St. Stephen's
Water lane, Fishgate st
Water lane, St. George's
bridge street
Water lane, St. James',
St. Martin's, & King st.
Waterloo, New Catton rd
Watsoa's bldgs. Distily. st
Wayland ter. Prospect sq.
Weaver's lane, Market pi.
Wellington In. Pottergate
Wellington pl.Wellngtn. st
Wellington ter. Grove rd.
Wellington ter. Vauxhall st
Wensum street, Tombland
West end pi. Brazen doors
West end pi. Chapelfield rd
West end place, Grove rd
West end street, Hollis In.
West end ter. Grapes' hill
West Parade, Earlham rd.
West Wymer st.Distillery s
West Pottergate street, St.
Giles' hill
Westbourne ter. Unthk's. r
Westwick street (Lower),
Charing cross
Whitefriars' bridge and st.
St. Martin's-at-Palace
White Lion In. St.Martm's
at -Palace
White Lionst.Gent's. walk
Wigg's bldgs. Distillery st
Wilde's bl(i!gs. Scoles' gn.
Willow lane, St. Giles'
William street, Grapes hill
William street, John's st.
Rose lane
Windsor place, Hall road
Windsor terrace. Grove rd.
World's end lane, Saint
Martin's-at-Palace
Wright's buildings. West
Pottergate street
York place, Chapelfield rd
Youell's bldgs. Hall road
The following ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY of the Cityaxd Couktt of the
City of Nortvich contains the Addresses of all the Inhabitants, except Journey-
men and Labourers, arranged in the order of Surnajies; and is followed by an-
other arrangement. Classified under the Heads of Trades and Professions; after
which will be found the Post Office Regulations, the Public Conveyances, &c.
The CONTRACTIONS used are such as it is hoped will be readily understood :
those most frequently used are the usual abbreviations of Christian names ; and
bdg. for bridge ; bldgs. buildings'; ct. court ; gt. gate ; h. or hs. house ; In. lane;
rd. road ; st. street ; sq. square ; H. Heigham ; N. L. New Lakenham ; and
C. pl. for Crook's place.
The FIRMS to which Partners belong, are shewn in parentheses, with the residence
of each Partner. Where no occupation is stated, the parties are generally in the
employ of others, as clerks, salesmen, d'c.
Abbott William, gardener, Albert place
Abbs John, vict. Cross Keys, Magdalen st
Abel Cain, saddler. Golden Ball street
Abel Daniel, cabinet maker and uphol-
sterer, Bedford street ; h Oxford street
Abel Fanny, school. Paragon street
Abel Fredk. brnshmaker, Unthank's rd
Abel George, broker, Fountain place
Abel John, horse dealer and victualler.
Rising Sun, Chapelfield road
Abel John, horse dealer, Eariham road
Abigail John, baker, Muspole street
Abigail Wm., Workhouse schoolmaster
Abraham Benj. watchmaker, Bethel st
Absolon Ed. Manby, grocer, Wensum st
Adams Miss E., Seymour place
Adams John, beerhouse, St. Geo.'s plain
Adams Mrs Sarah, Eariham road
Adams Wm. beerhouse, Cowgate street
Adcock James Clarke, agent. Bethel st
Adcock Robert, Eariham road
Adcock Tabitha, pork dlr. St. Benedc. st
Addison Benj. wheelwright, Magdalen st
Adkin William, plasterer, Trory street
Aggass Capt. James, St. Benedict's st
Aikin Francis, tea dealer. Distillery st
Alcock Mr Trivett, Chapelfield road
Alden Edward, baker. Oak street
Alden Hy. Wm. lay-clerk, Gashouse hill
Alden James, last maker, Ber street
Alden Robt., tinner, St. Stephen's plain
Alden Wm. Marshall, school, Lothian st
Alderman Hy. polisher. Swan yd. Ber st
Alderson Wm. Henry, bricklayer, St,
Andrew's hill
Alderton Wm. trimming mfr. Swan lane
Aldis Jane, stay maker, Princes street
Aldis John, clerk, Newmarket road
Aldous Charles, Trowse station master
Aldous James, grocer, &:c., Trafalgar st
Aldous John, shoemaker, Church path
Aldous John Fuller, builder and timber
merchant, St. Stephen's street
Aldous John Tungate, baker and vict.,
Windham Arms, Grove place, N. L,
Aldred Mrs Sarah, Lawrence street
Aldred P., postman. Church street
Aldrich John, grocer. West Pottergate st
Aldrich, Rev Pelham Stanhope, B.C.L.,
curate of St. Peter's, Southgate, Bra-
zen doors road
Aldridge Sus. shopkeeper. Church path
Aldus Susan, shoemaker, St. Benedict st
Alexander Mr Frederick, Heigham road
Alexander Henry, baker, Heigham st
Alexander Rev John {Indpt.) Gildengt. st
Alexander Thos. stay mfr. 68 St. Stph. st
Alger John Goldsworth, Trory street
Allcock George, shoemaker, Adelaide st
Allen Bryant, dyer, Scoles green
Allen Bryant, jun., Nelson street
Allen Francis, gardener, Dereham road
Allen George, elastic web and cloth]manu-
facturer, St. Stephen's street
Allen & Goffin, shoemakers, 14 Briggs st
Allen John & Son (WiUiam), gardeners,
Newmarket road
Allen John Boufield, jeweller, silver-
smith, &3., 45 London street
Allen Joseph, surgeon, Tombland
Allen Joseph H., manufacturer, (Fowler
and Co.) ; h Sprowston Lodge
Allen Marianne, shoemr. ; h 14 Briggs st
Allen Mr Park, Cross street
Alien Robert, gardener, &c., Surrey rd
Allen Thomas, clerk, Duke street
Allen Wm. mason, St. Stephen's Back st
Allen Wm. hairdresser, Magdalen street
Allen Mr Wm. Parke, 4 Bedford Cross st
Allison Sophia, cutler and truss maker,
Upper walk ; house Bethel street
AUman Geo. shoemaker, Lr. King street
AUthorpe Enoch, gardener, Ipswich rd
Allured Robert, tailor, Chapel st C. P.
AUwood Thos. sub-sacrist, Lower close
Ames Edw. felt hat mfr. Distilleiy st H.
Ames Francis, tobacconist, Dereham rd
Ames Mrs Mary, Hall road
Ames Robt. victualler. Bear, Market pl
Ames Thos. Kempis, watchmaker. West
Wymcr street
Amies John, vict. Hoop, St. Stephen's rd
248
NORWICH DIRECTORY.
Amies John, carpenter, Hall road
Amies John, yict. Old Lobster, Lobster In
Amiss Robert, sliopkeeper, Cowgate st
Amiss Stephen, hair dresser, Oak street
Ampleford Joseph, last maker, Church
alley, St. Benedict
Anderson Chas. artist, St. Benedict road
Anderson Clement, victualler, Rose, St.
Stephen's street
Anderson Jph. baker, Howard st N. L.
Andrew Mr Samuel, Nelson street
Andrews Mrs Ann, Lame dog road
Andrews Mr Bernard, Upper King street
Andrews Brothers (Thos. Wm. & Geo.),
chemists and druggists, Colegate st
Andrews George ; h Golden dog lane
Andrews Chas. fishmngr. St. Bendct. st
Andrews and Gardiner, upholsterers &c.,
Chapelfield road
Andrews James, victualler, Swan-with-
Two-Necks, Upper walk
Andrews John, corn miller. New Catton
Andrews Richd. wire worker, Coslany st
Andrews Thog. shopkeeper, St. Faith's In
Andrews Wm. horsebreaker, Wastlegt. st
Andrews Wm. soap maker and tal. chand-
ler, Fishgate street ; h Magdalen st
Andrews Wm. (Andrews & Gardiner) '■>
house Bethel street
Angell Mark, farmer, LakenJiam
Annison Robert, shopkeeper. Globe st
AnnisonWm. fishmonger, St. Benedct. In
Answorth Wm. Squires (Middleton & A.);
house London
Anthony Wm. spirit merchant and vict.
Bee Hive, 12 St. Peter's street
Applegate James, timber dealer. Potter-
gate street ; h Lower Westwick street
Appleton Cphr. beerhouse, St. James st
Appleton John & William, fish cnrers,
Gildengate street
Archer Mrs Elizabeth, Charles street, H.
Archer Henry, broker, Ber street
Archer James, butcher, Pitt street
Armes Daniel, brickmaker, Earlham ; h
Dereham road
Armes John Jas. hair dsr. 4 St. Giles' st
Armes Robert, currier (Sidney and A.) ;
h West Pottergate street
Armes Sar. vict. Cow & Hare, Heigham st
Armes Timothy, farmer. Up. Hellesden
Armstrong Henry, draper, &c., St. An-
drew's street ; h 3 St. Clement's ter
Armstrong Mary, tea dealer, Chas. st H.
Arnes Mrs Mary Ann, Hall road
Arnold Mr Alfred Robt. ; h St. Giles' rd
Arnold Edward, chemist, Orford hill
Arnold Geo. brewer ; h St. Margts. plain
Arnold & Wyatt, brewers and wine and
spirit merchants, St. Margaret's plain
Arnold Miss Maria, Cow hill
Artherton Thos. shopkeeper, Magdalen st
Arthur W. vict. Engineer's Tav. Julian st
Artis Francis, baker, Distillery street, H.
Ashby Mr Joseph, Southwell road, N.L.
Ashen Robt. brazier, St. Stephen's street
Ashley John, shopkeeper, Thorn lane
Asker Anne, vict. Swan Hotel, St. Ptr. st
Asker Geo. Henry, glove mfr. hosier,
perfumer, &c., 20 The Walk
Asker Samuel Hurry, solicitor, St. Giles'
street; h The Grove, Chapelfield
Athow Edw. wine & spirit mer. Castle st
Atkins Eliz. clothes dlr. Lr. Westwick st
Atkins Henry, tailor and vict. Free Trade
Tavern, St. Augustine's street
Atkins Matthew, baker, St. Benedict st
Atkins Richd. builder and mfr. of school
fittings, Chapelfield ; h Bethel street
Atkins Thos. beerhouse, Heigham street
Atkin William Townshend, Heigham st
Atkinson Joseph Goldsmith, solicitor
and insurance agent, Post 0£&ce st
Atkinson Mr Robert, 11 Surrey terrace
Atthill Henry, deputy chief constable of
Norfolk, Castle meadow
Augood Hy. fishmonger. Rising Sun In
Austin Peter, shopkeeper, Ber street
Austrin Ann, draper, Orford hill
Avey Thomas, grocer, Ber street
Aylmer John, victualler. Black Horse,
Wensum street
Ayris John, C.E. manager of the Water-
works, 6 London terrace
Ay ton John, baker, St. Augustine st
Ayton Wm. piano tuner, Botolph st
Back Alfred, agent, Earlham road
Back Miss Ellen, Earlham road
Back George, hosier ; h Dereham road
Back John Alfred, Esq., Thorpe hamlet
Back Philip & Co. wine & spirit merts.
tea & coffee dlrs. &c. 3 Haymarket
Bacon Mrs Jessie, 6 York place
Bacon Josiah Newbegin, rope, twine,
net, sacking, &c., manufacturer, 3
Davey place ; h Heigham road
Bacon Nathaniel, turnkey. City Gaol
Bacon Richard Noverre, printer, book-
seller, and pubr. of the Norwich Mer-
cury, 12 London st ; h Newmarket rd
Bacon Mr Robert, Gildengate street
Bacon Robert, baker, Brunswick road
Bacon Thomas, Rampant Horse street
Bagley Wm. Mayes, William street, H.
Bagshaw George, rag merchant, poul-
terer, &c., Coslany st ; h Pockthorpe
Bagshaw Jph. fishmgr. St Stephen's st
Bailey Anthony, cashier, Brunswick rd
Bailey Elijah Crosier, solicitor, and clerk
to guardians, magistrates, and tax
commissrs. Surrey st ; h Stephen's rd
Bailey John, shoe manufr. Oxford street
Bailey Mansfield John, Oxford street
Bailey Miss Rachel Mary, Lit. Orford st
Bailey Robert, vict. Lamb, Haymarket
Bailey Thos. builder, West Pottergate st
NORWICH DIRECTORY.
249
Bailey Wm. St. Faith's lane
Bailey Wm. Edw. carpenter, Lawrence st
Bailey Wm. builder, (Browne & B.) ; h
Distillery street, Heigham
Bain Mr. Wm. Southwell road, N. L.
Baker George, nail manufacturer & iron
merchant, Cow hill
Baker Jas. vict. Bess of Bedlam, Oak st
Baker James, postman, William st. H.
Baker Mr John, 16 Victoria street
Baker Mr John, Brazen doors road
Baker John, supervisor, Essex street
Baker John Durrani, boatbuildr. King st
Baker Mrs Maria, Newmarket road
Baker Martha, school. West Pottergt. st
Baker Sarah Ann, fancy depot, Bank st
Baker Wm. china dealer, Dereham road
Baldry C. postman, St. Catherine's plain
Baldry Jas. postman, St. Swithin's alley
Baldry John, fruiterer, St. Stephen's st
Baldry William, land surveyor, Saint
Stephen's road
Baldwin Rev. Chs. vicar of St.Stephen'p,
Unthank's road
Baldwin Henry, baker. Oak street
Baldwin Robert, vict. William IV., King
street, Crook's place
Baldwin Wm. clerk, Valentine street
Bale George, butcher, St. Benedict st
Bales George, vict. Dove, St. James' st
Bales John, shoemaker, Hall road
Bales Rebecca, matron of Girls' Home,
Upper Heigham
Ballord Edmund, pawnbroker, & Thos.
clerk. All Saint's green
Balls Daniel, builder (Curtis & B.) ; h
Unthank's road
Balls Mrs Elizabeth, Colegate street
Balls Edward Jph. clerk, Castle meadow
Balls Fredk. beerhouse, Chapelfield rd
Balls Mrs Hannah, Pitt street
Balls James, tailor and victualler. Lord
Raglan, Spitalfields
Balls Mary Eliz. servants' lodgings and
register office, Upper King street
Balls Robert, tailor, Coslany street
Balls Wm. vict. Norwich Port, King &t
Balls Wm. umbrella maker, Bull close
Banbridge Mr John, Valentine street
BancalariDomenico, victualler, Fox and
Hounds, Ber street
Bane Wm. clerk, 1 St. Faith's terrace
Banham Fras. Jas. gi'ocer, &c. Haymkt.
Banham George, wine cooper, King st
Banham Henry, blacksmith, Hell's lane
Banks Wm. & Co., tailors. Bank plain ;
house West parade
Banning Rev. Chas. Hy. B.A. Essex st
Barber Charles Ives, artist, Dereham rd
Barber Mr Chas. Jas. St. Stephen's rd
Barber Mr George, Upper Hellesden rd
Barber George, tailor, Timberhill
Barber Mr George, Thorpe hamlet
Barber Henry Holt & Co. ship brokers,
and wharfingers, Lower Westwiek
street ; house Yarmouth
Barber Mr John, Heigham road
Barbur John Lee & Co. cotton winders,
St. Martin s lane
Barber John & Son (John Lee), corn
marts, millers, cake manfacturers, &c.
Lower Westwiek street and Lowestoft
Barber Joseph, victualler, Oddfellows'
Arms, Ber street
Barber Mary Ann, baker, Valentine st
Barber Misses Mary, Ann, and Rebecca,
Sussex street
Barber Sarah, dyer, 9 Timberhill
Barber Wm. bricklayer. Palace plain
Barcham Mrs Cath. Mount pleasant
Barclay Arthur Kett, maltster. Hall road
Bard well Miss Adeline, St. Stephen's sq
Bard well Ann, baker, Trafalgar" street
Bardwell Everett, solicitor, Lr. Close
Bardwell George, clerk, Fishgate street
Bardwell George Syder, accountant, and
estate, loan, insurance, and shipping
agent, St. Stephen's road
Barker Benj. shoe manfr. (B. & Gost-
ling) ; house Wensum street
Barker Eliza, school, Surrey road
Barker George, baker, Golden street
Barker George, hosier, (Browne & B.) ;
house Thorpe road
Barker & Gostling. shoe mfrs.Wensum st
Barker James, shopkeeper, Muspole st
Barker John, victualler. Crystal Palace,
Dereham road
Barker Mrs Mary, 9 Chapel field
Barker Robert, plumber, 2 Timber hill
Barker Samuel, baker, Somerleyton st
Barker Mrs Sarah, Magdalen street
Barker Thomas, hotpresser, Rosemary
lane ; h Distillery street
Barker Wm. beerhouse, Pitt street
Barker Wm. shoemaker, Hall road
Barley Mrs Mary, Unthank's road
Barlow Rd. Jeremh. gent. St. Margt. st
Barnard Alfred Geo. commission agent
and vict. Red Cow, Cow hill
Barnard, Bishop, and Barnards, iron-
mongers, 3 The Walk ; and ironfound-
ers, engineers, &c. Coslany street
Barnard Mrs Caroline, Upper Surrey st
Barnard Charles, ironmonger; house
Stoke Holy Cross
Barnard Charles, jun. ; h Unthank's rd
Barnard Godfrey, ironmonger ; house
Gildengate street
Barnard John, hay and corn dealer, and
livery stables, Golden Ball street
Barnard John, traveller, Dereham road
Barnard Mrs Maria, Eaton
Barnard Sarah, game dealer, Wensum st
Barnard Sarah, victualler, Champion,
Chapelfield road
250
NORWICH DIRECTOEY.
Barnard Wm. police snpt. Kimberley st
Barnard Mr William, Essex street
Barnes Charles, printer, binder, and
stationer, Bedford street
Barnes Ed.Ramsbottom, baker, Tiiorn In
Barnes Wm. shopkeeper, Trowse Millgt.
BarnesJacob,bricklayer,We£it Pottergt. et
Barnes James, cabinet mkr. Surrey grove
Barnes John,ironfonnder, Church street,
St. Miles ; h Dereham road
Barnes John, shopkeeper. Union street
Barnes My. vict.Woolpack, St.Geo.'s pin
Barnes Richard, baker, Cowgate street
Barnes Robert, shopkpr. Phoenix bldgs
Barnes Saml. carpenter,St.Stpns.ch.alley
Barnes Wm. carpenter, Mnspole street
Barnes Wm. cabinet maker, Bridge st
Barnham Miss Eliz. Newmarket road
Barnham James Calthrop, solicitor, St.
Stephen's road
Barrett Abraham, victualler, King of
Prussia, Ipswich road
Barratt Barnabas, sculptor, 5 Redwell st
Barrett George, guard. Paragon street
Barrett Jas. vict. Fleckered Bull, Ber st
Barrow Henry, grocer, 23 White Lion st
Barrow Lieut. Jas. R.N., Brunswick rd
Barry Thos. Denville, architect and city
surveyor, Castle mdw ; h Thorpe Ham.
Barwell Car. regisr. office, AlLSaint's gn
Barwell & Sons, wine, spirit, and porter
merchants, London street
Barwell John & Hy. Geo. ; h Surrey st
Barwell John. jun. ; h St. Helen's place
Barwell & Son {see Wiseman & Co.)
Bary-de-Mennecy Madame, Lwr. Close
Base Samuel, postmaster, Post Office ;
house Bixley Lodge
Base William, bootmaker, London road
Bassett Mr Henry, Stonehills
Bassingthwaighte Wm. shoemkr. &Miss,
school, St. Peter's street
Batch Jacob, road contractor and lime
burner, Barrack street
Batchelder Thomas John, green grocer,
Ber street and Princes street
Batchelor Mr Horatio, St. Giles' terrace
Batchelor Miss Ellen, Bracondale
Bateman Benjamin tobacconist, 1 St.
Stephen's street ; h 3 Douro terrace
Bateman Fredc. M.D. Upper St. Giles' st
Bateman Jas. Geo. Jph. & Son, wool, silk,
& cotton &c. merchants, Gildengate st
Bateman Miss Marianne, Gildengate st
Bates Joshua, fishmonger, Magdalen st
Bates Rebecca, matron, Girls' Home
Batley Chas. timber valuer, 4 Alma ter
Batley Hy. cbairmaker, Lr. Westwick st
Batley Ricbd. shopr. St. Catherine's pin
Batson Edw. corn chandler, Magdglen st
Batson John, shopkeeper. Barrack st
Batson Rd. vict. Sportsman, Barrack st
Battrum Henry, farmer, LaUenham
Battrum Sarah, vict. Cock, LaJcenham
Baxter James, wine merchant (Boswell
and B.) ; h Magdalen street
Baxter John, cattle dealer, Ber street
Baxter Maria, baker^ Brazen doors road
Baxter Neville Plummer, firework maker,
Brazen doors road
Baxter Robert, livery stables, Chapel
field; h St. Giles' road
Bayes Robt. Kempton, tailor, Orford hill
Bayes Wm. Ambrose, hat and cap mfr.
Market place and Red Lion street
Bayfield Ann & Son (Thomas Gabriel),
ironmongers. Stump cross
Bayfield Hy.King, baker, Northumbld. st
Bayfield Joseph Freeman, watchmaker,
St. Benedict street
Bayfield Mrs My. H. regr. office, Bank st
Bayfield Wm. Hy. agent, Gildengate st
Bayne Alexander Dugnid, Heigham road
Bealby Mr Robt., John st. Dereham rd
Beales Mary, basket mfr. Wensum st
Bean James, Somerleyton street
Bean Mr Wm. Southwell road
Beard Rev. Wm. Day, B.A. Newmkt. rd
Beare Mrs Mary, Town close
Beare Samuel Prater, tanner. Lower
Westwick street ; h Ipswich road
Beart Robert Hayward, Bethel street
Beatley & Son, hatters, &c. 11 London st
Beatley John Parker & Mrs Mary Ann ;
h 11 London street
Beaty Clement, painter, Tabernacle st
Beckbam Benjamin, vict. Shoulder of
Mutton, St. Stephen's street
Beckham Mr Jas. Wm. Somerleyton st
Beckbam William Edward, baker & flour
dealer. Upper Heigham
Bedford Mrs Charlotte, Unthank's road
Bedford Mr Philip, Thorpe hamlet
Beecheno Frederick Richard grocer, &c.
38, London street
Beeton John, vict. Wild Man, Bedford
st ; and blacksmith. King street
Beha, Lickert, & Beha, watchmakers &
jewellers, St. Stephen's plain
Beha Jacob&Matthias ; h St. Steph's. pin
Belding Wm. wholesale grocer, cheese-
factor, fee. Fye bridge ; h Magdalen rd
Bell George John, vict. Lord Howe, St.
Benedict street
Bell John, seedsman, 10 Exchange st ;
house Bracondale
Bell John, blacksmith, St. Augustine st
Bell John Crawford, surgeon. Princes st
Bell Matthew, vict. Lock & Key, Ber st
Bell Robert, watchmaker, 11 Davey pi
Bellamy Wm. model schoolr. Lower close
Bellin Benjamin, gent. Windsor terrace
Bellman Mrs Fanny, Lower close
Bellord Thomas, clerk, Bracondale
Beloe Henry, silk finisher, Coslany st ;
house Dereham road
NOEWICH DIRECTOEY.
251
Belson Robert, plumber, &c. Rose lane
Benefather Thomas, beerhouse, Oak st
Benest Jas. Smyth, archt. & surveyor to
Court of Guardians, Baak chambers ;
house 8 St. Clement's terrace
Benn Wm. traveller, Goiding street
Bennett Mr Edwd. 5 Newmarket roai
Bennett Henry, baker, Oiford hill
Bennett Jabez, gardener. Infirmary road
Bennett James, tailor, Back of the Inns ;
house Mount Pleasant
Bennett John, shoemaker & shopkeeper,
Church street, St. Miles
Bennett Mrs Maria, Paragon street
Bennett Robert, baker, City road
Bennett Robert, baker. West Pottergt, st
Bennett Samuel, baker, Cowgate street
Bennett Walter, grocer (Bream & B.) ;
house 10 Surrey terrace, N. L.
Bennett Wm. grocer, 6 Timberhill
Bennett Wm. baker, Ber street
Bensley John, Thorpe Hamlet
Bensley Wm, shopkeeper. Union street
Bensiy Wm. Thomas, solicitor, Upper
close ; house Eaton
Bensiy Mrs Harriet, Eaton
Berbeck Mrs Mary, Mount Pleasant
Bernasconi Paul, hardware & jewellery
dealer. White Lion street
Berry George John, baker, Ber street
Berry Josiah Bush, crier, Pottergate st
Berry Richard, elastic glove cloth mfr.
St. Paul's Back lane
Berry Swithin, smith, St. Andrew's st
Berry Mr Wm. Mills, Cowgate street
Bertram John, warder, Castle
Betts Charles Abednego, vict. Lord John
Russell, Dereham road
Betts David, clerk, Unthank's road
Betts Henry, grocer, 10 Timberhill
Betts James, wheelwright, Vauxhall st
Betts James George, vict. Swan-with-
two-Necks, St. Stephen's street
Betts John, Esq. Mile-end lane
Betts Mr John, West Pottergate street
Betts John, fishmonger, Magdalen st
Betts John Saml. baker & vict. Bakers'
Arms, Coslany street
Betts Osborn, pill box maker, Waterloo
Betts Thomas, victualler, French Horn,
Bedford street, St. Andrew
Betts Thomas, vict. Anchor, Surrey st
Bexfield James, cabinet maker 8c shop-
keeper. Rising Sun lane
Bexfield, Richard 